7.
Twelfth Annual Report
OF the;
Bureau of
Statistics and Inforaation
OF Maryland.
1903.
THOMAS A. SMITH, Chief.
110 WEST SARATOGA STREET,
BALTIMORE, AD.
baIvTimore;, md.
wm. j. c. dui,any co., sta'r:^ printer.
1904.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
BaIvTimore, March i, 1904.
To His Excellency ,
Kdwin Warfield,
Governor of Maryland:
Sir: In accordance with the statutory directions, I have
the honor to submit for your consideration my fourth and the
Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics and Infor-
mation of Maryland.
Most respectfully yours,
THOS. A. SMITH,
Chief.
Postscript: Since the copy of this report has been placed
in the hands of the State Printer, the great fire of Feb-
ruary 7-10, 1904, occurred in Baltimore, and the entire con-
tents of the Bureau, including library, files and statistics,
were totally destroyed.
Respectfully,
THOS. A. SMITH,
Chief.
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive
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CONTENTS.
age.
Letter of Transmittal 3
Contents 5
Prefatory 7
Introduction 9
Industrial 13
Strikes and Lockouts 26
Labor Organizations 60
Sweat Shop Inspections 65
Report of Free Employment Agency 95
Employment of Children in Mercantile Establishments 102
Employment of Women and Children in Factories 104
Bread — Production and Distribution 133
Agriculture —Resume of Cost of Production .' 157
The State of Maryland — Its Counties, Resources and Manufactures 164
Immigi-ation into the State 274
New Corporations in Maryland 278
Convention of National Bureaux of Labor Statistics 299
New Labor Laws 303
Financial Statement 313
Decision of Court of Appeals in Sweatshop Case 315
Index 327-331
PREFATORY.
The Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics
and Information represents the work of the fourth year by
the present incumbent. As to whether or not this and the
three preceding years have been properly utilized by the
Bureau, I must, of course, leave to the public, but from our
numerous letters of commendation, and the favorable com-
ment from time to time by the public press and people, I am
justified in saying that much good work has been accom-
plished, and that a fair start has been made in the effort to
make the Bureau of Statistics and Information a useful
adjunct to the State Government.
In the pages that follow will be found recommendations in
reference to the present Statutes now on the law books of the
State, passed by the I^egislature with a view to ameliorating
the condition of those who toil.
The successful beginning of the work of the Free Employ-
ment Agency, and the carrying out of the provisions of the
Factory Inspection Act, so well begun in 1902, is fully set
forth in the pages that follow, and if properly sustained by
the Court of Appeals, in the case now pending, and continued
in the same spirit by this department, there is no doubt of
the great value it will prove to the working people of the
State, and the manufacturing and business men at large.
The standard of clothing manufactured in Baltimore has
already been raised to a very considerable extent, and the
entire elimination of the evils complained of in sweat shops
and factories may be brought about if the work is continued.
The resume of previous work done in relation to the cost of
production on the farm and agriculture generally, will bear
close inspection, as it was a novel departure in securing exact
data on such a subject, and in connection with the accounts
of the progress made by the various counties of the State,
both from a manufacturing and agricultural standpoint, with
8 PREFATORY.
an account of their natural advantages for settlement, will, no
doubt, prove interesting as well as useful, both as an adver-
tisement of the State's resources and as a reference chapter
for our citizens generally.
Much of the work of the Bureau has been of a purel}'- tenta-
tive character in these four years, it being necessarj^ to estab-
lish a standard and progress from that standard upward,
breaking new ground, and filling the wide scope given the
Bureau by the Statute creating it.
We present in this volume the most complete record of
labor organizations and strikes ever published, and we look
forward to the time when this department of the report will
be a feature of no small consequence.
Thousands of letters, postal cards and books were sent out
during the j^ear in answer to inquiries for information, etc.,
and furnish ample evidence of the growing value of the de-
partment.
I also desire to take this means of expressing my sincere
appreciation of the work of Jacob G. Schonfarber, who has
been my efficient assistant during the past four years.
I desire to extend my thanks to the force in my office for
their conscientious helpfulness, and to many of the citizens
and officials of the State who have encouraged me by their
kindness, as well as commendation.
INTRODUCTION.
Since appointed to this office four years ago, my constant
aim has been to obey the law creating the Bureau ; give to the
people some tangible evidence of the usefulness of the depart-
ment, and suggest such changes in the laws as would
inure to the benefit of the citizens of the State and the particu-
lar interests committed to the Bureau's charge.
That we have in a measure accomplished this, I feel satis-
fied. In the four years we have established the Free Employ-
ment Agency, secured the adoption of an inspection law, and
gathered considerable information, which has been sought and
widely disseminated, all editions of the reports of the depart-
ment for the four years having been completely exhausted.
There are many laws on the statute books of this State
favorable to labor's interests, and which would, if enforced, make
far better conditions among those who toil for a living. Among
these may be included such acts as the law prohibiting the
employment of children under fourteen years of age, the sweat-
shop inspection act, the monthly payment of wages act, the act
providing for seats for female employees in stores, and other
similar- statutes; but unfortunately there is little, if any, pro-
vision for the enforcement of these acts. I would
advise that an amendment be made to the laws indicated, plac-
ing the responsibility for the enforcement of this legislation
and the observance of the laws upon the chief of this Bureau,
holding him strictly accountable for such enforcement. That
is to say, the police department having all it can attend
to without being put to the duty of making inspections and
laying information, should simply be the force through which
the Bureau of Statistics and Information would carry out the
law. At present, little, if any, attempt is made to enforce these
acts of the Legislature, and the amelioration of the condition
of the thousands of persons who might be benefited thereby is
lO INTRODUCTION.
left unaccomplished, notwithstanding the intentions of the
Legislators.
Two years ago, as noted in the Tenth Annual Report of this
Bureau, the paramount question in labor and other circles was
arbitration. The Civic Federation of Chicago had discussed
the question at length, at its session in New York, and recom-
mended to the various States, to the labor organizations,
and to the National Government the adoption of a conciliation
and arbitration act, voluntary in character, which it was con-
ceded would largely meet the wants of the situation.
At the session of the Legislature that year this Bureau recom-
mended the adoption by the General Assembly of a publicity,
conciliation and arbitration act, on the lines indicated
by the Civic Federation. This act, if enacted, would
have been of considerable utility in the past year or
two in Maryland. Unfortunately, after having passed
the Maryland State Senate, and having received two
readings in the House, owing to the rush of busi-
ness, failed to be taken from the files before the final
adjournment of the Legislature. We believe this act would be
useful and would largely enable employers and employees of
this State to get together when occasion required.
Nearly all the labor difficulties arise from one or two
causes, namely : The demand for higher wages, or the reduc-
tion of the hours of labor. The condition of the employers'
business and the status of the workingman are largely questions
for discussion and argument, and if the parties can be brought
properly together, with the advice of the State, there is little
doubt that many disastrous and costly strikes might be avoided.
Therefore, this Bureau renews this recommendation to the
Legislature, now in session at Annapolis, for the adoption
of this legislation, which is herewith reprinted for the consid-
eration of its members.
INTRODUCTION. II
A BILL "' " '■•
Entitled an Act providing means for the settlement of dispntes between
employers and employees by mediation, voluntary arbitration, and the
investigation of the causes of such disputes.
Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That
upon information furnished by an employer of labor, whether person,
firm or corpocation, or by a committee of employees, or from any other
reliable source, that a controversy or dispute has arisen between em-
ployer and employees, involving ten or more persons, which controversy
or dispute may result in a strike or lockout, the chief of the Bureau
of Industrial Statistics of Maryland, or such person officially connected
with said Bureau of Industrial Statistics as may be deputized in writing
by the chief of said Bureau of Industrial Statistics, shall, at once,
visit the place of controversy or dispute and seek to mediate between
the parties, if in his discretion, it is necessary so to do.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That if mediation cannot be
effected as provided in Section i of this Article, the chief of the Bureau
of Industrial Statistics, or such person officially connected with said
Bureau as may be by him deputized in writing, may at his discretion
endeavor to secure the consent of the parties to the controversy or dis-
pute to the formation of a board of arbitration, which board shall be
composed of one employer and one employee engaged in the same or
similar occupation to the one in which the dispute exists, but who are
not parties to the controversy or dispute, and to be selected by the
respective parties to the controversy; the third arbitrator may be
selected by the two first named arbitrators, and said third arbitrator so
selected shall be president of the board of arbitration; and upon the
failure of the two first named arbitrators as aforesaid to agree upon
the third arbitrator, then the chief of the said Bureau of Industrial
Statistics shall act as such third arbitrator or he may deputize in writing
some person officially connected with the said Bureau so to act, and
said chief or the person who may be deputized by him shall act as
president of said board.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the president of said board
provided for in Section 2 of this Article shall have power to summon
witnesses, enforce their attendance and administer oaths and hear
and determine the matter in dispute, and within three days after the
investigation render a decision thereon, a copy of which shall be fur-
nished each party to the dispute and shall be final.
Sec. 4. And be it further enacfed, That in all such cases of dis-
pute as aforesaid, as in all other cases, if the parties actually
agree that the matter in dispute shall be arbitrated and deter-
mined in a mode different from the one hereby prescribed, said agree-
ment shall 'be valid, and the award and determinaion thereon by either
mode of arbitration shall be final and conclusive between the parties.
It shall be lawful in all cases for an employer or employee, by writing
12 INTRODUCTION.
under his hand, to authorize any person to act for him in submitting
to arbitration and attending the same.
Sec. 5. And be it further enacted. That the Board of Arbitration shall
employ a clerk at each session of the board, who shall receive three
dollars per day for his services, to be paid upon the approval of the
chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics out of the funds appropri-
ated for the expenses of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics.
Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That should the chief of the Bureau
of Industrial Statistics or the person deputized by him as aforesaid
fail to mediate or secure the consent of the parties to the controversy
or dispute, submit the matter to arbitration, then the said chief of the
Bureau of Industrial Statistics or the person deputized by him as
aforesaid shall proceed to thoroughly investigate the cause of the
dispute or controversy; he shall have the authority to summons both
parties to appear before him and take their statements in writing,
and under oath, and having ascertained which party is, in his judgment,
mainly responsible and blameworthy for the continuance of said con-
troversy or dispute, shall publish a report in some daily newspaper
assigning such responsibility or blame over his official signature.
Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of the in-
vestigation as aforesaid, the chief of the said Bureau of Industrial Sta-
tistics or such person as he may deputize in writing as aforesaid, shall
have power to administer oaths, to issue subpoenas for the attendance
of witnesses, and to enforce the attendance of witnesses, production
of papers and books, to the same extent that power is possessed by
courts or record or judges thereof in this State.
Sec 8. And be it further enacted, That all information of a personal
character or pertaining to the private business of any person, firm or
corporation, or which might have a tendency to expose the profits
or methods of doing business by any person, firm or corporation com-
ing to the knowledge of the chief of the said Bureau of Industrial
Statistics or person deputized by him, or to the arbitrators selected
under the aforesaid provisions, shall be deemed confidential and so
treated, and all documents and testimony taken shall be sealed and
filed in the office of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics.
Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That all Acts inconsistent with this
Act be, and the same are hereby repealed.
Sec. 10. And be it further enacted. That this Act shall take effect from
the date of its passage.
INDUSTRIAL.
COST OF LIVING, WAGES, LABOR ORGANIZATIONS,
STRIKES, ETC.
Much has been written about the rise in wages and the in-
creased cost of living. No one disputes the latter fact. But
many dispute the amount of increase of wages. According
to the reports of the National Bureau of lyabor, issued in the
bulletin of November, 1903, the increased cost of living in
1902, as compared with the year of lowest prices since igooj
has been about 16. i per cent. This is the scientific deduction
from figures gathered in a scientific way; but we venture the
assertion that any housekeeper in the land will insist that
when she goes to market or to the dressmaker the prices she
will have to pay are much more than 16 per cent, above what
she paid in 1892. The report also shows that the average in-
come runs from $700 upward to $89 1 , and it does not need much
stretch of imagination to understand that this range of income
is much higher than would result from an investigation into
the incomes of the entire working population of the country.
Of course this increased cost of living of 16 per cent, is suffi-
cient to justify an increase of wages of equal amount to keep
the working people anywhere near the same relative position
they occupied before the rise in the cost of living; but if we
take into consideration the fact that with this rise in prices
and wages (the latter admittedly not over 10 per cent.), there
is also a rise in the standard of living and an increase in the
growing wants of the people, it will plainly be seen that the
wage increase is inadequate.
Without attempting to criticize the figures or methods of
the National Bureau, or differ with its conclusions as to the
increased cost of living, it is manifestly fair that attention be
called to the statements made in the eleventh annual report of
this Bureau. Therein it was stated that the figures gathered
H REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
in this city showed a much greater increase in the prices of
products than is shown in the national report; but, of course,
the inquiry was more limited, and among those whose in-
comes were much smaller than shown by the average of those
in the national report. It would be interesting to enlarge this
field of inquiry as to the rise and fall of prices and wages, and
as far as possible secure data more satisfactory than any now
possessed by the general public.
In the last six months a reaction has set in in the industrial
world, and already the papers tell us of reduction in wages
without corresponding reductions in the prices of products.
Of course, Maryland has not suffered very much as yet from
the reaction. Always last to feel the upward tendency in
prices, our people are equally loth to cut wages, and it is to
be hoped before any such necessity arises the spring will have
again opened with industrial and building activity.
As an index to the fluctuation of retail prices in Baltimore
markets, we present in the following table a few comparative
figures of such prices in Baltimore in January, April, October
and December of 1903.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
15
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES IN MARKETS IN BALIMORE, 1903.
Artici.es.
Fruit—
Oranges, per dozen
Pineapples, piece
Apples, peck
Vegetables —
Cabbage, per head
Lettuce, per head
White Potatoes, per peck.
Sweet Potatoes, per peck.
Carrots, bunch
Turnips, peck
POUT.TRY —
Roasting Fowls, per lb
Frying Chickens, per lb...,
Ducks, per lb
Turkeys, per lb
Butter and Eggs.
Fresh Eggs, per dozen
Packed Eggs, per dozen...
Butter, per lb
MEAT—
Porterhouse Steak, per lb
Sirloin Steak, per lb
Round Steak, per lb
Rib Roast, per lb
Chuck Roast, per lb
Corn Beef, per lb
Soup Meat, per lb
Veal — Roast
Veal— Cutlets
Veal — Chops
Fish —
Perch — White, per dozen.
Perch — Yellow, per dozen
Salmon, per lb
Rock, per lb
Cents
25
22
45
5K
30
30
5
20
13
15
16
16
32
23
30
25
17
14
17
9
ID
7
13
22
16
25
25
20
16
•n
Cents
40
22>^
55
6K
7K
25
40
5
18
20
16
27
25
18
14
18
II
II
9 ^
I2>^
25
15
45
25
20
Cents
45
18
35
5'A
4
28
30
5
25
16
i7
18
28
23
28
22
17
13
17
10
10
9
I2>^
25
15
60
15
Cents
35
25
37
6
7>^
30
30
5
20
15
16
17
19
37%
28
35
22
17
13
17
10
10
9
I2>
25
15
60
50
NEW LEGISLATION.
During the past year the Bureau has been actively engaged
in performing the work laid out in the larger sphere by the
legislation of two years ago. The Employment Agency and
Sweat-Shop Act. and the investigation into the conditions
surrounding women and children in the factories and work-
shops, in addition to numerous other small duties, has fully
occupied our attention, but not so much as to obscure the very
general demand for specific information as to wages and the
cost of living.
In previous reports of the Bureau we have presented data
and tables showing to what extent wages had increased and
hours of labor decreased, as well as the great increased cost of
living.
According to the figures recently published b}^ the United
States Department of Labor and the various State Bureaus,
this increase of wages, though general throughout the country,
is not as great as has been generally exploited by the news-
papers, and the following tables, culled from various sources and
collated in the New York Labor Bulletin of December, 1903,
will prove of interest and value for reference.
In examining the following figures it should be remembered
that they are taken under circumstances peculiar to the indus-
tries, most of the schedules being from organized workingmen
in the best equipped shops, working under the best conditions,
and that they do not indicate the actual conditions of the
vast army of unorganized and unskilled labor, comprising the
bulk of the 20,000,000 workers of the country.
THE TREND OF WAGES IN RECENT YEARS.
The recent report of the United States census office on wages
of factory operatives in 1890 and 1900 alludes to the inevitable
incompleteness of statistics for such widely separated periods ;
in view of which, the following statistics of wages in the last
decade have been collated from the reports of State bureaus
of labor statistics. To supplement these figures two tables are
also given containing statistics published by Federal bureaus
and covering agriculture, manufacturing and transportation.
r6
STA'J'ISTICS AND' INFORM A'l'ION. 1 7
WAGES IN TIJE UNITED STATES.
Maniikacturinc;
AND Mining.
[iJasfd on
reports from 14H
establishments in 26
industries, represent-
iuif 192 occupations.]
1891 taken as 100.
AOKICULTITRAT-.
[Relative
waues of farm
labor, per month
without board.]
1891=100.
98.6
lOO.O
lOO.O
100.3
99-32
98.06
97.88
97-93
98.96
98.79
101.54
102.6
95-4
95.1
104.2
108.7
Year.
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899 ■
1900 103.43 "
Railroad Transportation (a).
AVERAGE daily COMPENSATION OF SPECIFIED CLASSES OF EMPLOYEES IN
Classes of Employes. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897.
General officers [ ^^ n, ^n ^^ fe 71 $9 01 $9 19 $9 54
§?h=Toffifers"!;::::;: i tin iszo
5 75 5 85 5 96 5 12
General office clerks... 2 23 2 25 2 34 2 19 221 2 18
Station agents i 82 i 83 i 75 i 74 i 73 i 73
Other station men i 68 i 65 i 63 i 62 i 62 i 62
Enginemen 3 68 3 68 3 61 3 65 3 65 3 65
Firemen 2 08 2 06 2 03 2 05 2 06 2 05
Conductors 3 08 3 10 3 04 3 04 3 05 3 07
Other trainmen i 90 i 92 i 89 i 90 i 90 i 90
Machinists 2 29 2 31 2 21 2 22 2 26 2 23
Carpenters 2 08 2 10 2 02 2 03 2 03 2 01
Other shopmen i 72 i 73 i 69 i 70 i 69 i 71
Section foremen i 76 t 75 i 71 i 70 i 70 i 70
Other trackmen i 22 i 22 i 18 i 17 i 17 i 16
Switchmen, flaginen,
watchmen i 80 i 82 i 75 i 75 i 74 i 72
Telegraph operators
and dispatchers i 92 i 96 i 93 i 98 i 93 i 90
Employes — account
floating equipment... 2 03 i 96 i 97 i 91 i 94 i 86
All other employes
and laborers i 68 i 70 i 65 i 65 i 65 i 64
a Based on the reports of the statistician of the Interstate Commerce
Commission.
i8
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
Railroad Transportation (a) — Con.
General officers
Other officers
General office clerks.
Station agents
Other station men....
Enginemen
Firemen
Conductors
Other trainmen
Machinists
Carpenters
Other shopmen
Section foremen
Other trackmen
Switchmen, flagmen,
watchmen
Telegraph operators
and dispatchers
Employes — account
floating equipment
All other employes
and laborers
Total
No. of
Employes?.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1902.
$9 73
|io 03
|io 45
$10 97
Jll
17
4,816
5 21
5 18
5 22
5 56
5
60
5.039
2 25
2 20
2 19
2 19
2
18
37,570
I 73
I 74
I 75
I 77
I
80
33.478
I 6i
I 60
I 60
I 59
I
61
105.433
3 72
3 72
3 75
3 78
3
84
48,318
2 09
2 10
2 14
2 16
2
20
50,651
3 13
3 13
3 17
3 17
3
21
35.070
I 95
I 94
I 96
2 00*
2
04
91.383
2 28
2 29
2 30
2 32
2
36
39.145
2 02
2 03
2 04
2 06
2
08
51,698
I 70
I 72
I 73
I 75
I
78
136,579
I 69
I 68
I 68
I 71
I
72
35.700
I 16
I 15
I 22
I 23
I
25
281,075
I 74
I 77
I 80
I 74^
I
77
50,489
I 92
I 93
I 96
I 98
2
01
28,244
I 89
I 89
I 92
I 97
2
00
7,426
I 67
I 68
I 71
I 69
I
71
147,201
1.189,315
^Switching train crews transferred from "Switching," etc., to "Other
Trainmen." Change slightly affects enginemen, etc.
STATISTICS AND INl'ORMATION.
19
CALIFORNIA.
< Ninth and Tenth Biennial Reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.)
PREVAILING RATE OP WAGES PER DAY.
OCCUPATION.
fakers
Barbers
Blacksmiths
Boilermakers
Bookbinders
Brewers
Bricklayers
Carpenters
Cigartnakers
Coatniakers
Conductors, rail-
way
Coopers
Engineers, locomo-
tive
Engineers, station-
ary
Hodcarriers
Horseshoers
Ironworkers
Jewelers
Laborers
Lathers.
Longshoremen
Machinists
Miners
Molders
Painters
Patternmakers
Plasterers
Plumbers
Printers
Quarrymen
Shoemakers
Stair builders
Stevedores
Street car men
Teamsters
Upholsterers
Wagonmakers
"Woolen mill work-
ers (male)
Woolen mill work-
ers (female)
1884.
$2 50-4 00
50-4 00
00-3 GO
00-4 00
50-3 50
00-5 00
00-4 00
25-3 00
25
3 50
2 50-3 50
4 50
00-5 00
50-3 00
50-4 00
50-3 50
50
75-2 00
50-3 00
00-4 00
50-3 50
00-4 00
3 00-4 50
3 00-4 00
2 25-4 00
4 00-5 00
3 00-4 00
50-4 50
00-2 50
00-4 00
50-5 00
00-4 00
00
oo-i 50
00-5 00
75-3 75
2 00-3 00
I 50-1 75
1896.
$2 50
2 50
4 00
2 75
2 50
3 75
4 30
3 00
2 70
3 00
3 25
3 00
3 00
2 75
2 50
1900.
2 ooa
2 00
3 25
3 50
00
80
00
50
25
00
3 75
3 00
4 30
50
00
75
75
50
00-2
00
60
25
00
25
50
50
00
00
00
50
75
00
70
40
50
00
75
I 25
50
1902.
$2 75
2 50
25
25
00
00
00
50
50
00
3 75
2 75
4 50
50
50
25
50
00
75-2 50
00
25
00
25
50
50
00
00
50
00
50
00
60
50
00
25
75
I 50
a Including board.
20
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
CONNECTICUT.
(From the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1902, page 114.)
Average Earnings of Factory Operatives.
1896
1897
189S
1S99
1900
1901
1902
Note. — No statement is made in the Report as to the manner in which
the number of emplo3'ees in each year has been calculated.
Yearly.
Daily.
P451 75
$1 50.
421 88
I 41
437 18
I 55
420 06
I 40
452 04
I 52
441 53
I 51
458 52
I 54
ILLINOIS.
(From the Eleventh Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1900.)
Statistics Compiled from Reports of 627 Identical Manufacturing
Establishments.
Average number of
wage-workers employed.
Aggregate
wages.
$9,800,033
10,335,919
13,876,259
Average
annual
earnings.
I436 22
438 58
475 77
In-
crease
Year.
1895
1897
1899
Male.
20,056
21,059
25,804
Female.
2,410
2,508
3,362
Total.
22,466
23,567
29,166
cent.
0-5
8.5
IOWA.
(From the Tenth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1901-2, page 449.)
Establish-
ments.
.. 1,752
.. 1,625
.. 1,285
.. 1,627
Average number of employes
Aggregate
wages.
117,369,662
19,623,892
21,145,961
26,654,504
Nominal
annual
averag'e.
I352 71
354 03
413 20
434 80c
Year.
1896
1898
1900....
1902
Men.
40,854
45,006
41,893
47,857
Women.
7,732
9,800
9,281
11,812
Child'n.
687
623
2,630
Total.
49,273
55,429
51,175
62,2996
a Not separately reported.
b No age account reported for 996 of this number; hence 996 is to
be deducted in calculating average income.
c The nominal annual average earnings of adult males in 1901 were
$501.91; of adult females, $241.40; of children under 16 years, $122.85..
STA'JiS'l'JCS AND INI'ORM A'I'IfJX.
MARYLAND.
Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics anrl Infonnation,
1902, pages 6-7.)
DaiivY Rate of Wages in —
OCCUPATIONi
Biti/d'g- Trades: 1S90. 1893. 1S95. 1891 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902.
Bricklayers... $^ 00 I3 60 I3 00 $3 00 fo 25 $3 25 I3 60 |4 00
Carpenters... 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50
Hodcarriers.. 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 25 2 00 2 25 2 25 2 50
Laborers i 25 i 25 i 25 1 25 i 25 i 25 i 25 i 25
Painters
(house) 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50
Plasterers 3 00 3 00 3 50 3 50 3 50 3 50 3 50 3 50
Plumbers 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50
Roofers I 75 I 75 I 75 I 75 I 75 r 75 i 75 i 75
Railway Shop
ll'oikers:
Blacksmiths. 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20
Boilermak'rs 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 30 2 30 2 30 2 30 2 30
Cabinetmak-
ers I 80 T 85 I 85 2 00 2 GO 2 00 2 GO 2 00
Carpenters... i 80 i 80 i 80 i 95 i 95 i 95 . i 95 i 95
Copp'rsmiths i 85 i 85 i 85 2 og 2 00 2 go 2 og 2 og
Laborers i 20 i 20 i 20 i 20 i 20 i 20 i 25 i 25
Machinists... i 95 2 05 2 05 2 30 2 30 2 30 2 30 2 30
Holders i 90 i 90 i 90 2 ig 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10
Painters I 85 i 85 i 85 2 00 2 og 2 00 2 gg 2 00
Pattern m a -
kers 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50
Tinners i 85 i 85 i 85 2 go 2 go 2 go 2 go 2 00
Irontuoi keis:*
Architectural
ironwork'rs i 66 i 60 i 60 i 60 i 66 i 66 i 66 i 66
Steamfitters.. i 75 i 75 i 85 i 75 i 75 i 75 i 85 i 85
*In this establishment blacksmiths received $2 each year ; carpeiiters,
$2; laborers, $1.25; machinists, $2; iron molders. $2.75; molders' helpers,
$1.25; painters, $2.50; pattern makers, $2.75; sheet ii-on workers, $2;
and stove mounters, $1.75.
22
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
MASSACHUSETTS.
(From the Annual Reports of the Bureau of vStatistics of Lal)or on
Statistics of Manufactures.)
Note. — In order to preserve an accurate basis for comparisons the
Bureau each year omits establishments that did not report in the pre-
ceding 3'ear. To illustrate: In 1901 the Bureau reported the average
earnings of all employees in factories that made comparative returns
in igoo and 1901 to be $449.63, as stated in the first column. But in
the 1902 report, the factories reporting were not precisely the same as
those included in the preceding year and a new average income was
computed for 1901 — namely $449.69, as stated in the second column —
which, compared with 1902 average, revealed a gain of $10.29 in the
last mentioned year. As a general rule, little variation is to be noticed
in the two averages for any one year.
Year.
1886....
1887....
1888.
1889..
1890.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.,
1898..
1899..
1900.,
1901.,
1902.,
Year.
1899..,
1900..,
I901..,
1902...
AVERAGE ANNUAL
EARNINGS AS
STATED IN THE
REPORT OF THE —
Current
year.
I396 14
402 45
419 17
433 56
441 90
452 21
434 17
421 81
421 59
425 16
421 69
421 48
427 71
439 57
449 63
459 98
Next
.succeeding:
year.
I395 89
394 79
413 19
426 82
437 93
445 49
450 59
436 13
412 56
425 39
426 66
422 26
419 91
427 60
441 61
449 69
INCREASE OR DECREA.SE IN AVER.AGE
YEARLY EARNINGS.
Percentasre.
Gain.
$0 25
7 66
5 98
6 74
3 97
6 72
9 03
7 80
II 97
8 02
10 29
I,oss.
Gain.
0.06
I.Q4
1-45
1.58
0.91
I<o.ss.
Average
number
of days
worked.
$16 42
14 32
23
4 97
78
296.78
I-5I 297.14
3-64 277.36
3-28 275.63
2.19 291.42
0.05 279.43
1. 16 283.33
0.18 286.28
1.86 294.14
2.80 290.43
1.82 292.78
2.29 296.09
Estimated Average Yearly Earnings of —
Minors
Adult Adult (under 21
males. females. years of age.)
I523 34 I324 72 $219 34
530 82 334 70 228 33
542 23 342 68 231 85
552 66 353 36 244 24
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
23
NEW YORK.
Explanatory Note. — The following table gives the results of two
separate investigations which are not strictly comparable. The first
investigation, made in 1896, shows that after the middle of 1892 wages
declined. The second investigation, covering 3,553 identical establish-
ments, reveals a slight fall in wages between 1895-96 and 1896-97.
After the middle of 1897, employment and wages increased in a strik-
ing manner, and this very increase renders it difficult to calculate an
average annual wage. The statistics indicate that the total amount
paid out in wages by the 3,553 manufacturers between July i, 1897,
and July i, 1898, was $151,279,010; but at the beginning of the period
they were paying wages to 304.376 workers and at the end to 326,090.
It is therefore obviously incorrect to call either $464 ($151,279,010
divided by 326,090) or $497 (the same amount divided by 304,376)
the average yearly earnings. The fact is no satisfactory method has
yet been discovered of computing the average income, when the number
of employees fluctuate in this way; the least objectionable method of
calculation on the basis of these figures is to divide the total wages by
mean number of employees, 315,233 (one-half the sum of 304,376 and
326,090), which yields an average wage of $480. Similar calculations
■ for 1897 and 1899 yield the averages $459 and $477, as expressed in
brackets.
Annual Wages of Persons Employed in Manufacturing Industries.
(From Fourteenth and Seventeenth Annual Reports of the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1896 and 1899.)
Crude average
Persons wage of persons
employed employed at
Total amount paid in Firms on June 1 end of each
wages in year ended — concerned. (or June 30). annual period.
May 31, 189I $93,257,541 1. 721 200,333 I466
May 31, 1892 100,616,011 1,824 215,830 466
May 31, 1893 109.073,849 1,986 236,908 460
May 31, 1894 99,052,129 2,154 225,137 440
May 31, 1895 110,427,159 2,290 253,139 436
June 30, 1896 141,184,845 3,553 299,957 471
June 30, 1897 138,577,878 3,553 304,376 455 [*459]
June 30, 1898 151,279,010 3,553 326,090 464 [f48o]
June 30, 1899 162,645,649 3,553 356,278 457 [U77]
Since 1897 the New York Bureau has collected statistics of actual
earnings of wage workers through the officers of workingmen's organ-
izations, reaching in this way 150 wage earners where one could have
been reached by means of individual schedules. As a large proportion
of the members of trade unions are well-paid artizans and mechanics
of the building trades, their earnings of course average much higher
than those of factory employees already given. The New York statistics
are based on quarterly reports collected twice a year, and thus cove
one-half of each year.
^$138,577,878 divided by 302,166, the mean of 299,957 and 304,376.
f$i5i, 279,010 divided by 315,233, the mean of 304,376 and 326,090.
:}:$i62, 645,649 divided by 341,184, the mean of 326,090 and 356,278,
24
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Average Earnings of Organized Workingmen, 1897-1903.
Year.
1S97
1S98
i^'^qg
1900
1901
1902
1903
Januar.N-
July-
March.
Scptemb
$145
I174
164
175
172
197
176
182
183
194
184
197
186
190
191
188
Estimated
Average for average for
three months, one vear.
$163
169
187
179
iSq
678
747
716
756
765
753
Estimated
number of
day.s of
employment
in year.
254
.255
I 273
265
274
278
278
PENNSYLVANIA.
(From the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Annual Reports of the Bureau
of Industrial Statistics, 1901 and 1902, pages 258 and 392,
respectively.)
Year.
1892..
1893..
1894..
1895..
1896..
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
1902..
RETURNS FROM
5S4 ESTABLISHMENTS.
RETURNS FROM
771 ESTABLISHMENTS.
Employes.
136,882
122,278
109,383
127,361
118,092
121,281
137,985
154.422
136,814
156,424
Avera.c:e
yearly
earnings.
J49I 90
464 66
413 15
445 78
441 29
429 90
454 52
506 27
509 43
544 80
Yearly
gain (-)-) .
or loss ( — ) .
$27 24—
51 51 —
32 63+
4 49—
II 39-
24 62+
51 75+
3 16+
35 37+
Average Yearly
yearly gain (+). Per cent.
Employes, earnings, or loss ( — ). increa.se.
129,240 $382 47
134,918
150,990
173.302
184,623
191. 153
203,927
384 14
401 89
437 37
439 97
450 44
482 68
|i 67+
17 75+
35 48+
2 60+
10 47+
32 24+
.4
4.6
88
.6
2.4
7.2
RHODE ISLAND.
(From the Annual Reports of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics.)
, Wages in the Textile Industries, 1893-1901.
1893..
1894..
1895-
1896..
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
AVERAGE ANNUAL
EARNINGS AS
STATED IN THE
REPORT OF THE —
Current Follovi^ing
year. year.
INCREASE OR DECREASE.
Percentage.
Gain.
Loss.
$327 33
363 73
313 69
337 22
'■"329 23
347 07
376 57
384 89
$364 62
324 41 I37 29
339 97 l39 32
319 20 26 28
*336 13 18 02
329 75
348 71
378 II
17 32
27 86
6 78
90
Gain.
5 65
5 25
7 99
I 79
Loss.
10 23
7 73
2 05
Number
N of reports
tabulated.
121
123
135
135
151
175
186
188
Note. — The average number of employees in the 188 factories con-
sidered in 1900-1901 was 47,600 in 1900 and 48,600 in 1901 ; and their
aggregate wages were $17,998,136 and $18,707,183, respectively.
^Corrected figures.
STATISTICS AND INI-'ORM A'I'ION.
25
WISCONSIN.
"(From Ninth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial
Statistics, 1899- 1900, pages 235-238.)
AviiKAGiv Annuat, Earnings in Factokiks, 1883-97.
Year.
1883...
1885..
1887..,
1888..,
1889..,
1890..,
189I..,
1892..,
1893...
1894...
1895...
1896...
1897...
Avfiage
number
employes.
39.3^0
3«.797
62,935
71,218
80,504
80,880
94,089
90,936
96,540
83,642
85,767
80,051
87,534
Total
watce.s
114,268,213
13,710,417
23,710,866
28,416,694
32,575,944
33,125,213
38,023,247
38,295,878
37,327,810
31,409,244
32,993,707
31,749,822
36,583,044
Average
yearly
earnings,
$363
354
377
399
405
410
404
426
381
376
384
397
418
Yearly
gain (+)
or loss ( — ).
23+
22-j-
6+
5+
6—
22-f-
45—
5—
8+
13+
21+
(From the Tenth Biennial Report, 1900-igoi.)
Year.
1899...
1900...
1900...
1901...
Average
number
employes.
79,871
80,159
78,632
82,775
Total
wages.
^31,515,194
32,983,769
32,378,588
34,863,674
Average
yearly
earnings.
I394 58 )
411 48 \
412 00 I
422 00 J
Yearly
gain (-|-)
or loss (^)
$16 90+
10 00+
Percentage Of Factory Employees Whose Daiev Wages Were-
51.50 or over.
Year.
1888....
189I....
1893....
1894....
1895....
1896....
1897....
IvCSS than $1.
17.06
15-32
16.00
18.67
18.33
18.55
19. 77
4925
5456
52.67
4389
4340
45.07
43-40
26 RKl'URT OF THE BUREAU OF
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS.
As is always the case in years of general prosperity, with
the growth of labor organizations, increase in rents, coal and
food, come strenuous efforts on the part of the various organ-
izations to better the condition of their members by securing
increased wages, less hours of work, etc. These efforts and
demands on employers sometimes result in concessions, and in
other cases in contests, which are often protracted and costly.
The upward trend of prices in the past five years having
already had its effect on the cost of living, the workers felt that
there should be a corresponding increase in their wages. That
this has only been partly so need not be repeated here.
The industrial activity of 1897 to 1902 had culminated and
the reaction natural thereto set in before the workers had
secured the full fruition of organization. It is to be hoped that
the reaction will not cause such reductions in wages in 1904
as to bring about more industrial conflicts.
The strikes in Maryland in 1903 were not only as numerous
as in 1902, but they affected more people, involved more loss
in w^ages and brought about greater results altogether to the
work people. The per capita loss in wages was about $300
as against $205 in 1902. There was 6,310 persons employed
in the industries where the troubles occurred in 1903, as against
3,984 in 1902, and the number of employees for whom the
strikes were undertaken was 4,117 in 1903 as against 3,016 in
1902. The number of employees on strike in 1902 was 2,511,
while 2,972 were on strike in 1903, and 3,047 were thrown out
of work in 1902 as against 2,992 in 1903. Altogether the
strikes of 1903 increased in benefits to the workers in some
respects, but decreased in others.
There is no doubt that the strike of the carpenters involved
the largest number of men, and brought about greater and more
radical results than that of any strike of the year, as it cemented
STATISTICS AND INI^ORMATION. 27
the carpenters* organizations, increased their membership and
brought about a solidification of the builders and contractors.
In the table that follows it will be found that twenty-nine
strikes or lockouts are reported for 1903, as against twenty-
nine in 1902. Of these, twenty-six were strikes and three
were lockouts by the employers. Twenty-three of these took
place in Baltimore city and six in the counties of the State,
Most of these strikes were in manufacturing industries, and
only one or two in the building trades, thus showing where
labor is well organized and have annual agreements with
employers few strikes obtain and better conditions exist both
for the employed and the employer.
Fifteen of these strikes were for increased pay or reduced
hours of labor.
Six thousand three hundred and ten people were employed
by the concerns in which these strikes occurred and 4,117
persons were to be benefited by the strike of 2,972 persons.
The table shows ^at 2,972 persons went on strike, and that
305 were brought from other places to this State to take the
place of the strikers, and 299 of the new hands were retained
after the strikes were settled.
It is almost impossible to ascertain fully the loss in wages
and the loss to the employers consequent upon the strikes.
The employees keep no data of what money is paid out, or at
least they often refuse to give these figures, and the employers
rarely, if ever, consent to furnish the information desired on
this point. However, we estimate the loss in wages consequent
upon the twenty-nine strikes and lockouts as $189,178,
Of these twenty-nine strikes, twenty-three were ordered by
organizations, six were not and three were lockouts. Of these,
fifteen were successful or partly so. Of those ordered by
organized labor, twenty-three in number, thirteen were suc-
cessful or partly successful, six were unsuccessful and four are
pending.
The advantages gained were varied : in five cases there were
reductions in the hours of labor consequent upon the strike,
and in eight of the strikes the establishments were closed in
consequence and five partly closed. Twelve of these strikes
28 RIvPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
were settled by agreement, two by concessions on the part
of the. employer, one was called off by the organization, and
the balance were not settled at all. [See Strike Table ]
STRIKE OF CLOAK MAKERS.
Fifteen men, employed as cloak makers by Nassanowitz &
Schiff. went on strike in November, 1902, and the strike was
carried along until January 27, 1903. The cause of the strike
was a demand for an increase of fifteen per cent, in wages.
The strike was ordered by the Cloak Makers' Union No. 4.
It was finally settled successfully by agreement and by an
increase of wages.
TAILORS' STRIKE.
Thirty members of Garment Workers' LTnion No. 7, em-
ployed by Louis Richter, went on strike January 25, because
one of their number was discharged. After being out four
weeks a settlement was effected by Mr. Richter agreeing to
pay $300 and signing a contract for si^ months, providing-
that he would not discharge any member of the union until
the cause for such discharge had been passed on by the
union. He also agreed to abide by union rules governing
the shop.
STRIKE OF THE LAUNDRY WORKERS.
On January 21 the shirt-ironers employed by E. Rosenfeld
& Co. made a demand for one cent increase per shirt for iron-
ing. The firm positively refused to pay the same, claiming that
the ironers were earning from $15 to $16 per week the year
round. About seventy-six of them struck, and after being
out of work for about two weeks, returned on their own
accord. The strike was unsuccessful and the table shows the
loss by same.
BOILERMAKERS' STRIKE.
The employees of the Spedden Ship Building Company, on
February 13^ went on strike for fifty cents increase per day
for work on old boats. The strike was largely due to a mis-
understanding, and after being out three days, the men returned
to work at old prices. The loss to the firm was about $40
a day, seventy-five men being out.
STIBIICES .A.iT33 LOdCOTT'TS,
2,sa p
STATISTICS AND INFCjRMATION. 29
MILK DRIVERvS' STRIKE.
The drivers for the Filston I'arm Dairy. U) the number of
thirty-five, w^ent on strike February 16, because the manager
wanted one of their number to teach his route and business
to a new man. The man refused to do this, and all of the
drivers sustained him in his refusal, with the result that the
strike took place. About a week later most of the men were
replaced by new hands. The men belonj:^ed to no organization.
STRIKE OF HAT AND CAP MAKERS.
Ten men employed by Messrs. Robinson, \'allenstein & Co.
went on strike March 15 for an increase of wag'es and union
scale in the shop. The strike was settled on March 22 suc-
cessfully for the men, resulting in an increase of five cents per
dozen in the making of hats and caps. The union was recog-
nized and an agreement therewith made by the firm. There
were about $150 dollars loss in wages to the men.
A strike also took place in this shop in the middle of last
March, which lasted one week. It was settled by agreement,
the shop being closed during that time.
Another difficulty occurred here on June 26 and lasted until
June 30, but it also was settled satisfactorily.
STRIKE OF CARPENTERS.
In the year 1902^ when the Building Trades' Section of the
Federation of Labor, particularly the carpenters, made an effort
to secure a reduction of hours of labor and an increase of
wages, a settlement was effected with the understanding that
in the year 1903 the demand would be made for eight hours
and $3.00 a day. With this object in view the Business Agent
of the carpenters, Mr. George G. Griffin, bent every energy
toward the complete organization of the carpenters in Balti-
more city, and where there had been only three organizations
of carpenters prior to this year, through his well-directed ef-
forts four more unions were organized in that trade, and the
District Council of Carpenters was a unit in 1903, with its
membership of upwards of 2,000, in demanding a minimum
wage of $3.00 per day for eight hours.
30 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF '
Another unique feature resulting from the demand of the
carpenters was the adoption of a card system by the Master
Builders' Association, which card was inscribed with the
name and trade of the employee and the dail}- wages he
received and stamped with the seal of the Association. The
particular object of this card system being to inform the con-
tractors and members of the Association just what was paid
to the mechanics by those employing them.
One of the first steps taken early in the year to make this
strike of the building trades successful was the formation of
the building Trades' Section of the Federation of Labor, with a
constitution to operate the card system. Included in this sec-
tion were the following organizations : Machinists, Architectu-
ral Iron Workers, Bricklayers, Carpenters. Electrical Workers,
Granite Cutters, Marble Cutters, Plasterers, Steam Engineers,
Tile Layers, Tin and Sheet Iron Workers, Painters, Decora-
tors and Paper Hangers, Plumbers and Steam Fitters. This
very strong combination, it was hoped, would be strong enough
to combat the Master Builders' Association and the contractors
generally, but the refusal of several of the organizations to
obey the order to strike or to agree upon a plan of action before
the strike was ordered, resulted largely in its disruption.
On March 24, a meeting of the Master Builders' Association
was held and the new constitution read. The important clauses
to the employee being, first, an apprentice clause, requiring
four years' service and a clause requiring that each employee
shall procure a certificate from his last employer before being
employed by a member of the association, and resulting from
this latter clause came the Master Builders' card system. The
following resolutions were also adopted at this meeting and
included as part of the by-laws of the Association :
WhKrEas, Owing to the general demands in this and other large
cities of the country, among the mechanics engaged in the building
trades, we, the master builders of Baltimore city, desire to harmonize,
as far as possible, all differences of opinion in reference to hours of
labor among workmen; and whereas the journeymen house carpenters
have adopted eight hours as a legal day's work, and as the sense of the
meeting of the master builders in July, 1902, was as follow:
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 3 1
"That on and after May r, 1903, we will adopt eight hours as a legal
day's work for carpenters at a minimum rate of $2.75 per day;" there-
be it
Resolved by the Master- Builders' Association of Baltimore City,
That we hereby adopt eight hours as a legal day's work for carpenters,
at the rate of $275 per day. This to go into effect on and after
May I, 1903.
Resolved, That while we do not discourage trade organizations, but
rather encourage them, we will not be dictated to by any organization
of labor as to whom we shall employ in our business in any capacity.
In order that we may be more fully understood by those we may employ,
the following resolutions are adopted :
Resolved, That we, the master builders, will further state that we are
unalterably opposed to any card system that will in any way abridge
the rights and liberties of ourselves or any workman in our employ,
or who wishes to be employed by us, or any person or persons that
may be employed by us as sub-contractors, or in any capacity whatever.
ever.
Among those present at the meeting were Messrs. Walter Burham,
C. S. M. Williamson, Milton C. Davis, George Pierson, T. B. Stanfield,
Elmer Stanfield, Edward Watters, Edward Brady, Fred Walsh, John
Smith, J. Henry Miller, Conrad Kratz, John W. Kratz, Arthur Brown,
William T Murphy, George Bunnecke, Henry S. Rippel, J. J. Knight,
Fred Decker, R. H. Frazier, Clarence Frazier, H. H. Brown, Charles
Morrow, Joseph Lamb and Israel Griffith.
The officers of this new association of employers were as
follows: President, Jefferson J. Walsh; first vice-president,
John Trainor; second vice-president, L. A. Winder; secretary,
John M. Hering, and treasurer, John K. Howe. One of the
first steps of the new association was to appoint a conciliatory
committee, and invite the representatives of the unions to
meet said committee and discuss the proposed agreement and
demands of the men. Unfortunately, though, the invitation to
meet was accepted, the date or time was misunderstood and
the builders' representatives waited in vain for the appearance
of the unions' representatives.
The first proposition of the Master Builders' Association
to their employees in answer to their demands was as follows :
"Eight hours shall constitute a day's work, and owing to our posi-
ti^■e knowledge that there is a diff^erence in the quality of workmanship
among the mechanics employed by us we would make the scale of
32 RF.PORT OF THE BUREAU OF
wages to be a minimum of $2.75 per day and grade the pay of workmen:
according to the quality and ability as displayed among the men em-
ployed by us to an amount not exceeding $3.25 per day, and in the
event of working two or more shifts of men in any one twenty-four
hours, eight hours shall constitute a day's work for each shift at the
same minimum pay.''
In answer to the Master Builders' Association's propositioit
the unions presented the following proposition :
"Rule I — Eight hours shall constitute a day's work at the minimum
rate of $3 per day, with the right to work two shifts of men at straight
time and pay, provided that no man who has worked in previous shift be
allowed to work in the following shift unless time and half time be
allowed.
"Rule 6 — A unanimous decision taken to claim the recognition of
the carpenter's card on the work."
The demand was made from the District Council of Carpen-
ters to the Master Builders' Exchange, and the notice of such
demand was sent them six months prior to May i, 1903. as per
the agreement made in 1902. In reply to this demand the
Master Builders offered to grant the demand for eight hours
a day, but refused to grant the $3.00 a day, offering instead
$2.75 per day of eight hours.
Consequent upon this refusal, a strike of the carpenters'
seven imions was ordered on May i, 1903, and the strike lasted
until May 16. At this time a number of builders, not affiliated
with the Master Builders' Exchange, offered to give the $3.00-
per day for eight hours.
The terms that they offered, however, were of varied char-
acter, and they claimed that they had no right to sign an agree-
ment, as they were not members of the Master Builders' As-
sociation.
One of the main causes for the refusal of the Master Build-
ers' Association to sign the agreement was the demand for a
general card system in the building trades, that is, that the
Building Trades' Section of the Federation of Labor, compris-
ing carpenters, bricklayers, structural iron builders, plumbers,
etc., demanded that no one should be employed on a building
except those who had cards from some union connected with
the building Trades' Section. This the Master Builders' Asso-
ciation positively refused.
STATISTICS AND INFfJRM ATKJN. 33
Pending' this controversy, the I>Liilflinf»- Trades' Section of
the Federation of Labor separated, and by May i6 nearly all
of the leading- builders and a number of contractors granted
the $3.00 ])er day and eight hours as a day's work, and sufficient
of them had signed the agreement to establish the rate de-
manded until May i, 1904.
The largest number of men on strike at any one time was
about 400, and not all of them were out at one time, as many of
the builders signed the contract almost immediately after the
demand was made and work continued.
The general result of the strike, so far as the carpenters
were concerned, was to give a great impetus to the organization,
resulting in over 2,000 members joining the various unions,
and bringing about an esprit de corps among the membership
that had not existed in many years.
The following is a copy of the agreement which the carpen-
ters requested their employers to sign :
United Brotherhood ot Carpenters and Joiners oe America.
Agreement
Between the Master Builders' Association, Boss Builders, Contractors,
and District Council, Baltimore and vicinity, Brotherhood of Carpen-
ters and Joiners of America, to remain in force from May i, 190. ., to
May I, 190. ..
This Agreement, entered into this day of A. D., i. . ., by
and between the Master Builders' Association, Boss Builders, of
Baltimore City, party of the first part, and the District Council United
Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, and the Unions
affiliated therewith, party of the second part. Witnesseth :
First. — The party of the first part agrees that will employ as
carpenters none but members of Unions affiliated with District Council,
Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.
Second. — The party of the first part agrees to pay $3.00 per day of
eight hours, as a minimum rate of wages.
Third. — The party of the second part agrees that from the date of
the signing of this agreement until May i, 190. ., that no strike shall
take place, either for an increase of pay or shorter hours.
Fourth. — The party of the first part and the party of the second part
agree that in future all agreements shall be made in November prior
to the expiration of agreement of May following.
Fifth. — It is agreed that in all matters of dispute, which they are
unable mutually to adjust, shall be submitted to an arbitration com-
34 REroRT OF THE BUREAU OF
mittee composed as follows : Three members to be chosen by the
builders of Baltimore and three members by the District Council of
Carpenters, these to select a seventh member, their decision to be
final.
Sixth. — All agreements after the expiration of this agreement shall
be for one year and date from May i.
Seventh. — This agreement shall be signed by the Master Builders'
Association, or Boss Builders, or Contractors, as the case may be, party
of the first part, and by the President and Recording Secretary of the
District Council, and the Business Agent, as parties of the second part.
During the strike the city authorities were drawn into the
controversy with the strikers, Mr. Preston, Building Inspector,
being "requested to refuse to employ any person from outside
the city or from unorganized labor. The committee of the
Building Trades' Council waited upon Mayor Hayes and called
his attention to the ordinance passed April ii, 1898, which pro-
hibits any person not a registered voter of the city from work-
ing on public buildings. During the controversy between Mr.
Preston and the organization, the Building Inspector notified
all contractors having work for the city under way, that accord-
ing to Ordinace 59, passed in 1902, the men should be paid
"such wages as are established at the time of the making
of the contract." Plad this been carried out by the contractors
a number of men would have had their wages reduced from 25
to 50 cents per day. However, this result was not reached
and the speedy termination of the controversy ended this dis-
cussion.
At one time during the trouble a general strike was antici-
pated of all the building trades in the city, but this was avoided
by a compromise settlement, in which the general working
card system, which had been demanded by the men, was
abandoned and the carpenters finished the struggle single-
handed.
Another result of the strike was that friction occurred
between the various building trades organizations, which cul-
minated later on in the carpenters withdrawing from the
Federation of Labor.
This incident was a result of the Bricklayers, Stone Masons
and Plasterers' Union refusing to obey the order to strike
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 35
generally when that decision was made by the Building Trades
Section of the Federation of Labor. These unions were then
turned out of the Building Trades' Section of the Federation
and finally the carpenters abandoned that section entirely.
STRIKE IN PRINTING OFFICE.
On May i the compositors, eight in number, employed by
the Summers Printing Company, who had become members
of the Typographical Union a few weeks previous, demanded of
their employers a recognition of the union card. The company
was paying union wages, and the demand was to enforce union
rules and to have what is called a "closed shop," so far as the
•compositors were concerned. The eight compositors went on
strike on the order of the union and remained out until May
22, at which time the company agreed to recognize the union
and the cards held by their employees. The matter was thus
settled and a victory gained for the union.
STRIKE OF THE STEAM FITTERS AND HELPERS.
The members of Steam Fitters' Union No. 435 and of Steam
Fitters' Helpers' Union No. 438 went on strike on Friday, May
■6, after having made a demand for a working day of eight
hours and $3.00 per day for fitters and $2.00 per day for
■helpers.
The Master Fitters' Association entered into an agreement
with the Fitters' Union in 1902, said agreement being for a
minimum wage scale of $2.50 and a work-day of nine hours;
the Master Fitters also agreed not to employ any but union men,
while the fitters agreed not to strike, but to submit any dif-
ferences or disagreements that might arise to an arbitration
■committee. This agreement would have expired on June 3,
1903. When on presentation of a new agreement by the union,
the Master Fitters said they would not take up the matter
unless the men returned to work, and subsequently, on May
12, the Master Fitters' Association notified the unions that they
"had broken their agreement without warrant and that unless
the men returned to work by Wednesday, May 13, the firms
which were members of the association would request all
36 REPORT OP THE BUREAU OF
their employees to resign from the union and would then put
them back to work.
A number of the men stayed out until June i. In the mean-
time some of the firms conceded the demands of the men and
by June lall had returned to work, either by the signing of an
agreement or without any agreement whatever.
It was the concensus of opinion that the strike was ill-advised
at the time and it was by no means successful.
STRIKE OF MOLDERS.
The molders employed by the Henry McShane Manufactur-
ing Company, to the number of 175, went on strike about April
I for an increase of wages and for a better equipment of the
shop. This strike was ordered by the Iron Molders' Unions
Nos. 19 and 24, and the strike has never been settled, many of
tlie men who left having sought employment elsewhere and
some few having returned to work.
During the pendency of this strike the Henry McShane
Manufacturing Company filed a bill in the United States Cir-
cuit Court against the Iron Molders' Unions Nos. 19 and 24,
and named a number of the members of those unions in the
bill.
The petition for the bill alleged as follows :
That prior to March 30, 1903, the company had been paying their
molders 10 per cent, in excess of the standard wage established by the
union, when their wages were reduced to the standard wage scale.
Eighteen molders, it says, protested at the reduction, but continued to
work. The reduction was reported to -the union and on advice of
that body they informed the company that unless the wages were
restored they would strike, and in combination with others would close
up the shops. The wages were not restored, it says, and it was then
that the molders and their assistants, whose wages had not been re-
duced, proceeded to carry out their threat.
The complainant says it was necessary to reduce the wages of the
molders in order to compete with firms in similar business. The strike
commenced April 2, 1903, and since that time, the petition says, the
strikers have congregated about the shops, and have intimidated and
threatened the employees who had remained at work. From the action
of the strikers the company says it has been unable to fill contracts and
that the threats of the locked-out men are becoming more dangerous
and oppressive.
STATISTICS AND INFfJRM ATION. 37
Judge Morris signed an order setting down the hearing for the
motion on the injunction for June 13, and it appearing, the court said
that there is danger of irrepressible injury being caused to the com-
plainant before the hearing unless the defendants are restrained. It
is further ordered by the court that the defendants be restrained in
any manner whatever from using threats, force, violence, intimidation,
ridicule or violent or abusive language toward the workmen employed
by the defendant. Furthermore, the order prohibits the strikers from
gathering at or about the places of business of the Henry McShane
Manufacturing Company and inducing by threats, etc., and of the em-
ployees to refuse to perform their duties, following the workmen to
■or from their work, and of establishing pickets near or around the
shops.
The strike has never been declared off and the company
employed new hands to the number of 145.
The wage loss to the men is reported to be about $30,000
so far.
STRIKE AT SPARROW'S POINT.
The strike in the marine department of the Maryland Steel
Company for shorter hours was practically a failure, the
company refusing to deal with the union and employing other
help. The members of the union on strike were paid $5.00
and $7.00, respectively, by the union.
STRIKES OF BRICKLAYERS AT ANNAPOLIS.
The bricklayers employed on the Naval Academy at Annap-
olis, who struck on March 19, went back to work, as the strike
was declared off by the Bricklayers' Union on March 24,
a settlement having been effected by the vice-president of the
Bricklayers' International Union.
The bricklayers employed on the State House annex, who
went on strike against the sub-contractor in May last, returned
to work, the matter having been settled by the employment of
a new sub-contractor. Work had been stopped for about ten
days. Mr. J. W. Ringrose, president of the Baltimore Union,
was sent down to Annapolis to adjust the matter, and he
decided that it was not a matter for interference and that the
union men could return to work.
On June 25 some of the hod-carriers employed on the State
House annex were discharged for refusing to obey orders,
38 RKPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
and these induced others to quit work with them. They
were notified that unless they returned by i o'clock other
carriers would be put to work in their places, and all the men
returned to work, there being practically no stoppage.
STRIKE OF STRUCTURAL IRON WORKERS.
Owing to the fact that the American Bridge Company, of
Pittsburg, broke their agreement with the International Asso-
ciation of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers by employing
three men in a gang instead of four, and also by
sub-letting riveting to non-union men, the members
of the local organization. No. i6, located in Maryland, who
were working at Ilchester on a bridge, were ordered on strike.
The trouble first started in New York, and extended to
Brooklyn, Pittsburg and elsewhere.
The employees of Gilligan Bros., who were working for the
Consolidated Gas Company, at the foot of Leadenhall street,
also went on strike, but returned to work in a few days.
Most of the men employed at Ilchester were taken to Wash-
ington and put to work on the new Willard Hotel.
STRIKE OF THE CARRIAGE AND WAGON
WORKERS.
Early in June the members of the Carriage and Wagon
Workers' Union made a demand upon their employers for a
nine-hour work-day and eight hours on Saturday, with the
same scale of wages. The Association of Carriage and Wagon
Builders, composed of employers, refused the request, and on
June 3 nearly all the employees of the twenty-six firms, to the
number of 320, went on strike. The strike lasted until August
28, some of the firms conceding the demands, but the majority
of them refusing, and also refusing to recognize the workmen's
union.
The statements of the employees and their employers were
very wide apart, the men claiming the number as stated above
being on strike, while the employers claimed that only 102
men were out.
Mr. Wm. Cameron was the Business Agent of the Carriage
and Wagon Workers' Union. A number of the men returned
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 39
to work, and the places of those who remained out on strike
were taken by non-union men.
The union claimed that the following firms granted their
demands, along with a number of others, who were not
reported :
John C. Raum & Son, 303 South Sharp street; Harry Meis-
ner, 1106 East Madison street; George Kerchenhofer, Eager
and Bond streets ; Marr & Burggraf , 229 Pearl street ; Faethe
& Deitz, 205 North street; V. Dicke, 204 North Wolfe street;
George Germeten, Pennsylvania avenue and Robert street;
George Wilkens, Pratt street and Fremont avenue ; John Miller,
2033 Frederick avenue; John Rheinhard, Frederick avenue;
A. Weber, 1014 Hanover street.
The strike was never settled and can only be considered
as being partially successful. The members of the union esti-
mate that the wage loss aggregated fully $40,000.
STRIKE OF THE BAKERS.
On the ist of June the bakers of Baltimore commenced to
discuss the questions of higher wages and shorter hours of
labor. They were organized in the Hebrew Union No. 209,
and in the Bohemian Union No. 326, and the German Union
No. 12. After considerable preparation and organization the
unions presented the following agreement to their employers
with the request that the same be signed and the demands
granted :
Journeymen Bakers and Coneectioners' Union, No. 12,
Baltimore, Md.
Agreement.
Whereas, In the past differences and inconveniences have arisen
between bosses and employees, and trade has been interfered with
and strikes and losses to both parties have resulted, and.
Whereas, Both parties are desirous of arriving at a common under-
standing and agreement which will prevent such difficulties in the
future :
Now, Therefore, this Agreement, entered into this day of
190. .between of Baltimore, Md., party of the first part, and with
Local Union, No. 12, of Baltimore, Md., of the Journeymen Bakers and
Confectioners' International Union of x-Vmerica, party of the second
part ; Witnesseth :
40 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
The said party of the second part, hereby agrees to protect
the said party of the first part against all strikes of the members of
the party of the second part, providing the rules below are lived up to,
and to grant the party of the first part the use of the labels of the
Journeymen Bakers and Confectioners' International Union of America,
subject to the further provisions of this agreement, and to furnish such
union men as may be necessary to do the work of the first party if
possible. The said party of the first part liereby agrees :
First — That he will employ none but members of the Journeymen
Bakers and Confectioners' International Union of America belonging
to Local Union, No. 12; all men to be engaged through the agency of
Local Union No. 12, located at 1011-13 East Baltimore street, Balti-
more, Md.
Second — Not to compel any journeyman to board with employer.
Third — Work shall only be allowed six days in the week, and work-
ing-time shall not exceed ten hours per day or night. Overtime is
only allowed in case of necessity and shall be paid for at the rate of
twenty-five cents an hour.
Fourth — Not to employ more than one apprentice to every five men
or less.
Fifth — The party of the first part also agrees to place the union label
on every loaf of bread made in his bakery —
(a) Said labels to be furnished by the party of the second part at
the rate of yYz cents per one thousand labels.
{b) For each bakery there shall be issued as many labels at a time
as shall be consumed in two weeks.
(c) The foreman of each department shall have the custody of the
labels, and account for same to the party of the second part.
(d) In case of non-compliance with this agreement, the Union re-
serves the right to withdraw the labels and its members.
Sixth — No employee shall be allowed to work on the following
holidays, viz : New Year, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving
Day and Christmas, the day-men to have the day and the night-men
to have the night of the aforesaid holidays, wages not to be deducted.
Seventh — We will meet any employer who may have a grievance
against any man or men.
Eighth — The business agent bearing the credentials from the Bakers
LTnion, Local 12, shall be allowed in shop during working hours, pro-
vided he applies at the office of employer for admission.
Ninth — The scale of wages shall be as follows : Oven hands and
dough-mixers not less than $14.00 per week; bench hands not less than
$12.00 per week; jobbers, per day or night, $2.50.
Tenth — Wages to be paid at the end of the week and no money
kept back.
STATISTICS AND INi^ORMATlON. 4 1
Eleventh — Where five men or more are employed, the sliding system
aiiall be adopted in the dull season, foreman and dough-mixer to be
excepted.
Twelfth— And we, the members of the aforesaid union, agree in
consideration thereof at all times to assist the party of the first part
m every way which may lie in our power to successfully conduct and
increase his or their business.
This agreement shall take effect igo. ., and expire 190...
[n witness whereof, the parties have hereunto set their hand and
seals the day and year first mentioned above.
As this was refused, about 200 Germans connected with
I^cal Union No. 12 quit work on June 7, and they were shortly
followed by a number of bakers of different nationalities
throughout the city.
The first result of the strike was that three of the large
bakeries were compelled to close their doors, and a number of
small bakeries throughout the city were also compelled to shut
down.
The strike continued until August 8. In the meantime a
number of the small bakeries agreed to the demands of the
men and some of them signed the agreement. Bread became
scarce for a few days during June, but subsequently many of
the men returned to work and their wages were increased in
some forty shops, mostly smaller ones, and the number of work-
ing hours reduced. The strike was finally declared oflf by the
unions, after having been only partially, successful. The strike
was originally ordered by Bakers and Confectioners' Union
No. 12, being the Germans, but was subsequently joined by the
other unions. Some disturbances occurred during the strike
oi minor importance.
The demands made by the bakers, even if granted, would by
no means have brought the wages of the bakers of Baltimore
up to the standard of those in Washington, Philadelphia and
other cities.
LOCKOUT OF SKIRT MAKERS.
About twenty-one males and females, employed by Messrs.
Schiflf & Bloom, in the making of ladies' garments, went on
strike June 20, because the firm, so the employees claim, kept
t|ieir account books back longer than necessary and refused
42 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
to let them know how much wages they had made the previous
week, and also because the firm did not pay sufficient wages.
The women employed by this firm organized a union, entitled
the Maryland Skirt Makers' Union No. 57.
The. real causes of the strike were quite obscured, the men
and women making one statement and the employers another.
The men claimed that it was a lockout. The following was
given out by a committee of the union at the time :
"This is not a strike by the men and women, but a lockout by the
employers. We have been getting from 27 cents to $1.20 for a garment.
We asked for an increase in wages of 10 per cent., but have received
no answer. We have been getting from $15 to $18 a week, but last
week we were given such difficult work that we could not earn but
from $6 to $12. An account of the goods we make is kept in books we
turn in to the firm every Thursday. We have no uniform wage list,
but the firm sets a price on each article. We do not get our books
back until the following Tuesday or Wednesday. This is to keep us
indebted to the firm for time made between Monday and Tuesday or
Wednesday. In order to see wfly wages were so low last week we
demanded that the account books be returned Saturday, which was
pay day.. This was refused. When we refused to go to work yesterday
morning we were ordered out of the building. A committee com-
posed of two women and two men of the union and two outsiders
investigated our demands and have sustained our position. The
statement that we asked the firm to take us back to-day is incorrect."
The difference was never settled, and the loss in wages was
estimated to be $2,500. The employers claim that the employ-
ees refused to do much work on the new styles the first week,
so that they might have an excuse to demand more money
for making the garments. The matter was left unsettled.
STRIKE OF MACHINISTS.
On April 15, My Maryland Lodge No. 186, International
Association of Machinists, presented a demand to their vari-
ous employers throughout the city for an advance in wages of
twenty-five cents a day. The increase was to go into effect
on the 1st of June. Some of the firms immediately notified
the Business Agent, Mr. Harry Vollmer, that the increase
would be granted. Others positively refused, and on July i
the employees of eight different machine shops in the city went
on strike. Some of the employers hiid notified their employees
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. ^3
that they would increase their wages even before the demand
was presented. Subsequent to July i the demands were
granted in two of the eight shops and settlement made. Six
chops still remained on strike.
In the shop of Messrs. Murrill & Keizer the men went on
strike before July i, because of the failure of the firm to
accede to their request, but were ordered back to work by the
executive committee of the union, so as to give the firm time
to consider the demands.
The demands of the machinists was presented in the follow-
ing letter:
Owing to the enormous increase in the price of living — in fact, in
almost everything used in the every-day walk of life — it is almost
impossible to exist at the present rate of wages. The International
Association of Machinists has deemed it advisable to request of all
employers of machinists in this city an increase of lo per cent, in wages
now paid their employees, to take effect July i, 1903.
We make this request general, as we deem it unjust to ask it of one
firm and not the other, especially where they are in competition with
each other.
Trusting you will favor us in this request and notify either this office
or your employees not later than June 15 of your intention, we remain,
respectfully,
William Silverzahn, President.
Edwarp V. Wood, Recording Secretary.
Harry F. Vollmer, Business Agent.
All of the shops were very busy at the time and this
accounts for the ready acquiescence of a large number of the
proprietors to the demand of the men. The strike is still on in
the six shops above referred to, with very little prospects of
settlement. The wage loss to the employees is estimated at
about $20,000. The union paid single men who were on strike
$7.00 per week and married men $8.00 per week benefits.
SHOE WORKERS' STRIKE.
The employees of A. H. Colmary & Co., who were members
of the Boot and Shoe Workers' Union, went on strike July 13.
There were about twenty-two of them — all lasters. They
wanted an increase of wages, which the firm refused. The men
are still out, mostly having gone to work in other .places, and
the firm has secured other employees, while some of the old mea
44 REPORT O^ THE BUREAU OF
have returned to work. The firm applied for an injunction
restraining the men from interfering with new employees.
The men claimed they had to wait all day around the shop —
that is, the lasters — and sometimes would only make $6 or
$7 per week.
WAREHOUSEMEN'S STRIKE.
On July 1/ about twenty stevedores, employed in unload-
ing coffee vessels, quit work because their demand for an
increase of wages to the extent of $4.00 per thousand bags
was not granted. These men were employed by Capt. Talbot
Jones, unloading cargoes for Messrs. C. Morton Stewart &
Co. The men said they were paid $16.00 per thousand bags,
out of which they were compelled to pay the wages of a man
in charge of the engine on the wharf and four truckmen.
A number of colored men w^ere employed to take the strikers*
places, and so far as can be learned the strike was a failure.
STRIKE AT CURTIS BAY.
On August 6, 475 men and boys, employed by the South
Baltimore Car and Steel Company, in building cars at Curtis
Bay, went on strike after having demanded from their em-
ployers that they be paid off every two weeks instead of
monthly and double time for holidays.
It had been the intention of the company's manager to put
this system in vogue, but it was reported to the men that the
president of the company would not consent to this. The
men in the various departments held a joint meeting and
decided to make the demand. A number of the men were mem-
bers of the Brotherhood of Railway Car Builders' Union
No. 197.
According to the statement made by Mr. Henry Diehl, who
acted as secretary of the meeting, the trouble originated as
follows :
On June i the men appointed a committee to wait on the gen-
eral manager and ask him that the men be paid off twice a month
instead of monthly. The committee was cordially received
and the general manager promised to concede the demand.
The men desired a written agreement, but the manager tali.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 45
them to take his word for the agreement. The men agreed
to this, and on the following Thursday the company posted a
notice to the effect that they would not pay off for another
week. This notice caused considerable discussion among the
men and finally resulted in a mass meeting, with the resultant
strike.
The strike lasted for three days and the company finally con-
ceded what the men desired. The loss was about $1,500 in
wages.
MACHINISTS' STRIKE AT FREDERICK.
On August 15 five machinists, employed by the Palmetto
Fibre Company, at Frederick, Md., made a demand on their
employers for an increase of wages of fifty cents a day. The
company refused it and the five men quit work until August
22, being out one week, when their demands were granted and
the men returned to work. The strike was not ordered by
an organization.
LOCKOUT OF MARBLE WORKERS.
In March last the Employers' Association and the employees
in the marble industry of the country agreed that there should
be no strike or lockout without arbitration.
Mr. Wm. H. Evans, of Baltimore, is president of the
National Association of Marble Dealers, and the Marble
Workers' Unions in the various cities are represented in a
national organization, known as the International Association
©f Marble Workers. The employers state their employees
violated their agreement in Philadelphia under the new officers
elected last July. The marble workers in Buffalo repudiated
the agreement during that month and trouble resulted. The
National Association of Dealers thereupon in September
ordered their various members to close up their shops for three
days, lockout all their employees and start up again, only
employing men as individuals and refusing to recognize any
union.
This order affected three large firms in Baltimore, namely
Evans Marble Company, Hilgartner Marble Company and
Hugh Sisson & Sons, involving about 200 hands. The lockout
46 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
commenced on September 21 and continued in force, although
the yards owned by the firms above-mentioned reopened as
"open shops" after three days, and they claim to be employing
now about 140 men.
The effect of the lockout was felt on a number of buildings
in course of erection in Baltimore, but subsequently the firms
constructing same managed to get along some way or other.
This was one of the most far-reaching and troublesome
labor differences that occurred in Baltimore during the year,
and indeed in the United States. As an explanation of the
lockout, the National Association of Marble Dealers published
the following advertisement ;
Desiring that the public understand the difficulties between the strik-
ing members of the International Association of Marble Workers and
the National Association of Marble Dealers, the latter association pub-
lishes tlie following correspondence which has passed between the two
associations, preceding it by this introductory statement:
At a meeting in Buffalo last March the executive boards from both
associations signed an agreement for uniform hours of labor, arbitra-
tion, strike and "lockout" clauses. Last July the National Association
of Workmen met in Philadelphia and, after having accepted the Buffalo
agreement (already accepted by their executive committee), one day,
decided on the next day that, as the term of the executive board which
had made the agreement had expired, the agreement was no longer
operative. They then submitted a second agreement, which the National
Association of Dealers found it impossible to accept. A meeting
occurred in Columbus, Ohio, September i, but the members of the
workers' association failed to produce credentials authorizing them
to negotiate an agreement and nothing was done at the meeting, al-
though the dealers indicated that it would be impossible for them to
accept any agreement other than the one signed at Buffalo. Following
this, the workers' association called out all the shops in Philadelphia.
This was followed by a declaration of "open shop" by the dealers,
^'hen a general strike was declared.
These papers show negotiations between the executive committees
of the two associations during the last few days. The committee from
the International Association of Marble Workers is expected to give a
final answer to the committee from the dealers', association this morning.
Baltimore, Md., November 3, 1903.
To R. D. W. Du Bourg, G. P. I. A. M. IV., the Members G. B. C. I. A.
M. W. and the Members of the I. A. M. IV.:
Gentlemen — Referring to the various conferences we have held with
you in this city during the past two days looking to a settlement of the
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 47
piresent strike of the International Association of Marble Workeri
against the members of the National Association of Marble Dealers,
we beg to state that we regret we cannot see our way clear to accept
the amended form of our resolutions you submitted to us yesterday.
Inclosed we hand you a set of resolutions that embody our position and
from which, under existing conditions and past experience, we cannot
in justice to our members vary in any material manner. If you will
not pass these resolutions we hereby agree to submit the question of
their fairness and equity to a disinterested board of arbitration for
decision, provided the grand officers of the I. A. M. W. at once order
the workmen now on strike back to work, the men to return to work
on or before the morning of the 5th instant and remain at work pending
the decision of said board.
The board of arbitration to consist of three disinterested parties, one
to be chosen by the N. A. M. D., one to be chosen by the I. A. M. W.
and one to be chosen by the two above provided. The decision of the
board shall be evidenced in writing, signed by at least two members of
the said board, and the decision of any two members of said board
shall be binding upon the N. A. M. D. and the I. A. M. W. and their
respective constituents.
Your answer to this letter is requested by not later than tomorrow
morning. Very truly yours,
W. H. Evans,
Peter Gray,
Charles McDonald,
Jacob Mueller, Jr.,
Arthur Lantz,
F. P. Bagley,
Executive Committee N. A. M. D.
Joint Resolutions Adopted by the Executive Committees o? th«
National Association of Marble Dealers and the Inter-
national Association of Marble Workers
At a conference held at Baltimore, 3d November, 1903.
Whereas, There has heretofore existed a sentiment that the mem-
bers of the National Association of Marble Dealers and the members
of the International Association of Marble Workers were necessarily
enemies, and in consequence a mutual dislike and distrust of each other
and of their respective organizations has arisen, provoking and stim-
ulating strife and ill will, resulting in, severe pecuniary loss to both
parties ; now this conference is held for the purpose of cultivating a
more intimate knowledge of each other and of their methods, aims and
objects, believing that thereby friendly regard and respect may be
engendered and such agreements reached as will dispel all inimical
sentiments, prevent further strife and promote the material and moral
interests of all parties concerned.
48 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
I. Resolved, That this meeting adopt the principle of conciliation is
the settlement of any dispute between the members of the I. A. M. W.
and the members of the N. A. M. D.
,2. Resolved, That a conciliation committee be formed consisting of
six members, three of whom shall be marble workers appointed by the
International Association of Marble Workers, and three persons ap-
pointed by the National Association of Marble Dealers.
If a member of the conciliation committee is a party to the dispute
or a member of a local union whose member or members are involved,
he cannot serve on the conciliation committee in the settlement of the
case involved. The president of his national organization shall appoint
a member to take his place in the settlement of the particular dispute.
3. Resolved, Whenever there is a dispute between a member of the
N. A. M. D. and the workers in his employ (when the latter are mem-
bers Of the I. A. M. W.), and it cannot be settled amicably between
them, it shall be referred to the presidents of the two associations
before named, who shall themselves or by delegates give it due con-
sideration. If they cannot decide it satisfactorily to themselves, thej
may by mutual agreement summon the conciliation committee, to whom
the dispute shall be referred and whose decision by a majority vote
shall be final and binding upon each party for a time of twelve months.
Pending adjudication by the presidents and the conciliation committee,
neither party to the dispute shall discontinue operations, but shall pro-
ceed with business in the ordinary manner. In case of a vacancy in
the committee of conciliation it shall be filled by the asso-
ciation originally nominating. No vote shall be taken except by a full
committee or by an even number of each party.
4. Resolved, That the members of the N. A. M. D. will abolish piece
work in their finishing departments except for the polishing of plumbers'
slabs, backs and aprons.
5. Resolved, That the members of the N. A. M. D. shall run the
finishing departments of their factories nine hours per day. The men
to receive for the nine hours the same amount of pay as they received
prior to 21st September, 1903.
6. Resolved, That there shall be no sympathetic strikes or sympathetic
lockouts.
7. Resolved, That the N. A. M. D. recognize the setters of the I. A.
M. W. from and after the going into effect of these resolutions.
8. Resolved, That the N. A. M. D. will recognize the shop locals
of the bed rubbers, polishers and cutters of the I. A. M. W. when either
or both of the following conditions are complied with :
a. When the I. A. M. W. is recognized in the finishing departments
of all marble manufacturers who are not members of the N. A. M. D.
said shops to run the same hours and the men to receive the same wages
as are in force in the shops of the members of the N. A. M. D.
STATISTICS AND INI^ORMATION. 49
b. When the members of the I. A. M. W. cease to work for or
handle the finished product of all marble manufacturers that refuse
to recognize the I. A. M. W. in their finishing departments as above
set forth.
9k Resolved, That the members of the I. A. M. W. will refuse to work
for or handle the finished product of any firm or corporation that does
not recognize the I. A. M. W. and fails to conform to this agreement.
10. Resolved, That these resolutions and any subsequent ones, unless
otherwise specified, take precedence overany and all agreements that
are now in existence or may be made in the future between a local of
the I. A. M. W. and any employer.
11. Resolved, That all resolutions, unless otherwise specified, shall
remain in force until November i, 1904, and thereafter unless
either party desires to terminate, amend or add to the resolutions.
In which case the party so wishing shall serve written notice on the
other party at least 90 days prior to November i, 1904, specifically
stating its desires.
12. Resolved, That the men now in the employ of the N. A. M. D.
be retained.
National Association of Marble Dealers,
By
International Association of Marble Workers,
By
Resolved, That the foregoing resolutions go into cflFect 5th of Novem-
ber, 1903, provided that the men now on strike against the members of
the N. A M. D. are ordered back to work by the Grand Officers of the
I. A, M. W. and return to work on or before Thursday morning,
5th of November. 1903.
National Association of Marble Dealers.
By
International Association of Marble Workers,
By
(Copy of Letter from Marble Workers to Marble Dealers.)
Resolution : That the Executive Committee of the I. A. M. W. agree
to return the men to work under the Buffalo resolutions and arbitrate
any proposed changes in said resolutions at any time suitable to both
parties to said resolutions, and that all men employed not members of
the I. A. M. W. be discharged. The proposed changes, if any, to be
arbitrated within 30 days from date of signing of this resolution.
(Signed) Committee I. A. M. W. '
R. W. Du BouRG,
Jas. a. Fitzgeralh.
50 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
{Copy of Letter from Committee Marble Dealers to Marble Workers.^
R. IV. Du Bourg and Jas. A. Fitzgerald, Committee I. A. M. W.:
Gents — The Executive Committee of the National Association of
Marble Dealers cannot consider your resolution for the reason that
from past experience it does not consider it safe to return to the Buf-
falo resolution as a whole, and, further, because it would not entertain
for a moment any proposition to discharge tried and old employees at
present in the service of the members of the N A. M. D., nor can
it possibly offer you anything different than the form of agreement
with accompanying letter submitted to you this afternoon.
(Signed) W. H. Evans, Chairman.
There were several conferences held in Baltimore between
the officers of the dealers' association and the marble workers,
but without result so far.
The lockout affected the following firms in Baltimore:
Evans Marble Company, Hugh Sisson & Sons and Hilgartner
Marble Company.
About 200 marble workers in Baltimore were thrown out of
work at first, and numerous small concerns, who get finished
marble from the above-named firms, were inconvenienced or
compelled to lay off some of their employees. The firms,
however, secured some non-union help, and thus continued to
do business, while the members of the International Marble
Workers' Union sharply drew the lines in their fight, and with
the assistance of other branches of organized labor, forced the
discontinuance of considerable work in various sections of the
country. At the time of writing it is impossible to tell of
the final outcome of the struggle.
STRIKE AT ORGAN WORKS.
All the union employees of M. P. Moller, organ builder,
of Hagerstown, went on strike September 21, because their
demand for an increase of ten per cent, in wages was not
acceded to. Mr. Moller refused to recognize the union.
The strike continued up to the time the report went to press,
though some of the old hands returned to work, and others
were employed. The strike was practically lost. It was
ordered by Organ and Piano Makers' Union No. 45.
STATISTICS AND IN1?0RMATI0N. 51
MEAT PACKERS WANT RECOGNITION.
On Monday, November 2, about twenty-six meat packers,
all members of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Packers'
Union, employed by Messrs. R. M. Jones & Co., stopped work.
The strike was the result of the demand of the union for an
agreement for the year 1904, and they presented it this early
to prevent trouble. The new agreement called for a recog-
nition of the union, which the firm refused to accede to. There
were forty-five employees, thirty-one of whom belonged to
tlie union, and these struck. Mr. G. Mechau is the
Business Agent of the union and had charge of the strike,
which was finally settled by agreement on November 14, and
was successful.
STRIKE OF IRONWORKERS.
Two hundred employees of the Baltimore Rolling Mills
Company went on strike November 24, owing to the discharge
of two of the men who had been active in forming an organ-
ization of their fellow-workmen. The men continued on strike
until December 2, when they returned to work, except one,
Mr. J. C. Jenkins, the president of the Ironworkers' Union,
which had been organized in the shops. This result was
brought about by agreement between the officials of the com-
pany and the officials of the union, and the result was a recog-
nition of that organization.
Mr. Jenkins was provided for by the men, who elected him
president of the union and paid him a salary for attending to
its business, as it was on his urgent request that they returned to
work.
SMALL STRIKES.
On December 14 the employees of the firms of H. Good-
man and of Epstein & Singer, cloth hat and cap manufacturers,
went on strike against a reduction of wages of from 5 to 10
per cent. These strikes involved seven men in one shop and
thirteen in the other and had not been settled when this report
was closed.
STRIKE OF CANAL BOATMEN.
The canal boatmen running between Williamsport and
Sharpsburg made a demand for an increase of pay per tonnage
52 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
for hauling coal. The general manager of the canal offered
them forty cents to Georgetown and twenty-two cents to
WilHamsport. The boatmen claimed that last year they were
paid forty cents and eighty cents per ton, but under a new
arrangement the new transportation company operating on
the canal brought about entirely new conditions, which were
unsatisfactory to the employees. The trustees of the canal
refused to grant the demand of the men, saying that the ques-
tion was entirely under their control. A satisfactory arrange-
ment was subsequently effected without any loss.
INCREASE IN WAGES FOR MARINE ENGINEERS.
About May i the Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association
No. 5 decided to make a request of their employers for an in-
crease of wages. The engineers stated their case in the follow-
ing language, through the president of the association:
"It is not the intention of the marine engineers to strike, but to better
their condition. The salary of an engineer twenty-five years ago was
$100 a month. At that time only single engines and forty pounds of
steam were under his direction, but now he carries 250 pounds of steam
and cares for compound and triple expansion engines, electric light
plant, evaporator, hoisting engines and steering engines at a salary
of about $80 a month, and in some cases $60. Side-wheel boats then
made only one or two trips a week. Now they come in the morning
and go out the same day, giving no time for the engineer to see his
family. Repairs must be finished in order to get the boat oflf on
railroad time. Several boats are fitted up with feathering wheels,
which require overhauling at the end of each route. This was
not known in former days. The engineer must buy his own
uniform, and it has come to the point that when the boat lies
up the engineer must act as watchman at $12 a week and go home for
meals. On excursion boats the engineer has only three months in the
year to run and he is then put ashore. The steamboat business has
financially increased to a great extent in the last twenty-five years.
The engineer ought to get decent wages when it is taken into considera-
tion that thousands of passengers are under his care. The tugboat
engineer's salary is not more than that of a laboring man, and he is
14, 16 and 18 hours on watch, working Sunday too. This is the condBh
tion of marine engineers of the port of Baltimore.
A meeting of the steamboat owners was held and the Steana
Vessel Owners' Association was organized.
Instead of ordering a strike, the Marine Engineers' Bene-
STATISTICS AND INI^ORMATION. 53
ficial Association No. 5 issued the following letter to their
members :
DfiAR Sir and Brother :
As members of No. S employed with the B., C. & A. Co. were the
first of all to demand a higher wage scale for the Marine Engineers
of Baltimore, agitating the cause, and steadily complaining; besides,
0n every meeting of No. 5, about the slow progress of the Association
concerning the demand of revising the existing wage scale. No. 5,
after due consideration, granted the wishes of the members employed
by the B., C. & A- Co., and other members afterward made *^he same
request, a new wage scale was formulated, and a copy of it mailed to
every member with the request to agree with it or reject it or design
«i improvement
Without exception all members employed by the B., C. & A. Co.
sent letters of approval ; some of them even demanded a raising of the
new wage scale.
After proper consideration, in conformity with wishes of the members,
the present wage scale was adopted by a majority of the Association,
to take effect on June 15, 1903. And a committee was appointed to
take charge of the affair so that the demand of the members be laid
before the shipowners in a proper and business-like manner, and acting
as arbitrators between the shipowners and the engineers.
Up to the present day most all of the members, under the guidance
of the committee, have their request granted in a satisfactory way, and
only the insubordinate in the B., C. & A. Co., who were the foremost
kickers against existing conditions, still remain under the old manage-
ment or wage scale, without showing any effort to put into effect their
promise to support the new wage scale. Even interfering with the
action of the committee to uphold the honor of the Association, and to
reach a speedy settlement with the B. C. & A. Co. Is this true?
Yea; and what is the reason that you demand from the Association
help and assistance to better your condition, and after the Association
complying with your request willingly, you refuse to give your em-
ployers due notice of your demand, leaving him or them under the im-
pression, and giving them a chance to state before the public that you
were pleased with present conditions and entirely satisfied with your
present wages. Is this right?
Such action is inimical to the Association, that of a coward who
throws stones from behind a scaled fence, and casts a very bad reflec-
tion upon the honest principles and good work of our Association,
when you, a member of it, pledging yourself with a solemn obligation
to uphold it with all the power vested in you.
As your committee has tried in vain to persuade you to fulfill your
promise, and as in not doing so the high standing of No. 5 and of all
flie faithful members would be brought into contempt or lowered, there-
54 REPORT OF the; bureau of
fore, we, the committee in charge, for reason to uphold the dignity
of No. 5, hereby most earnestly, urgently request you to act as a man,
citizen and brother of honor, to fulfill your solemn promise and make
the demand for the rate of monthly pay set by the new wage scale,
adopted by your sanction, and adopted by the Association, to comply
with your wishes.. Should you refuse to obey this justified request, and
you hold your position under the old established wage scale after
August I, 1903, No. 5 will be compelled and fully justified by the cir-
cumstances to consider you a coward and a traitor to the principles of
the organization, and action will be taken accordingly.
Hoping that you will show manhood enough to uphold (instead of
destroying) the dignity of No. 5 and of the National Association, and
appreciate as men the beneficial endeavors we have made for you, we,
your committee, expect that in future, like in former times, you will
show yourselves worthy a member of the noble order of the M. E. B. A.
The following was the rate of wages asked for in a circular
sent out by the association to the steamboat owners :
Passenger Steamers to York River and below York River — Chief
engineer, $115; first assistant engineer, $85; second assistant engineer,
$65.
All Passenger Steamers Running above York River — Chief engineer,
$100; assistant engineer, $75.
Ferryboat, $60.
Ocean Tugs of the First Class — Chief engineer, $120; assistant en-
gineer, $75.
Ocean Tugs of the Second Class — Chief engineer, $105 ; assistant en-
gineer, $65.
All Tugs Towing on the Chesapeake — Chief engineer, $75 ; assistant
engineer, $50.
Harbor Tugs, $2.50 a day.
Ten hours to constitute a working day, with overtime 25 cents an
hour.
Engineers on All Pleasure Vessels — Salary increased 20 per cent.
Subsequently, in September, after continued meetings and
requests, the following increases in wages were granted by
the various companies and individuals as reported to the
engineers' association:
We, your committee, appointed on the wage scale, beg to
make this our report of the increase of the wages of the
engineers of the port of Baltimore, and respectfully submit
same.
Weems Line, average increase 34 per cent
Chester River Line, average increase 20 per cent
Tolchester Steamboat Company, Chief Engineer 20 per cent.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 55
Totcliester Steamboat Company, Second Engineer 50 per cent
B., C. & A. Steamboat Company, Cbief Engineer Il^ per cent
B., C. & A. Steamboat Company, Second Engineer 27 1-3 per cent
Bay Line, First Assistants 6J4 pc cent
Bay Line, Second Assistants 20 per cent
York River Line, Chief Engineers 10 per cent
York River Line, Second Engineers ^V2 per cent
York River Line, to Norfolk No increase.
Rock Creek Ferry Boats, from $14 per week to $17.50.
HarI)or Tugs 25 per cent
Dougherty's Tugs, Chief Engineers 16 2-3 per cent
Dougherty's Tugs, Second Engineers 282-3 per cent
American Towing Company's Tugs, Chief Engineers 162-3 per cent.
American Towing Company's Tugs, Second Engineers. .282-3 per cent
While this scale did not include increases for all the mem-
bers of the association, yet there were enough of them to
warrant the belief that the Marine Engineers' Association
would eventually win.
ACCEPT REDUCTION OF WAGES.
A most remarkable occurrence was the voluntary accept-
ance of a reduction of wages by 1,300 boilermakers and iron
shipbuilders on August 21 last. The boilermakers and iron
shipbuilders, at the solicitation of their employers, discussed
the case and consented to an arrangement for one year, which
involved a reduction of their wages, including the cost of
overtime. The employers on their part agreed to employ
none but union men for the year and agreed to pay the follow-
ing rates of wages for nine hours' work :
First-class workmen and flange turners, $2.50; second-class
workmen, $2.25 ; holders on, $1.75 ; helpers, $1.50.
The following firms signed the agreement with the Brother-
hood, which has five local unions in Baltimore: The E.
J. Codd Company, the Baltimore Shipbuilding and Drydock
Company, the James Clark Company, the Thomas C. Basshor
Company, the William G. Fitzgerald Marine Engine Com-
pany, the Mclntyre Co. & Henderson, the Spedden Shipbuild-
ing Company, John B. Fluskey, Cathell Brothers, Triplett
& Jennings, James Woodall.
56 REPORT OP THE BUREAU OF
BRICKLAYERS GET AN INCREASE.
The bricklayers of Baltimore, early in the year, made a
demand on their employers for $4.00 a day and eight hours,
and on March 10 it was announced in the Federation of
Labor that the employers had granted the demand. This was
heralded with very much satisfaction, as many believed it
was a forerunner of a general increase in the building trades.
STRIKE AT THE CROWN CORK AND SEAL WORKS.
About seventy-five boys, ranging in age from twelve to six-
teen years, employed in the stamping rooms of the Crown
Cork and Seal Company's works went on strike July 6.
The cause of the strike was the demanding of a nine-hour
work-day instead of ten hours and for a half holiday on
Saturday. There was no organization of the boys and they
attempted to get the girls in the establishment to go on strike
with th6m, but they failed in this. The firm reports that
several mothers of the boys interfered in a forcible manner,
and in a day or so many of them returned to work. No losses
were reported.
LABORERS DEMAND HIGHER WAGES.
The laborers connected with Union No. 10597, Laborers'
Protective Union and Cellar Diggers and Shovellers' Union
No>. 10934, in the latter part of May sent a notice to the
builders and contractors of Baltimore requesting a nine-hour
work-day for five days of each week and an eight-hour day
on Saturday and a minimum wage of $1.50. The unions had a
joint membership of about 900, and comprised nearly all of the
skilled buildiiig laborers in the city. While there was no general
strike, some of them received the advances, but the majority
of the builders and contractors refused to grant the demands,
and the men continued at work. The laborers who were
employed at Kernan's new theatre were also refused the
advance and their places were taken by some white men —
those on strike being negroes.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 57
EFFORTS OF THE MARINE FIREMEN.
The members of the Atlantic Coast Marine Firemen's Union
early in June made a demand on the various steamboat owners
for an increase of wages, and presented a scale calling for
$45 a month for oilers and water tenders and $40 a month for
firemen on steamships; on ocean tugs $45 for oilers, $40 for
firemen, and $35 for coal passers ; on bay tugs $35 per month,
and $10 a week of 60 hours on harbor tugs.
There was no strike of the men, but some of the companies
agreed to increase the wages as requested. These firms
included the Di Giorgi Importing and Steamship Company and
the Consolidated Coal Company and the Merchants and Miners'
Association.
WORK ON STATE HOUSE STOPPED.
The bricklayers and plasterers employed on the State House
at Annapolis had a misunderstanding and stopped work for
several days commencing October 28. The trouble was brought
on by the employment by the contractors of seven plasterers,
members of the Operative Plasterers' International Association.
These men refused to join the local union.
MINERS WIN.
The employees of the Cumberland Basin Coal Company,
in August last, demanded of the company that they be paid
every two weeks instead of every three weeks. The men quit
work for a few days (65 in number), and subsequently the
company posted a notice to the effect that the men would
be paid off regularly on the 5th and 25th of the month, and the
men returned to work.
The miners of the Castlemann Enterprise and Allegany
Mines of the Somerset Coal Company, and of the Garrett
and South Side Coal Companies of Garrett county, quit work
in April last over the differential between "heading" and
"room mining" pay.
The miners of the Merchants' Mine No. 3 and of the Con-
tinental Coal Company also struck in April. These strikes
were unauthorized by the organization and were subsequently
58 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
settled by the vice-president of the national union. The various
companies agreeing to pay 37 cents for loading after machines
and 41 cents for narrow work, this being the price paid in other
districts, and all the men returned to work.
BALTIMORE & OHIO TRAINMEN.
Early in September representatives of all the employees on
the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad organized in the various rail-
road organizations sent a committee to Baltimore for a confer-
ence with the managers of the road and for the purpose of
presenting their grievances. They presented their grievances,
which were numerous, and the conference continued for several
arbitration committee. This question was the reinstatement
weeks, finally resulting in a complete adjustment of all the
questions in dispute, except one, which was referred to an
of two discharged men and the same was finally settled in
favor of the company by the arbitration committee.
It is reported that the men gained substantial increases in
wages and the adjustment of many minor differences, which
will remove considerable friction in the future.
TELEGRAPHERS WANT INCREASE OF WAGES.
On November 5 the general committee of the Baltimore
branch of the Order of Railroad Telegraphers met at the
Howard House, in Baltimore, and formulated a request to
be made to the Baltimore & Ohio managers for an increase
of wages and shorter hours at certain block stations along
the system. It subsequently developed that there was no order
for a strike or for forcing the demand other than the attempt
to secure the results at the annual conference with the em-
ployers to be held later on.
INCREASE OF WAGES.
Early in January the coal miners of the George's Creek
region were advised, through their foreman, that their wages
would be increased April i to 65 cents per ton. The news made
the men in the region feel very happy, but the operators still
refused to meet the miners in joint convention as they had
heretofore done, since then there has been a decrease of ten
per cent, in certain sections of the region.
6o REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
MARYLAND
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.
The general conditions of employment and business have
been better during the past year than was at one time antici-
pated, but even at that there has been a great falling off in
the manufacturing and building world in production. Of
course, various causes are assigned for this decrease in business.
The newspapers in many instances have declared that labor
organizations have, by arbitrary action, forced many contracts
for buildings to be held up. Others have declared that the lull
is due to a natural reaction, and others still, to the wild stampede
to organization of capital and the over-capitalization of enter-
prises consolidated and watered beyond their earning capacity.
Whatever it may have been, it is now being felt by the
workers in all branches of toil, as well as by capitalists and cap-
tains of industry of high and low degree.
One of the natural results of the flush times of the past two
or three years has been the rapid growth of labor organiza-
tions throughout the country. In this Maryland has shared
fully, and today organized labor in Maryland is stronger
numerically than at any time since 1886. That it is not as
strong in some other ways is due to causes that it is not neces-
sary for us to discuss here; but it may not be amiss to sound
a note of warning to the labor organizations of this city and
State, who are honestly striving to uplift the masses generally
and their own members particularly. The people of this State
are conservative and patriotic. Though we have less mil-
lionaires than other States of like size, we have that which
those States lack, viz : An intense love of home life, fair play
between man and master, and a patriotic confidence in the
righting of every wrong by the peaceful means of argument
and the law. There is and there always has been a greater
degree of friendliness between the employer and employee
in this State than in many others, and if our labor organiza-
tions desire to benefit by that feeling and to progress, they must
' STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 6 1
conserve it by wise deliberation, educational methods, earnest
sympathy with the employers' struggles, and honest leaders.
The labor movement generally is based on sentiment. A
sentiment that makes for the good of the whole. The demands
for higher wages, shorter day's work, better sanitary conditions,
etc., have their root in the hope that the rising generation may
not have such hard struggles as their fathers and mothers;
the hope to leave the world a little better for having lived, and
the present wish to share a little in these benefits before we
die.
Marylanders will not tolerate labor fakirs nor the policy of
killing the goose that lays the golden egg. Our manufacturing
enterprises and our building improvements are just beginning
to rear their heads. The slow growth of Baltimore is not
altogether due to lack of enterprise or wealth. It is mostly
due to the feeling that a moderate competence, without rush
and struggle, is better and healthier and more conducive to
happiness than the fever to acquire vast wealth and vast re-
sponsibilities. Living is so much easier and cheaper in this
city and State than in others that we do not secure as high com-
pensation for labor done as is paid in New York, Philadelphia,
Boston or Chicago. These facts should be kept closely in
mind by our labor leaders and the organizations they represent
when making their demands. That there are many industries
that are underpaid in Maryland as compared with other States
there can be no doubt. But be careful in making your demands
that you arouse not the spirit of antagonism in the general public,
rather than secure their sympathy and help. The concentrated
sympathy of the public will win as many, strikes as complete
organization and a full treasury, but when backed up by all
three and led by honest men the march will be upward and
onward.
ORGANIZATION.
The central body of organized labor in Maryland is the local
Federation of Labor, which meets in Baltimore every Wednes-
day night, and is made up of five representatives from the
various local unions in the State, more particularly those in the
city. This central body is directly affiliated with the American
62 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF '
Federation of Labor, and no local union that is not affiliated
with an international or national organization that is not con-
nected with the American Federation of Labor can be repre-
sented in the local Federation of Labor, therefore, it will be
understood that the Baltimore Federation of Labor, as a local
body, only has jurisdiction over those organizations which are
already affiliated with the American Federation of Labor,
except where there are isolated local unions of unskilled labor.
During the year the Baltimore Federation of Labor has had
considerable trouble, occasioned in some instances by dual
organizations, such as the Bricklayers' Unions Nos. i and 2,
or the clash between the Carpenters' and Woodworkers'
organizations. However, these troubles have been to a large
extent adjusted, and at present time the Federation seems
to be on a better footing than for some time past, though the
carpenters' organizations are not represented in that body at
present. The Metal Workers have returned to the Federation
of Labor during the year, but the Bricklayers subsequently
withdrew, the latter being caused by the organization of a
building trades' section, which sought to bring about the adop-
tion of a uniform card system.
During the past year the Stone Pavers of Baltimore city,
who were at one time organized into two bodies, one local union
under the Federation and one under the Knights of Labor,
amalgamated and now all belong to the Federation of Labor.
This amalgamation brought about a better condition of affairs
in the City Departments, where these men were largely em-
ployed in paving and repaving the city.
During the year a suit was instituted for the appointment
of a receiver for Local Union No. 6 of the Amalgamated
Woodworkers' Union. Disagreement among the members
was the cause.
A number of new unions were organized during the year,
including the Waiters and Cooks, Hack Drivers and Barbers.
The barbers organized during the year with the express
purpose of securing legislation similar to the rules given out
by the Board of Health in New York, and it was understood
that they would present such a bill to the present Legislature,
said bill to include such rules and regulations as follow :
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 6^
'• (i.) Barbers must wash their hands thoroughly with soap
and hot water before attending any person.
(2.) No alum or other astringent shall be used in stick form.
If used at all to stop the flow of blood, it must be applied
in powder form.
(3.) The use of powder puffs is prohibited.
(4.) No towel shall be used for more than one person with-
out being washed.
(5.) The use of sponges is prohibited.
(6.) Mugs and shaving brushes shall be thoroughly washed
after use on each person.
(7.) Combs, razors, clippers and scissors shall be thoroughly
cleaned by dipping in boiling water or other germicide after
every separate use thereof.
(8.) No barber, unless he is a licensed physician, shall pre-
scribe for 'any skin disease.
(9.) Floors must be swept or mopped every day, and all
furniture and woodwork kept free from dust.
(10.) Hot and cold water must be provided.
(11.) A copy of these resolutions is to be hung in a con-
spicuous place in each shop.
Numerous minor difficulties occurred during the year, which
were satisfactorily settled one way or the other, and which are
hardly worth while enumerating in this report. These diffi-
culties include the efforts of the Brewery Workers to install
exclusively union labor in the various beer bottling establish-
ments.
One of the pleasant things to record which occurred during
the past year was the increase of wages of the miners of West-
ern Maryland, known as the Georges' Creek region, b}^ the
Consolidation Coal Co., the Black-Sheridan-Wilson Co., and
other companies. The increase was from ten to eighteen per
cent., although during the latter part of the year work in the
mines of that region slacked up to some extent, owing to
the falling off in the demand for coal, and in the Meyersdale
region wages were reduced and the men in Maryland did not
make full time.
The Bureau attempted one year ago to make up a directory
of the labor organizations of the State, with data attached to
64 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
the list, which would be of value to the employers as well
as the general public in fixing the status of labor organiza-
tions, and the rates of wages earned by the various mechanics
and work people attached to these unions. This year we have
continued this effort and present in the table that follows,
the most complete list of existing unions in the State of Mary-
land ever heretofore published, and trust that our continuous
efforts in this direction may prove of value to the membership
of unions as well as the employers and the public at large.
In the table that follows we give the names, addresses and
data for 117 organizations in the State of Maryland. Of
these the oldest is the Baltimore Typographical Union No. 12,
organized in the year 1831. Of the 117 unions enumerated,
thirty-one are located in the counties, mostly Western Mary-
land.
The total membership of these 117 unions, as shown by the
reports, is 22,343 in good standing at the time the various
reports were made. The table shows that the membership of
thirty-eight unions work ten hours per day or over ; of thirty-
three unions work nine hours a day or over and less than
ten, and of thirty unions work eight hours per day or over and
less than nine.
The table also shows that sixty-eight unions received an
increase of wages during the years 1902 and 1903, and that the
membership of only six unions had their wages decreased in
that time. The me—ibers of forty-four unions received a de-
crease in the number of working hours in the years 1902 or
1903 of from one-half to one hour.
Of these 117 unions, thirty-four organized in 1902 and nine-
teen in 1903.
There is other interesting data in the table, which will
prove of value to organized labor and the public at large:
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS OF
MARYLAND. i9o3.
1
n
si
.....
NAME Ol' ORGANJZATION.
1
III
9
Of.
.9-3.
loirlj;
p.',!.,.
■"""■
'
ajo
t oo
No.
No
No
Goo,l
No.tL«,l qotuer ll.lliiiiotL- anJ Gay slrwla
Lail Sun
dny in moDlb
Ksr&ira'5ri"r"r''>i'' " ""
;:' ";":.'"',' ,.„ r:"'''::'";:"'''"':::;,::;:;:::::::::::;;::::::
'S
I
Upceymn.
y": v''°"m'.*^i r.^
s'°
N°".." "■
I^Zi .
l'r."r',M.| n','"."'''!."'.-,.,.
H,'".';i
Sm?]"';?.:.,,.
S;d;^.r.i"o7.S"':S. :' ' :;,::..:■ . '-
-: . ■ ,,.:;;:=:;::=j S |g|;|„ ::;■::::::::::;:
i-" ■■■■.-..I'T, :■: -
S"
■""""""'"•
js;«?J'S'i™°.™~ ' ■''■■■
^.
'i',;:;'
l.";;.,rL
dt™"i,"s.i.,J.„.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 65
THE SWEAT-SHOP AND FACTORY
INSPECTION.
In the Eleventh Annual Report of this Bureau a full de-
scription of all sweatshops, with illustrations, was published,
along with the i,8oo inspections made by the officials of this
Department, showing the exact conditions existing in the
clothin'j industry in Maryland.
Under the Act passed by the Legislature at its session in
1902 these inspections were made and the arrest and prose-
cution of the violators of that law are now a matter of record
in the courts and the same were fully set forth in the previous
report of this Bureau. The first case carried to the courts,
under the Act, was that of a man name Ligum, who carried
on a sweat-shop on South High street. The lower court hav-
ing quashed the indictment and the case having been carried
to the Court of Appeals of the State, that body rendered its
decision in the following language:
This being a criminal case and the traverser having been discharged
by reason of the indictment having been quashed, and the cause having
been argued before six judges of this court, who are equally, divided
on some of the questions raised as to the constitutionality of the Act
of 1902, Chapter loi, the judgment quashing the indictment must be
affirmed by a divided court, but without committing this court to
the views and conclusions announced by the learned judge below, and
this court distinctly reserving for further decision the constitutionality
of the aforesaid statute when the question may arise in some other
cause.
It will be thus seen that it was necessary to speedily carry
other cases to the court, so as to get a final decision as to the
constitutionality of the law. This was accomplished by the
indictment of Isaac Plumack and Louis Hyman, both of whom
were indicted and their cases tried before Judge Stockbridge,
who rendered a decision in conformity with the previous de-
cision of Judge Ritchie, and an appeal was therefrom taken
to the highest court in the State, from which, at this w^riting,
we are still awaiting a decision as to the constitutionality of
the law.
66 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
It is, therefore, unnecessary to go into a discussion of the
present measure until the decision of the Court of Appeals is
handed down in these later cases, which it is to be hoped will
occur in time for the Legislature to take whatever steps may
be necessary to amend the law, if any such amendments may
be needed.
There is no doubt, however, that the enactment of the Legis-
lature of 1902 has already proven beneficial to a large extent
in the clothing industry. A visit to some of the shops today
which were inspected a year ago will verify this statement.
While many of them are yet unfit to work in, or are too
crowded with workers, and need a strict enforcement of the
law to bring about proper conditions, there are others which
have been changed to a remarkable degree, and the fear of
the law has led many proprietors to make changes in the en-
vironment of their employees. In some cases new shops have
been secured away from the homes, and in a number of others
the large manufacturers have opened big factory buildings,
into which the former sweat-shop owners have moved, and this
changed condition has not only benefited the workers, but has
improved the quality of the clothing, and increased the trade
of Baltimore in this industry. Indeed, it is impossible to fully
convey an idea of the change in the conditions of the clothing
industry of this city in the past two years, notwithstanding the
Department was deterred from fully enforcing the law by
reason of the contest in the courts.
After the Court of Appeals had rendered its decision,
quoted heretofore, it was determined to renew the inspections
and notices, confiining such work to the worst sweat-shops still
in existence, and induce, by persuasion or notice, the pro-
prietors to conform with the law. Some obeyed such notices,
while others availed themselves of the plea that the lower
court had declared the law unconstitutional and they would
wait until the Court of Appeals gave a final decision.
The Department was informed by the law ofificers that it
would only be piling up cases and giving trouble to present
all violators of the law to the Grand Jury, who would find in-
dictments only to have the cases dismissed by the courts, ac-
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 67
cording to the late Judge Ritchie's decision. This would have
been a hardship to many persons and would have looked more
like persecution than prosecution ; therefore the Department
made up the test cases and desisted from arresting other vio-
lators of the law.
the; inspection.
As stated in the previous reports, for purposes of inspection,
the city has been divided into seven districts, which we named
alphabetically from A to G. Thus when we speak of A district
in this report we allude to all that territory in Baltimore begin-
ning on the south side of Baltimore street and running south
and southeast to the basin, and bounded on the west by South
street and on the east by the city limits.
B district runs from Baltimore street north to North ave-
nue, and from North street on the west to the city limits.
C district runs from Baltimore street south and southeast
to the basin, and from Fremont street on the west to the basin
on the east.
D district runs from Fremont street west to the city limits
and from North avenue south to the city limits.
E district runs from Baltimore street north to North avenue
and from North street to Fremont street.
F district runs from North avenue to city limits north, and
from Jones' Falls to city limits west.
G district takes in all north of North avenue, east of Jones'
Falls to the eastern city limits.
During the year 221 inspections have been made in the
city, divided in the different districts as follows :
District A 95
District B 80
District C 29
District D 3
District E 14
Total .221
One hundred and eighteen first notices were sent out to
the occupants of the various houses notifying them that they
68
REPORT 0]? THE BUREAU OE
were violating the law, their rooms being dirty or that families
were living in the house, or there was not sufficient air space
for the number of employees working in the rooms.
Fifty notices were sent to Dr. Bosley, Health Commissioner
of Baltimore City, informing him that this number of water
closets needed inspection and cleaning.
PERMITS ISSUED.
During the year 130 permits were issued for shops, which
employed 2,595 people in the various districts. These were
divided in the manufacture of the different articles as follows :
Articles Made.
Number of Permits
Issued.
Number of People
Employed.
Coats
63
46
II
6
3
I
1,580
741
187
66
Pants
Vests
Button Holes
Ladies' Skirts
14
Busheling
7
Total
130
2,595
Of the above number of permits issued by the Department,
54 were issued for A district; 46 for B district; 14 for C dis-
trict; I for D district and 15 for E district.
These numbers show that the largest number of shops are
located south of Baltimore street and east of South street, in
the congested Hebrew district.
Another important fact demonstrated by the figures above
given is that the largest number of hands are employed in the
making of coats, which is the most important part of the cloth-
ing industry and for which the highest prices are paid.
A number of the above establishments, while entitled ta-
permits, are still open to criticism in some respects, but the-
large clothing manufacturing establishments are rapidly con-
gregating their tailors under one roof and adopting the new
system of manufacturing wherein the sub-division of labor
brings about greater efficiency and greater economy in all.
respects.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
69
It is safe to say that the clothing industry of Baltimore now
stands on as high a plane, if not higher, than that of any other
city in the United States as regards the condition of the
workers, the character of goods manufactured and the general
environment of the industry.
THE GENERAL INSPECTION.
In the detail tables that follow, numbered i, 2, 3, 4 and 5,
we give the inspections that were made by this Department
and are similar to the tables given in the Eleventh Annual
Report.
It will be found by reference to these tables that the places
inspected were classified as follows :
Table a.
Kind of Building.
District.
Total
A
B
C
D E
Tenements
4
4
2
28
41
5
2
II
ID
13
II
Factories
7
Dwellings
11
2
I
2
5
78
Shops
83
Totals '
65
75
28
3
14
185
It will be seen by the above figures that a total of 185 build-
ings were inspected, and that the largest number of buildings
where these shops are located was in B district, and the next
largest number was in A district. Eighty-three are classified
as shops; 78 as dwellings; 13 as tenements and 11 as factories.
The word shop as used in this instance pertains to those places
wherein the law is being complied with and no families live
in the buildings. Strictly speaking, they are dwellings or
warehouses converted into shops. It is only within the past
year that any number of buildings have been^ either erected
or converted into regular factories in this city. It is also
to be noted that the largest number of dwellings used as sweat-
shops and where the law is being violated is in A district.
70
REPORT OF the; bureau OF
These 221 establishments inspected are owned by 188 per-
sons, the larger number of whom are Russians and the small-
est number are Austrians. There are 177 Russians, 3 Ameri-
cans, 6 Germans and 2 Austrians engaged in the business.
In the following table will be found an enumeration of the
places where the different articles are manufactured, according
to districts, showing the largest number to be coats, the second
pants and the smallest number being hats and caps :
Table B.
Articles Made.
District.
Total
A
B
C
D
E
Pants
38
22
21
20
34
4
3
4
I
9
I
I
70
Vests
35
QO
Coats
25
Busheling
I
Skirts
I
Ladies' Coats
I
2
I
3
I
I
2
Button Holes
I
6
Suits
I
Hats and Caps
I
Totals
11
81
30
3
16
207
These various shops are located in buildings according to
the following table:
Table C.
Front, Back
or Rear
Building.
District.
Total
A
B
C
D
E
Front
86
12
95
23
6
43
10
3
19
2
246
Back
77
Rear
18
Totals
140
124
53
3
21
341
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
71
By reference to the figures given above it will be seen that
246 of these shops are located in the front part of these build-
ings, 77 in the back part of the front building and 18 in the
rear of the buildings. It is shown by the table that the great-
est number of workrooms are located in the front part of the
building, and the reason why the front of a building is selected
wherever possible is not to be found in the fact that the rooms
are better located or larger, but only because, as a rule, there
are more windows in the front of the buildings, thus giving
more light to the workers and thereby enabling the proprietors
to economize in this respect.
There are 1,235 rooms in the houses visited, divided as fol-
lows :
District A 466
District B 442
District C 253
District D 15
District E 59
The various rooms inspected in these buildings are located
as follows in the buildings:
Table D.
Location of Workroom.
District.
Total
A
B
C
D
E
Front
85
49
2
94
27
3
34
18
I
3
15
6
211
Back
100
Middle
6
Totals
136
124
53
3
21
337
These rooms are located on the different floors of the build-
ings as shown in Table E. By this table it will be seen that the
largest number are on the second and third floors, thus being
above ground and more difficult of access. In most of these
72
REPORT o]p the; bureau of
houses the first floor is occupied by the family and are used
for cooking, eating and sleeping purposes, from which the
foul air must necessarily ascend, increasing the unhealthy
coiiditions of the workrooms above.
Table E. — Floor on Which Workroom is Located.
Floor.
District.
Total
A
B
C
D
E
First
12
56
65
5
II
58
50
5
8
23
16
4
31
145
T/|/t
Second
3
5
13
2
I
Third
Fourth
16
Fifth
I
Totals
138
124
51
3
21
'^'V?
ROOMS WITH l^tSS THAN 4OO CUBIC FEiET PE:r PERSON.
In the 221 inspections made, 48 rooms were found where
there was less than 400 cubic feet of space for each person
working therein, divided in the different districts as follows:
District A, 24; Districts, 21; District C, 2, and District D, i.
While this number is considerably less than the number
found last year, still there is ample room for improvement in
this respect, showing that about twenty per cent, of the rooms
inspected come under the penalty of the law.
In the 221 buildings inspected there was a total of 152 fam-
ilies living therein, with 724 persons comprising these families.
It must be remembered that these 1,235 rooms in the houses
inspected are utilized for living and sleeping purposes by these
152 families of 724 persons, and in addition to these persons,
2,959 people not of the family are employed therein. In other
words the whole number of persons employed and living in
these rooms is 3,211.
In the following tables will be found briefly summarized
the details from the numbered tables that follow:
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
73
Table F. — Whol,ic Numbicr oi' Pivrsons Employed.
Sex.
District.
Total
A
B
C
D
E
Male
635
373
834
555
358
117
16
7
176
140
2,010
Female
1,192
Totals
1,008
1,389
475
23
316
3,211
Table G. — Number of Persons Employed Under 16 Years of Age.
Sex.
District.
Total
A
B
C
D
Male ....
30
29
41
61
8
16
I
79
Female
107
« '
Totals
59
102
24
I
186
Table H. — Number of Persons Employed Under 12 Years of Age.
Sex.
District.
Total
A
B
C
Male
2
3
I
I
3
Female
4
Totals
5
I
I
7
74
REPORT OF the; bureau of
TabIvE I.— Children Employed Under i6 Years of Age Who Can
Neither Read or Write.
Sex.
District.
Total
A
B
Male . . .
9
5
10
4
19
9
Female
Totals .
14
14
28
Table K. — Number oe Persons Employed Not op Family.
Sex.
District.
Total
Male
A
553
357
B
744
524
C
343
118
D
II
4
E
165
140
1,816
Female
1,143
• Totals
910
1,268
461
15
305
2,959
It will be seen by the above tables that 176 children are
employed in these establishments who are less than sixteen
years of age. These figures, however, do not convey the
whole truth, as the statements made by the employers of the
ages of the children employed in these sweat-shops and fac-
tories must be taken with a great degree of allowance. Not one
of them show certificates from their parents or teachers, as
provided by the Compulsory Education Law. Twenty-eight
are shown in Table I to be able neither to read or write, and
there is plenty of work for the Truant Officers of this city.
These various shops work all the way from forty-five hours
to sixty-six hours per week, mostly fifty hours per week ; those
who do not work on Saturday often working on Sunday to
make up for lost time.
Table L shows the number of hours worked by the shops
in the various districts:
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
75
TabIvE L. — Number of Hours of Labor Per Week.
Number of Hours.
District.
Total
A
B
C
D
E
46
I
I
AQlA
2
1
2
qo
22
64
I
I
88
eji
I
ZA
I
3
lO
I
I
cc
3
53
I
9*'
6o
2
26
2
13
66
Totals
24
8o
29
3
14
ISO
CONDITION OP THE WORKROOMS.
Of the 241 rooms used as workrooms 155 are reported clean
and 86 dirty.
Table M shows that the largest number of dirty rooms pre-
vailed in District B. These conditions in the workrooms
speak well for the results of the inspections of last year, but
leaves room for improvement.
Table M. — Condition of Workroom.
Clean or Dirty.
District.
Total
A
B
C
D
E
Clean
24
16
64
60
43
10
3
21 TCC
Dirty , . .
86
Totals
40
124
53
3
21 -ZAT
76
REPORT o]? the; bureau of
All of the buildings seem to have sufficient means of egress
in case of fire, unless an accident of some kind should occur.
Only three establishments are shown in the tables to have
provided separate washrooms for females, and only 282 water
closets are provided for this large number of 3,683 persons to
utilize.
Only 25 establishments report having separate water closets
for sexes. This condition certainly ought to be remedied.
The use of gasoline seems not to diminish, as the following
figures show that 28 of these establishments still use it, mostly
in the poorer district and by people who know the least about
the use of that dangerous fluid.
Table N. — Kind op Fuel Used.
Fuel.
District.
Total
A
B
C
D
E
Gas
28
21
14
58
5
15
7
2
19
I
10
104
Gasoline
28
Coal
4
52
Totals
63
78
28
I
14
184
Of the water closets attached to these 221 buildings, 47 of
them were reported full; 8 of them in bad condition and loi
O. K., and the sanitary conditions generally of the buildings
inspected are reported as follows: O. K., 96; bad, 40; fair,
13; and good, 6.
Taken altogether the general conditions are an improvement
on those shown in the Eleventh Annual Report of this Bureau,
with which comparisons can easily be made in the following
detail tables.
TABLE 1.— District A.
TABLE I. — District A. — Continued.
., __ tables, 12 chairs
machine, 2 tables, J rack
the Workroom.
J;;^- -;■[
Dwelling
Aug. 24,
Dwelling
Aug. 24 .
Dwelling
.... Aug. 21.
Tcncmcn
Dwell In 8
Dwellintr
.... Aug. 21 ,
■'■■ "\"p' ]i'
Tcnumun
AiLu. jS.
Dwell ing
'"" s"p^|' ',1'
S!io|> . . .
Shop ...
.... Sept. g.
Dwelling
.... Sept. 9.
Shop . . .
Sept. 9.
Dwcl ng
Sept. 10.
.... Sept. 10.
Dwelling
.... Sept. 9.
Dwelling
.... Sept. 9.
Dwelling
.... Sept. 9.
Shop . . .
.... Sept. 10.
machines
6 tables, 15 chairs
3 chairs and stock
I table, 4 chairs
3 chairs, 2 racks, i table
12 chairs and loose work
chairs
machines
5 tables. 12 chairs
loose work
chairs and loose work .
machines
4 chairs, i table, 2 racks
achines, 6 chairs, 2 tables
machines, 3 tables, s chairs
table and loose work
machines, 6 tables, 20 chairs
tables and loose work
machine, i chair, i table and loose work.
machines, 6 tables, 15 chairs
tables and machinery
machines, 4 tables, 15 chairs
machines, 10 tables, 22 chairs
machines, 6 tables, 12 chairs
machines, 8 tables, 18 chairs
machine, '4 tables, 3 chairs, i gasoline stoi
machines, 4 tables, 8 chairs
machines. 8 tables, 10 chairs
machines. 6 tables, 12 chairs, 5 racks ..
machines, 2 tables, 4 chairs
machines, 8 chairs, 2 racks
tables. 2 racks and loose work
machines] 7 tables] 8 chairs
tables, 2 chairs and loose work
machines, 7 chairs, 2 tables ,
machines. 6 chairs, 2 tables
table, I gasoline stove, t chair, 2 racks
machines, 28 chairs, 20 racks
chairs, 8 1 acks, 9 tables
machines. 7 chairs, 2 tables
machines. 4 tables, 10 chairs, 5 racks . .
maeliincs, 1 table, 5 chairs, 2 racks ....
machines, 5 tables, 10 chairs, 4 racks ..
machines, i table, 4 chairs
machine, 3 tables, i chair, 2 racks
machines, 4 tables, 8 chairs
tables, 2 chairs
machines, 3 tables, s chairs
machines, i table, 2 chairs
of Persons
Employed.
Number
Employed
Gas
Gasoline. . .
Gas
Gasoline. . .
Coal
Coal
Coal
Gasolinj. . .
TABLE 2.— District B.
=
.2
1
— "
Articles Made
1
jii
1
1^
1.3
Furniture or Other Articles
K
,1
^1
9
ol
Whole
Number
of Persons
Employed.
Employed Employed
Years of Age or
Age. Under.
Unldreu
Under i6
Who Could
Not Read
or Write.
iN umber
Employed
Not of
Family.
1
1
iguiH-t
1"
■6
3
1
•s
1
1
i
^
t
S
Street and Number.
Si
or Partially
Made.
"1
Tl.ird
■f
P
1
■a
i
1
i
i
s
1
1 li
■3
g
1^
V
i^M
^1
i
ll
s
N. E. Cor. Balto. & Frederick.
Russia...
Ijadies' Coats
Front
1
Back 1 12
J tables and wood
13X16X 8
1,664
1,664
1 1
......
so
Dirty
Clean....
Yes...
No...
2
No...
O.IC...
O.K.
N. E. Cor. Balto. & Frederick.
Third
Fourth....
Clean....
O.K....
B
Shop
Shop
Dwelling
Dwelling
aSs 3'
N. E. Cor. Balto. & Frederick.
404 E. Baltimore
Ku53ia...
Front
Front....
4
10 machines, 27 Ubles, 30 chairs
1 bOX25XI3 1
882
21
16
'
3
■
19
16
so
Yes...
No...
'
No...
Cas
B
B
Aug 3
1208 E. Baltimore
Russia. . .
Coats
Front
Front
12
Third
7 machines, 12 tables, 14 chairs
6,8 13
425
'
10
'
'
'
'
50
Yes...
No...
'
No...
Gas
O.K....
O.K.
Aug. 3-
Aug. 3.
1208 E. Baltimore
1208 E. Baltimore
Russia. . .
Russia. . .
Coats
Pants
Button Holes
Vests
Back.
Back.
Back.".'.'.'.
Middle...
Back
\l
Third
Third
2 tables, 10 chairs
3 tables, I chair, i rack
4 machines, 3 chairs, i table, 6 boxes
15X14X 8
13X18X 9
5;E
s6o
\
10
......
'
'.'.'.•.'.'.
::::::
"i"
I
5»
Clean:::;
Dirty
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
No...
nS::;
I
No...
No...
No...
Gas
Gas
O.K....
O.K....
0. K.
0. K.
B
Shop
Aug. 3.
Aug. 3-
Russia. . .
Russia...
Russia...
Front....
14
Third
1 gasoline stove, i table, i box
5 machines, 7 chairs, 3 tables, 3 boxes
433
......
......
I
...^..
::::::
3
""3"
ta
Clean...:
Yes:::
No...
No...
3
No...
Gasoline...
Bad
Bad.
B
Dwelling
lis N. High
Front: : : :
rvom....
12
Third
6 machines, 10 chairs, 5 tables
J 20X13X 8 1
1 I4X.4X 8 f
364
*
'
■*
50
Dirty
Yes...
No...
■
No...
Gas
O.K....
0. K,
no N. High
JI9 N. Higli
Coats
Vests
Vests
Button Holes
Hats & Caps.
Rear
Rear
Rear
4 machines, 5 chairs, 4 tables
6,426
Dirty
Yes...
Mo...
Shop
Russia. . .
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Russia. ..
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
3 tables, 3 chairs
So...
Gas.:::::::
U
B
B
Shop
Jwelling
Dwelling
228 N. Higli
22 N. High
312 N. High
312 N. High
312 N. High
312 N. High
33 N. High
23 N. High
23 N. High
23 N. High
.8 N. High
18 N.High
Fronl::::
"
Second....
Second....
7 machines, 7 chairs, 2 tables
4 machines, 2 tables
2 machines, 5 tables, 8 chairs
iEsi;
2:380
6,699
388
476
837
..."..
'7
■
'.'.'.'.'.'.
5
J
ta
Dirty
DirtV
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
No...
No...
:
No...
No...
Gas'. ■.■.'.'.■.:'.
U. K. . . .
O.K....
0. K.
Bad.
July a8.
Front
Front
10 machines, 10 chairs, 4 tables
21x28x10
5,890
S41
5
Ves...
No...
Nn ,
g
Shop
July 2,.
Pants
Vests
Coats
Coats
Coats
Vests:::::::
Vests
Back
5
Second.,..
6 machines, 9 tables, 11 chairs
13XIOX 7
1«1
9
......
......
......
8
......
Dirty
Yes...
No...
J
No...
No...
Gas
Gas
O.K....
Bad.
s
Dwelling'.;;!."
Back.
Back
14
Third
6 machines, 10 chairs, 7 tables, 2 boxes ..
1 table, 3 chairs and loose work
44XISX 9
3
lo
\
10
f
SO
Clean::::
Yes...
No...
No...
^
No...
Coal
Bad
O.K.
Aug. 28.
Aug. 28.
El
Aug. 7.
Aug. 7.
Aug. 18.
Aug. 18.
July 3.
July 3.
No...
408
Yes...
No...
No...
10 machines, 14 tables, 15 chairs
Yes...
No...
Shop
Dwelling
Dwelling
Dwelling
Shop
Shop
Jwelling
Jwelling
18x18x10
Dirty
Yes...
No...
No...
Gas
Second....
2 machines, b tables, 7 chairs
No...
No...
Gas
O.K....
Russia...
Russia. . .
Russia...
Russia...
Russia. . .
Pants
Pants
Coats
Vests
Coats
Coats
Front
Front
Rear
Rear
Back
Back.
Froni::.'.'
B^aek. '.'.'.'.
6
Third
Third
Third..'.'.'.'
Second
First
2 tables, I gasoline stove
3 machines, 12 chairs, 8 tables, i stove ...
3 machines, 10 chairs, 6 tables
3machines, 4 tables, 10 chairs, i box, i stove
S chairs, 1 safe, i basket of potatoes, 1 box,
2,SS4
6,370
4,264
2,464
637
Hi
5
6
"2"
3
]
50
Dirty
Cleai....
Clean....
Dirty
&:::
Yes...
Yes. . .
Yes. . .
Yes...
No...
No...
No...
No...
i
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
Gasoline. . .
Coal
Coal
Gas
Gas
Gas
Coal
Gasoline...
O.K....
O.K....
Full....
Full. . . .
Bad
Full....
0. K. . . .
0. K. . . .
0. K. . . .
Bad.
Bad.
0. K.
0. K.
Bad.
O.K.
Bad.
B
203 Ais<juith
Factory
July 2,.
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Coats
Coats
Vests
From::::
From....
2
Second
Third
54x30x19
6)448
''586
.0
'
7
To
Yes...
No...
2
Ij
July 11.
July 21.
Juy 21.
1 ii;
814 E. Fayette
814 E. Fayette
1006 E. Fayette
l-'rom
,f
3 tables, 2 chairs, i gasoline stove
19X 9x10
2
8
1
2 1
2
Pirty
Yes...
No...
,
{};£«
Vests
Front
Clean....
O.K....
O.K.
From
10
Third
2 machines, 12 chairs, 12 tables
63X18X 9
10,206
729
1
7
7
I
1
I
I
6
J
Yes...
No...
2
Yes.
Gas & Coal.
Russia. . .
5 machines, 7 chairs, 3 tables, 4 racks
Full....
Tenement. . . .
Dwelling
S. W. Cor. Fayette and East
Pants
Pants
Coats
Coats
24x28x10
J 24XI9X 9 '
so
O.K....
Full....
Full....
Bad.
8:^:
Russia: : :
Russia...
Front
Back.'.:'.'.
"
Tliird
Second. . . .
Third
5)490
366
J
'1
i
:::.:;
•••-■
t
Dirty
Disty.::::
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
No...
No. . .
No...
J
No...
No...
No...
Gas
Gas
Gas
B
7 machines, 8 tables, 12 chairs, 1 stove ...
Dwelling
if^ ']■
Russia . . .
Coats
Front....
Front
Front....
Front
9
Second....
Third
19x17x10
100x77x1s
3.230
461
695
■
3
o",
6
■
"i"
i:
Clean...
Clean
Yes...
Yes...
No...
Yes . .
■
No...
Yes..
Gas
Gas
0. K. . . .
O.K....
0. K.
R
39 machines, no chairs , 55 tables
Suits
Front
Fourth....
33 machmes, 65 chairs, 35 tables, 14 racks..
93x69x17
60
Yes..
Gas
Sept. 4.
Germany
From —
37X1SX10
O.K....
O.K.
Suits
93x77x1s
1,074
60
O.K....
Factory..
Suits
Second
3 machines, 5 tables, 4 chairs
36x15x11
60
Yes..
Gas
Aug. ;.
Coats
13XI3X 1
Dirty
Dwelling
fuly ,6:
Rullia'"
Coats
Front""
Second
I 3.702
;
'
■■■;,■
.. .
50
Dirty....
'
Gas
O.K....
0. K. . . .
Fair.
Fair.
B
4 ^
3 1 < 4
i 26XI4X 7'/'
Dwelling
1140 McElderry
Russia...
Coats
Third
26X14X 8
Clean....
Yes...
No...
No...
Gas
0. K. . . .
B
Dwelling:::::
II40 McElderry
Russia...
Vests
Fronl::::
,\
Third
Second....
2 machines, 4 tables, 4 chairs
5,280
;
I
I
3
......
I
3
'
Clean"::
Yes:::
No...
I
No...
No...
Gas..
Full....
O.K.
Dwelling
Coats
26X15X 9
Dirty
B
D^t^lling
1147 McElderry
Coats
384
Dirty
No...
Gas
Aug. 5.
1147 McElderry
Russia...
7
Third
7 machines, 8 tables, 28 chairs
J 28X1^9* 9 1
8.433
1
4
14
12
1
3
13
12
so
No...
i
No...
Gas
Full
0. K.
B
Dwelling
Aug. 5.
Austria.. .
Coats
From
Front
7
Third
a h' e 8 tables 11 chairs
5,990
374
■
'
'
'
■
■
6
6
SO
Clean....
Yes...
No...
•
No...
Gas
Full....
O.K.
—
'
TABLE 2.— District K— Continued.
1 ff
!i
1
s
II L S
Q
i
.9
T.T . Number
Number Employed
Number Under 16
°J Pf^sons Years of
Employed. ^gg_
Number
Employed
Ael^^r °
Children
Under i6
f Who Could
Not Read
Numbei
Employed
Kot of
1
1
|ii-
Wash-
ed for
Water
ilding.
males?
1
1
1
On
1
;
Street and Number.
h
Articles Made Ai
or Partially n tc
Made. M.E
in
.fj |i
ill
Furniture or Other Articles
in the Workroom.
%
■s|
s
B ■
It
OS
Z
Family.
or Write.
Family.
Is
ST \.n\"'S.
1
, •s
P
1
DiMricL
Tenement,
or Rear
1
1
1
1
s
1
§
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
< la
b
B
Shop
Aug. i8
1207 Jackson
Russia..
Pants Back.
Back 9
Second....
4 machines, 4 chairs, 2 racks
iQx 9x 8
I„l68
648
684
648
4^8
2
Clean...
Clean...
Clean...
Dirty....
Clean...
Shop
Aug. 1 8
Russia..
Pants Back.
Back 9
First
I table, r chair, i rack
9x 9x 8
Yes..
No. .
No..
Gas
Full...
O.K.
Shop
Aug. i8.
1207 Jackson
Russia..
Pants Back
Front 0
First
3 tables, 2 chairs, loose work
so
Yes..
No..
No..
Gas
Full...
Bad.
Sliop
Aug. 5
Russia...
Vests Back.
Back
Second. , . .
6 machines, 8 tables, 13 chairs
. ..^.
Yes..
Yes..
No..
No..
Gas
Ful...
Bad.
Shop
Aug. 5
217 Rogers avenue
Coats Front. . . ,
Second. . . .
3 machines, 6 tables, 8 chairs
3I672
5,320
1,455
6
SO
No..
No..
Gas
0. K. . .
0. K.
^^OP
July 21.
6 Harrison
Russia. . .
Pants Front
Third
9 machines, 10 chairs, 10 boxes
23x19x10
14X13X 8
5
3
Yes..
No..
No..
Coal
O.K...
0. K
R
Shop
July 21.
6 Harrison
Russia...
Pants Front. . . .
Back.'."."."
Third
I machine, 3 tables and loose work
1.456
li
565
50
Clean . . .
Yes..
No..
Yes.
Gas
O.K...
O.K.
B
Shop-
July 21.
6 Harrison
Russia...
Coats Front. . . .
Back
2 machines, 4 tables, 4 chairs
12
Clean,, .
Clean...
Yes..
No..
Yes.
Ga>
0. K. . .
0. K
B
Dwelling
8 N. Eden
Russia...
Third..'.'.'.'
S machines, s chairs, i table
66
Yes..
No..
Yes.
Gas
O.K..
0. K
B
B
B
n
B
B
Shop ...'.'.'.'.
Aug. 7.
8 N. Eden
Russia. . .
Pants Front
Back. ■-■.■.'
Third
1 machine, 2 tables, i chair, 1 rack
Dirty....
Yes..
No..
No..
Gas
Full...
Bad.
Aug. i8.
4 N. Eden
Russia...
Coats Front
Second....
8 machines, 15 tables, 24 chairs
67x23x11
39x18x12
36x18x11
37x38x14
36x36x13
50x18x10
50
Dirty....
Yes..
No..
No..
Gas
Full...
Bad
Shop
Shop
Dweiiing
Shop
Shop
Sept. 4.
210 N. Holliday
Maryland
Pants Front
Third
8 machines, 12 chairs, 4 tables
'1
13
5°
Clean...
Yes..
No..
No..
Gas
O.K...
0 K
fX' 31.
210 N. Holliday
Maryland
Pants Front
Back. ■.'.'■.
Third
4 machines, 3 tables, 7 chairs
/."ili
60
Clean...
Yes..
No..
No..
Gas
O.K...
O.K.
July 31.
309 N. Gay
217.219 N. Gay
217-210 N. Gay
301 K. Gay
301 N. Gay
500 N. Gay
1038 Hillcn
1038 PTiUcn
1049 Hillcn
101 N. Eredcrick
231 N. Frederick
S. E. Cor. Ensor and East.
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Pants
Pants
Pants
Front
Front
Front
Front
Front
'
Third
Fourth
Third
5 machines, 4 tables, 7 chairs
17 machines, 16 chairs, 5 tables, 4 racks ...
16 machines, 23 chairs, 7 tables, 6 racks ...
5,364
19,684
16,848
1)072
984
'
......
16
,
15
50
50
Clean .. .
Clean...
Dirty....
Yes..
Yes..
Yes..
No..
No..
No..
No..
No..
No..
Gas
Gas
Coal
O.K...
Full...
O.K...
OK
O.K
O.K.
Russia...
Coats
Front
3 machmes, 8 tables, 5 chairs
sS
9
5''
Clean...
Yes..
No..
No..
Gas
O.K..
O.K
Russia...
Vests
Front
Third..'.'.'.'
4 machines, 7 tables, 15 chairs
9,450
630
8
60
Clean...
Yes..
No..
No..
Ga^
O.K..
Bad
Pants
Front
Second
5 machines, 10 chairs, 4 tables
6
Dirty.. . .
Yes..
No..
No..
Gas
0. K .
Bad
Coats
Front
Back.".','.".
Second....
2 tables, loose work
13XIIX 9
60x33x11
48x2^x11
36x26x10
50
Clean . . .
Yes..
No..
No..
Gaa
0 K
0 K.
B
sii!',p°!'':',".:;;:
Scm! I'.
Sept. "4!
Russia...
Russia...
Russia.. .
Russia.. .
Russia...
Coats
Vests
Pants & Vests
coatl;;;;;;;
Front
Front
Front
Front
Front....
Front
Front
Front
Front ; ; ; ;
4
Second
Second
Third.;;;;
Second
3 machines, 9 chairs, 6 tables ;
20 machines, 17 tables, 41 chairs
14 machines, 8 tables, 27 chairs, 7 racks,8 boxes
3 machines. 14 chairs, 10 tables
4 machines, 10 chairs, 10 tables
6,090
2i,7So
507 "
1^876
■■■li"
18
......
......
■m
";r
Clean...
Dirty
Clean...
Clean...
Dirty
Yes..
Yes..
Yes..
Yes..
Yes..
No...
No..
No..,
No...
No..
I
No..
No..
No..
No..
No...
Coal
Coal
Gas
Gas
Gas
o.k::::
0. K. . . .
Full...
O.K....
O.K....
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
B
B
Shop
Shop
Aug. 6.
5. E. Cor. Ensor and East.
Russia, . .
Maryland
Marjjland
rS;:!
Russia. . ,
Button Holes
Coats
Coats
Coats
^oats
Front
Front....
3
First
3 machines, 6 chairs, 3 tables
6,080
868
7
^
*
'
so
Clean...
Yes...
No...
'
Yes..
Gas
O.K....
O.K.
B
;i6 Ensor -...'.'.'.'.'..'.',
Front
Front
Back.
Front
Second
12 tables, 12 chairs, loose work
3
Clean...
Yes..
No...
Yes.
0 K .
0 K
Dwelling
Front
Back
Third
14 machines, 8 tables. 22 chairs
561
Clean...
Yes. . .
No...
Yes..
C^s.'.'.'.'.'.'.
Full...
0. K.
[^welling
Second
II machines, r2 tables, 23 chairs
60
Clean...
Yes. . .
No...
Yes..
Gas
Full
0. K.
B
dwelling
Aug! s!
!22 Ensor ......'.'..'.
Front.;; ;
Front
Front
Front
Front
Front
Front ; ; ; ;
Front
\md]e.'.'.
Back
Front
Tront
Back
Front
Middle. . .
;jront
'ront;;;;
Back
Iront
•ront;;;;
Second
2 tables, 6 chairs
fsx^xiC
334
Clean...
Yes...
No...
Yes..
Gas
Full
O.K.
dwelling
Aug. 6.
!22 Ensor
Second
2 tables and loose work
Dirty....
Yes. . .
No. . .
Yes..
Gas
Full
O.K.
B
E
B
B
E
E
Shop
Jwell ng
Aug. 6.
'iug. s.
Ensor and Mott
14 East
Vests;;;;;;;
Vests
Vests
Vests
Vests
Pants
Coats
Coats
Coats
Pants
Pants
'9
Second
First
I table. 2 chairs
6 machines, 6 tables, 14 chairs
i^iF!^
4^800
Vs's-
'1
11
2
......
=°
Dirty.. . .
Dirty....
Yes...
Yes...
No. . .
No...
3
Yes..
Yes . .
Gas
Gas
Full....
Full
O.K.
0. K
Dwell ng
Dwell ng
Dwell ng
Dwell ng
Shop
5hop
Shop
Dwelling
Aug. 5.
Aug. s ■
Aug, s -
Aug, 5.
Juy 31.
July 31.
fuly' 31.'
14 East
14 East
14 East
14 East
328 N. Front
128 N, Front
432 N. Front
133 N. Front ...::
133 N. Front
417 N. Front
417 N. Front
417 N. Front
392 Forrest
392 Forrest
no N. Exeter
Mf^ N. Exeter
;11 l^S- -:::■: ■::::
lussia! '. '.
{ussia...
tussia...
iussia. ..
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
I
Second
Second
Second....
Second. . . .
Third
Second
First
Second
Third
Third
Second. . . .
Second....
Third
Second
Third
Third
First
Second
First
Second
Second
Third
Second
Second
First
First
Third
Second
Third
Second....
Third
2 machines, 7 chairs, 2 tables
4 machines, 4 chairs
4 tables. 3 chairs
2 machines, 1 table, 3 chairs
9 machines. 11 chairs, 4 tables, s racks ..
5 machines, 8 chairs, 11 tables ..
5 tables, 7 chairs, i box
3 machines. 9 tables, 12 chairs
4 machines, 2 tables, 7 chairs
jig
47XI5X 9
28x27x10
1,820
1,650
7156?
4,704
i!890
lo'^oo
1,1
825
588
S14
i
I
8
7
6
.0
7
50
50
Dirty
Dirty
Dirty
Dirty
Dirty
Dirty
Dirty
Yes. . .
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
ySi;;
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
I
No...
Yes..
Yes..
Yes..
Yes . .
Yes..
No...
No...
Yes..
Gas
gS;;;;;;:
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Coal
o"k! .■.■.■
0. K . . .
O.K...
O.K....
O.K....
O.K....
O.K....
Full
Bad.
Fair.
Fair.
Fair
o.'k.
O.K.
Bad.
:oats
2 machines, 3^ tables, 2 chairs
Dirty
Yes...
No...
No...
Gas
O.K....
O.K
Tuly 3?'
Russia';;
Coats
Coats..
w;;;;
4
6 machines, 16 tables, 22 chairs
I table, I chair . .
I'lfi 8
38s
...^.
if
10
16
li
50
Dirty
Clean....
Yes...
Yes. . .
No...
No...
I
No...
No...
Gas
Coal
O.K....
0. K. . . .
OK.
Bad.
Coats..
■ront;;;;
^ront
■ront; ; ; ;
;ront. . . .
4 machines, 12 tables, 18 chairs";;;;;;;;;;
Dirty
Yes . . .
No. . .
No...
Coal
OK..
Bad.
i; i)":.
Russia. . .
Russia. . .
Russia...
Russia...
Coats
Vests
Pants
Coats
Pants
prnm : ; ; ;
Back.'.;.;;:
Back
?
2 machines, 5 tables, 6 chairs
1 table, I gas stove
3 machines, 6 tables, 7 chairs ;;;;;;;;;;"
7 machines 8 chairs, i table, 3 boxes
2 machines, 7 chairs, 4 tables
iiP]
2,'7So
3.078
'Ifc
■
'3
I
...■*..
...!..
3
S
3
50
Clean....
Clean
Clean ....
Dirty
Dirty
Yes. . .
Yes. . .
Yes. . .
Yes...
Yes...
No...
No...
No. . .
No...
No...
I
No...
No...
No...
No...
No...
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Coal
O.K....
O.K....
O.K....
Full....
0. K . . .
Bad.
O.K.
OK.
O.K.
Bad.
Russia...
Pants
Back
4 machines. 2 tables, 5 chairs, 2 racks
3)348
1,674
3
Dirtv
Yes. . .
No...
■Jo...
Coal
Full
O.K.
Russia...
Vests
Back
6 machines, lo chairs, 4 fables, loose work.
4. 752
Dirty
Yes...
No...
I No...
Gas
0. K. . . .
O.K.
li
|i;i;:::i
t'i'.Iv 30'.
'At N' I'vcter
Russia. . .
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Russia...
Russia. . .
Russia. . .
Russia...
Russia...
Russia. . .
Russia. . .
Vests
Vests
Vests
Vests
Back
Front
Front
'ront! ; ; ;
^ront
'ront
Jack
'i
3 machines, 7 tables. 10 chairs
5 machines, 6 tables. 14 chairs ....
4 machines. 9 chairs, 2 tables ;;;;;;;;
1 table, I lounge, i gasoline stove
2 beds, I bureau, i table
3 tables and stock room
2 machines, 3 chairs, 3 tables
9 machines, 6 tables, 21 chairs, i box..
7 machines, 4 tables. 8 chairs. 3 racks ....
4 machines, 11 chaairs. 3 tables
6 tables, 6 chairs
5 tables. I chair ; ; ; ;
i6"Sio
441
..'...
.....
6
i
::!::
:;.::
5
S
.....
11
Clean....
Clean
Clean....
Dirty
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
No...
No...
No...
No...
1 No...
2 No...
2 No...
I No...
Coal
Gas
Gas
Gasoline...
O.K....
Fuii::.:
Full
O.K
O.K
0, K.
Bad.
SImi, "
Shn, ... ■*
Shop ::
:'=.('' N. Exftrr
Coats
bS.;.;;;
50
Dirty
Yes...
Mo...
I No. . .
Gasoline...
Full
Bad.
'1
t'iIiv ^o!
July 3'>.
2,sr. N. H.vctM- ;;::;:::;:;:
Coats
Vests
Back
Back.
'ront; ; ; ;
■"ront
4
^g;j;j;;
31366
'''841
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
)irty
Clean
Yes...
Yes...
No...
No...
1 No...
2 No...
Gasoline. ..
Gaa
Full....
OK....
Bad.
O.K.
"..
Tlw^lling
IDwcllinR
Dvvelling
July 6
July 6.
July 6.
276 N. Exeter '.'.'.'.'..'.
276 N. Exeter
276 N. Exeter
Pants
2oats'.'.'. '.'.'.'.
Back.
Front
Front....
Front. .. .
7ront
Tront
jack.."..'.
I
s_
MXMX 8
2.26S
1,568
Si
7if-
■::.::
■■r
"7
6
i
..?..
■■["
I
sC Dirtv
50 Cle.Vn....
5S Dirty
SO Dirty
so Dirty
SO [Dirty
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
No...
No...
•Jo...
No...
Jo...
No...
2 No...
2 No...
2 No...
I No...
I No...
I No...
Gas O.K....
Gas O.K....
Coal O.K....
Gas O.K....
Jas O.K....
Gas O.K....
O.K.
n.
Bad.
Bad.
Bad.
TABLE 3.— District C.
Dwelling..
Dwelling..
Street and Numbei
. 426 W. Conway
. 426 W. Conway
; W. Conway
,„J W. Conway
. 203 W. Conway ■
203 W. Conway ,
. 233 S. Howard ,
. 64a W. German
53
. Pants & Coats I
Oilier Articles
. 4 machir
. 4 macbiii
3 machin
27 tables,
% Sachin
3 machin
5 tables,
2 tables,
4 machin
1 machin
I machin
23 machin
3 machin
4 machin
3 tables,
2 tables
3 machin
3 tables.
4 tables,
6 tables,"
S tables,
4 tables,
1 machin
2 machin
4 machin
4 tables
3 machin
4 tables,
3 tables.
2 tables,
12 machin
3 machin
3 tables.
6 machin
I machin
I table. 1
ties, 14 tables, 15 chairs
nes, 10 tables, 12 chairs, i stove..
les, 9 tables, 1 1 chairs
les. 16 tables, 43 chairs
les, 21 tables, 20 chairs, 8 racks
les, 5 tables, 36 chairs, 40 racks
ics, 3 tables, 6 chairs
les, 10 tables, 11 chairs
3 chairs
les, 9 tables, 8 chairs
le, 3 tables, 3 chairs ,
les, S tables, 10 chairs
le, 5 tables. 6 chairs
les. I table. 4 chairs
les, 14 tables, 20 chairs
ics, 4 tables, 7 chairs
Lcs, 9 tables, 12 chairs
les, 3 tables. 4 chairs
2 chairs, i trunk
le. 3 chairs, 4 tables
les, 2 tables, 2 chairs
and loose work
les, S chairs, i table
les, 3 tables, 7 chairs
les, 4 tables, 10 chairs
3 chairs
les, 3 tables, 8 chairs
le, 1 table, 4 chairs
les, 4 tables, 7 chairs, i stove .
es, s tables, 12 chairs
and loose work ".
chairs, 4 racks
5, 2 tables, 10 chairs .
1 tables, 9 chairs,
15x16x11 f i
Number
of Persons
Employed.
O.K....
Coal
0. K. . . .
Coal
O.K....
Coal
O.K...
Coal
Coal
Full....
Coal
Coal
D. K. . . .
XK...
D.K....
Coal
D.K....
3. K. . . .
Coal
D.K....
Coal
0. K. . . .
TABLE 4-— District
D.
--=1^=^
f
Street and Number.
M
Articles Made
or Partially
Made.
1
„-2
If
■Be
■ssS
1'"
|3
■S.S
Furniture or Other Articles
in tlic Workroom.
3
:i
-11
.s
1
h
..1
Is
.gl
,,„ , Number i Number
Wh.3te Employed Emjjloycd
Number Unler l6 I12 "Jears of
of Persons Years of , Age or
Employed, j Age. | Uider.
Children 1 ,, .
Under 16 dumber
Who Could 1 Employed
Not Read ?"'.?•
or Write, j Family.
Number of Hours o
I,abor Per Week.
Condition of Work-
Ha."
si
Number of Wate
Closets to Building
Are There Separat
Closets for Females
Kind of Fuel Used
go
3
s
1
. u
1
1
1
1
&
1
1
1 s
ft 3
1
HE jO
<^
Dwelling
Shop
Dwelling
Sept. 9.
Sept. 9.
Sept. 10.
429 Pulaski
1718 Frederick avenue
2023 ChrisUan
Russia... Pants
Russia... Pants
Russia.. . Pants
Front
Front
Front
Front! . . .
i
6
Second
Second
Second....
.1 machines, i table, 4 chairs
8 machines, 15 chairs, 3 racks
2 machines, 2 tables, 3 chairs
'iB
ill
693
.
6
A
"i"
:.:'.':.
::::::
9
::z
SO ICIean....
60 Clean
60 Clean
Yes...
Yes. . .
Yes. . .
No... I
No... 2
No... I
No
No... Gas
No
O.K...
O.K...
O.K...
8;l.
■
6
O.K.
— --
—
TABLE 5.— District E.
=
. —
~^=:S
P
■I
on"
J,:
ITST
ii'^J,
j;
&n
5-
^
Articles Made
or I'artially
Made.
5
1""
M
1 .
.S
.6W
of Persons
Employed.
Employed
Under 16
Years of
Age.
Employed Under 16
12 Years ofi Who Could
Age or Not Read
tftder. I or Write.
Employed
Not of
Family.
2-5S
1^
1
IS
si
si
II
13
1
^
1
1
1°
p
Street and Number.
p
1
6
in tlic Workroom.
E^
Il
j
1
1
1
1
1 1
S S
1
s
1
i
.1 .
3-
HB°'o
IJ
^1
Is
11
0
1
F
Factory
Factory
Oct. 2.
Oct. 2.
200 W. Baltimore
Ru
sia....
Pants
Front
Front
9
Fourth
5 tables, 13 chairs, 2 racks ....
5SX17.-CI2
'l-'^H
r.
1
7
60
Clean....
Clean ....
Yes. . .
Yes. . .
No...
No...
s
No...
No...
Gas..
Gas. .
O.K...
0. K. . .
O.K.
1
Factory
200 W. Baltimore
Kii
Third
18,648
810
8
3ct. 2.
200 W. Baltimore
Rn
60
Clean....
Yes...
Yes..
200 W. Baltimore
Clean....
Yes...
No...
No...
;as..
O.K
200 W. Baltimore
r,as..
O.K.
Km
Clean....
Yes...
No...
No...
^as..
0. C...
0. K.
56i W. Lexington
Kn
Coats
Clean....
Yes...
No...
No...
Coal.
O.K...
O.K.
E
i
Stop
420 W. Lexington
Third
Clean....
Yes...
Yes..
No...
Coal.
O.K
Sliop
Factory
1(11
sia....
Coats
Yes...
No...
No...
Coal.
O.K...
O.K
Oct. 5.
-I'.ilo
794
O.K
15-21 W. Fayette
many ...
Skirts.*
Front
Front
Fifth
36 machines
10 tables, 36 chairs
1 2SX3S1.2 j
7
5.
7
50
Clean....
Yes...
Yes..
15
Yes..
Gas..
O.K...
O.K.
E
E
E
E
Factory
Shop
shSE ;::;;;;:
Shop
Shop
Oct. 2.
Oct. 5 .
Oct. 5.
Oct. 5.
Oct. 5.
Oct. 5.
IS-21 W. Fayette
M.I
ryiand .
Coats and Pants.
Front .
Fronl
Third
17 machines
2S
30
Clean....
Yes...
Yes . .
Yes..
r,a.
O.K...
O.K.
Coats
498
No...
Gas.
O.K...
O.K.
17 N. Eutaw
17 N. Eutaw
17 N. Eutaw
103 Park avenue
103 Park avenue
103 Park avenue
Coats
Front
Back
Third
chairs .;
4
Clean....
Yes...
No...
No...
Gas..
0. K. . .
O.K
Coats
Dack
Third
No...
Gas..
O.K...
O.K.
Front
s
Third
lie
Clean....
Yes. . .
Yes..
No...
Gas..
O.K...
O.K
Back. . . .
8
Third
No...
Gas..
O.K...
O.K
Oct. I:
Oct. 5.
ryland .
Front
Tliird
4 machines
Clean ... .
Yes. . .
No...
Yes..
Gas..
O.K...
O.K
Back
Third
No...
Yes..
Gas..
O.K...
0. K
Ua
"
Third
I machine.
3 tables, 2 chairs
19X14X 9
I9S
■
*
'
"
'
'
60
Clean....
Yes...
No...
Yes . .
Gas..
O.K...
O.K.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 77
DETAIL TABLES.
In the tables that follow it will be found that the columns
headed "Number of Rooms in the House," "Number of
Families in the House," "Number of Persons in Families in
the House," and "Number of Water-Closets to Building,"
have duplication of figures; that is, the number to a house is
repeated for each floor or room examined and reported on.
Thus, No. 112 Albemarle street has three factories, all on
second floor, but there are only four families in the whole
house, with twelve persons comprising these four families;
but owing to the repetition of figures in the columns referred
to, some one might think there were four families on each
floor:
THE TEST GASES IN COURT OF APPEALS
The cases of Louis Hyman and Isaac Plumack having been
consolidated and appealed to the Court of Appeals of the State,
the case was put on the docket as No. lo, and briefs were filed
by Attorney-General Wm. Shepard Bryan for the State, and
by Hon. Jacob Moses assisting, representing the labor organiza-
tions, while Messrs. Foutz & Norris and Mr. Myer Rosenbush
filed briefs for the appellee. The briefs of the attorneys on
both sides follow:
BRIEF FOR THE STATE, BY ATTORNEY GENERAL
WM. SHEPARD BRYAN, Jr.
The controlling question in this case is the constitutional validity of
Chapter loi of the Acts of 1902, prohibiting the use of rooms and apart-
ments in tenement or dwelling houses for the manufacture of clothing
and other articles by any persons except the immediate members of the
families living there, which immediate members of such families are
limited to a husband and his wife, and their children or the children of
either. The Act further prohibits the use of any such apartment for
such purpose of manufacture by families living therein "until a permit
shall have first been obtained from the Chief of the Bureau of Indus-
trial Statistics, stating the maximum number of persons allowed to
be employed therein." Such permit is only to be granted after an
inspection of the premises, and is liable to be revoked by the Chief of
the Bureau of Industrial Statistics "at any time the health of the com-
munity or of those employed or living therein may require it."
Permits are to be annually applied for ; are required to be kept posted
conspicuously in one of the rooms to which they relate. Every person,
firm or corporation contracting for. the manufacture of any of the
mentioned articles, or giving out the incomplete material from which
any of them may be made, or employing persons in any tenement or
dwelling house or other building to make wholly, or to partly finish
the mentioned articles "shall keep a written register of the names of
all persons to whom such work is given to be made or with whom they
may have contracted to do the same." Such register shall be furnished
on demand of the Chief of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or one of
his deputies.
8o REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
Authority is also given to the Chief of the Bureau of Labor Statistics
and to certain of his assistants to enter any room in any tenement or
dwelling-house, workshop, manufacturing establishment, mill, factory
or place where any goods are manufactured, for the purpose of inspec-
tion. Access and information in regard to such places is required to
be furnished by the persons, firms, or corporations owning or con-
trolling or managing such places to the Chief of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, or his deputies, "at any and all reasonable times while work
is being carried on."
This Statute was declared invalid by the late Judge Ritchie in the
Criminal Court of Baltimore, in the case of Tlic State vs. Morris Legum,
on December 17, 1902, and a learned and careful opinion was filed by
that able judge in which the objections to the validity of the law are
stated with force and clearness.
Argument.
It is respectfully maintained that the Act of 1902, above referred to,
was well within the power of the Legislature, and that it does not con-
flict v>^ith any clause of either the State or the Federal Constitution.
"'This police power of the State,' says another eminent judge, 'ex-
tends to the protection of the lives, limbs, health, comfort and quiet of
all persons, and the protection of property within the State, according
to the maxim, Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas, which being of uni-
versal application, it must, of course, be within the range of legislative
action to define the mode and manner in which every one may so use
his own as not to injure others.' And again: By this 'general police
power of the State, persons and property are subjected to all kinds of
restraints and burdens, in order to secure the general comfort, health
and prosperity of the State; of the perfect right in the Legislature, to
do which no question ever was, or upon acknowledged general prin-
ciples, ever can be made, so far as natural persons are concerned.'
"And neither the power itself, nor the discretion to exercise it, as
need may require, can be bargained away by the State."
Cooley on Constitutional Limitations, (6th Ed.) 706.
Thorpe vs. Rutland & B. R. R., 27 Vermont, 140, 149.
"Neither the amendment — broad and comprehensive as it is — nor any
other amendment, was designed to interfere with the power of the
State, sometimes termed its police power, to prescribe regulations to
promote the health, peace, morals, education and good order of the
people, and to legislate so as to increase the industries of the State,
develop its resources and add to its wealth and prosperity."
Judge Field in Barbier Case, 113, U. S. 31.
STATISTICS AND INP'ORMATION. ' 8l
"What is termed the police power has been the subject of a good
deal of consideration by both the Federal and State Courts, and all
agree that it is a difficult matter to define the limits within which it is
to be exercised. Every well organized government has the inherent
right to protect the health and provide for the safety and welfare of its
people. It has not only the right, but it is a duty and obligation which
the sovereign power owes to the public, and as no one can foresee the
emergency or necessity which may call for its exercise, it is not an
easy matter to prescribe the precise limits within which it may be
exercised. It may be said to rest upon the maxim, 'salus populi suprema
lex' and the constitutional guarantees for the security of private rights
relied on by the appellant have never been understood as interfering
with the power of the State to pass such laws as may be necessary to
protect the health and provide for the safety and good order of society.
'Property of every kind,' says Mr. Justice Story^ 'is held subject to
those general regulations which are necessary for the common good
and general welfare. And the Legislature has the power to define
the mode and manner in which every one may use his property.' 2 Vol.
Story Const."
Deems vs. Baltimore, 80 Md. 173.
So the ChiiEF Justice in deciding the recent case of State vs. Broad-
belt, 89 Md. 585, quoted with approval Chief Justice Shaw's famous
judgment in Com. vs. Alger, 7 Cush. 84, as follows:
"Whilst it is undoubtedly true that the police power cannot be put
forward as an excuse- for oppressive and unjust legislation, it may,
most certainly, be resorted to for the purpose of preserving the public
health, safety or morals, or the abatement of public nuisances ; and a
large discretion 'is necessarily vested in the Legislature to determine,
not only what the interests of the public require, but what measures
are necessary for the protection of such interests.' Lawton vs. Steele,
152 U. S. 133. As observed by Chief Justice Shaw, in Commonwealth
vs. Alger, 7 Cush. 84: 'Every holder of property, however absolute
and unqualified may be his title, holds it under the implied liability
that his use of it may be so regulated that it shall not be injurious to
the equal enjoyment of others having an equal right to the enjoyment
of their property, nor injurious to the rights of the community. * * *
Rights of property, like all other social and conventional rights, are sub-
ject to such reasonable limitations in their enjoyment as will prevent
them from being injurious, and to such reasonable restraints and regu-
lations established by law, as the Legislature, under the governing
and controlling power vested in them by the Constitution, may think
necessary and expedient.' 'This power, legitimately exercised, can
neither be limited by contract nor bartered away by legislation.' Holden
vs. Hardy, supra."
$2 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
It is to be borne in mind that this police power — this power to
legislate for the public health and public morals and public safety and
public convenience, is confided to the discretion of the legislative
branch of the State Government.
No matter whether the action that co-ordinate branch of the govern-
ment was, in the opinion of the Courts, just or unjust, wise or foolish,
if the Courts can see that it had, "a real and substantial relation" to
any one of the heads of the police power, they are not authorized to
interfere, and to override and nullify the legislative will.
Lake Roland R. R. vs. Baltimore, yy Md. 380, 381.
Powell vs. Pennsylvania, 127 U. S. 684.
Mugler vs. Kansas, 123 U. S. 661, 662, 663.
Spriggs vs. Garrett Park, 89 Md. 406, 411.
Stevens vs. State, 89 Md. 674.
State vs. Broadbelt, 89 Md. 577.
State vs. Knowles, 90 Md. 646.
Of course every intendment is made by the Courts in favor of the
constitutionality of a Statute. The Court, unless the contrary is mani-
fest, will presume that the Legislature acted within its constitutional
limitations.
R. R. vs. Matthews, 174, U. S. 96.
Mugler vs. Kansas, 123 U. S. 661.
Powell vs. Pennsylvania, 127 U. S. 684.
Co. Com. vs. Meekins, 50 Md. 39, 40.
Baltimore vs. State, 15 Md. 453.
In re Ten Hour Law, 61 L. R. A. 614.
Cooley on Constitul. Limit., 216.
Indeed, if one construction, of which a Statute is susceptible, would
make it valid, and another equally plausible construction would make
the Statute unconstitutional, the validating construction will be adopted
by the Courts; for it will not be presumed that the Legislature in-
tended to pass a void or unconstitutional Statute.
Temmick vs. Owings, 70 Md. 251.
U. S. vs. Coombs, 12 Peters, 76.
Hooper /s California, 155 U. S. 657.
Broughton vs. Pensacola, 93 U. S. 269.
Gordon vs. M. & C. C, 5 Gill, 241.
As illustrating exertions of the police power by the Legislature,
which have been held by the Courts as not infringing any constitutional
prohibitions, the following adjudications are cited:
A Statute of the State of Utah limiting hours of labor in mines to
8 hours a day was valid.
Holden vs. Hardy, 165 U. S. 368.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 83
The Supreme Court of Rhode Island held valid a Statute limiting
the hours of labor of conductors, gripmen and motormen on street
railway cars to 10 hourg a day.
In re Ten Hour Law, 61 L. R. A. 612.
A Statute requiring immediate payment of wages of discharged
employes is valid.
R. R. vs. Paul, 173 U. S. 404.
A Statute invalidating a sale of a stock of goods in bulk, without
ascertaining the seller's creditors, is valid.
McDaniels vs. Connelly, 60 L. R. A. 947.
An Act limiting the hours of labor of women is valid.
Wenham vs. Nebraska, 58 L. R. A. 825.
Forbidding a barber shop to remain open on Sunday, while hotels,
baths, livery stables, etc., do so, is not denying to barbers the equal
protection of the laws.
Utah vs. Sopher, 60 L. R. A. 468.
V
The State can discriminate between the restrictions placed upon
electric cars and upon other vehicles using the public streets.
Detroit Railway vs. Osborne, 189 U. S. 383.
A Statute requiring workmen to be paid in cash or requiring the
redemption of store orders in cash is a valid exercise of the police power.
Knoxville Co. vs. Harbison, 183 U. S. 13, 21.
Harbison vs. Knoxville Co., 103 Tenn. 421.
A special tax on the business of hiring persons to go to work beyond
the limits of the State is valid.
Williams vs. Fears, 179 U. S. 270.
A law providing for the inspection of coal mines where more than
five men are employed is not unconstitutional, nor does the fact, that,
while at least four inspections are required, there- is a discretion lodged
in the inspectors to inspect more frequently, if t" jy see fit, affect the
validity of the Act.
St. Louis Con. Coal Co. vs. Illinois, 179 U. S. 203.
It is within the province of the State to entirely prohibit the sale of
cigarettes after they have been taken from the original packages, where
there is no discrimination against those imported from other States,
and there is no reason to doubt the Act in question is intended for the
protection of the public health.
Austin vs. Tennessee, 179 U. S. 343.
84 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
In Missouri vs. Lay ton, 62 L. R. A. 163, it was held that the statutory-
prohibition of the manufacture or sale of baking powder containing
alum is not unconstitutional, in view of the dispute as to the fact of
its wholesomeness, which prevents the Court from taking judicial notice
that it is wholesome and innocuous.
See also the famous oleomargarine case of —
Powell vs. Pennsylvania, 127 U. S. 678.
A rule of the Board of Education requiring the pupils to go directly-
home when dismissed from school was upheld in Michigan (Jones vs.
Cody, 62 L. R. A. 160) under statutory authority to pass rules relative
to anything whatever that may advance the interests of education, the
good government and prosperity of the free schools and the welfare of
the public concerning the same.
It can scarcely be contended that this Statute was intended to give
to the Board of Education broader and more plenary powers than the
Legislature itself possesses under the name of the police power.
So likewise in Tennessee, a Statute forbidding the taking of a note
for an interest in a patent, which note does not, on its face, state that
fact, is not unconstitutional, and its passage is within the police power
of the State.
Tennessee vs. Cook, 62 L. R. A. 174.
Can it be successfully contended that the prohibition of persons
manufacturing garments in dwelling or tenement houses has "no
relation" to the health of the public who may purchase the clothing
so manufactured? Or of the unfortunate and frequently abject and
ignorant workmen and workwomen who may be crowded in unhealthy-
numbers into living rooms to work? The Court will judicially know
that the health of the community may be imperilled by the spread of
disease through sweatshop garments. The Court will also judicially
know that the health of men and women and also of little children is
sometimes undermined and destroyed by underpaid, underfed families
crowding in unhealthy numbers in a single room, in which they eat
and sleep and work in squalid misery.
That the Act confides to the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statis-
tics the power to revoke the permit to members of the same family to
manufacture clothing in a dwelling or tenement house "at any time
the health of the community or those employed or living therein may
require it," without making any provision for the review by a judicial
tribunal of his findings of fact or of law, is no objection to the con-
stitutionality of the law.
That there is no constitutional objection to permitting an executive
oflficer to decide finally and without appeal any question either of law
or of fact was held in
Reetz vs. Michigan, 188 U. S. 505.
STATISTICS AND TNI'ORMATION. 85
Authorizing a State Board of Health to make rules for the preven-
tion of the spread of disease is not an unlawful delegation of legisla-
tive power. And a regulation requiring school children to be vac-
cinated during a smallpox epidemic is not invalid.
Blue vs. Bleach, 155 Indiana 121.
An Act of the Connecticut Legislature authorizing a railroad com-
mission to order railway tracks at a highway crossing to be removed
when such action was deemed necessary was held valid.
Woodruff vs. N. Y. & N. E. R. R., 20 Atl. Rep. 17, 22.
See also— Atlantic Express Co. vs. R. R., 18 L. R. A. 393.
R. R. Commission Cases, 116 U. S. 307.
Detroit, etc., R. R. vs. Osborne, 62 L,. R. A. 149.
There has for many years been an ordinance in force in the City of
Baltimore requiring, under a penalty, street car tracks to be repaired
whenever "any part thereof shall, in the opinion of the City Commis-
sioner, require repairing."
City Code of 1893, Art. 41, Sec. 12.
A milk inspector could by ordinance be given lawful authority to
destroy (without opportunity to appeal or to have a review of his
decision) milk which he found, on inspection, to be impure.
Deems vs. Baltimore, 80 Md. 164.
See also — Boehm vs. Baltimore, 61 Md. 260.
Of course, if, before the Chief of the Bureau of Labor Statistics
could revoke a permit to prevent the spread of disease, it were necessary
that there should be a judicial investigation with the accompanying
inevitable delays, the whole purpose of the revocation of the permit
would be, in many instances, defeated.
The spread of diseases occasioned by the continued operation of the
sweatshop might be accomplished while the Court was hearing evi-
dence and determining whether any preventive measures should be taken.
It is respectfully submitted that while it is very possible that the
Chief of the Bureau of Labor Statistics might render himself liable
civilly or criminally, or both, if he arbitrarily and corruptly or
maliciously revoked a permit without any reasonable ground for be-
lieving that there was any lawful occasion for doing so ; or that even
an injunction might be obtained on showing such facts nullifying
such corrupt and maliciously given order of revocation — although the
legal propriety of the issuance of such an injunction, in any event, is
very much doubted — the fact that it is conceivable that the power may
86 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
at some time be abused is no ground for holding invalid this Statute
passed for the salutary purpose of mitigating the evils flowing from
the manufacture of sweatshop clothing.
Bevard vs. Hoffman, i8 Md. 479.
Friend vs. Hamill, 34 Md. 304.
Elbin vs. Wilson, 33 Md. 142.
Hardesty vs. Taft, 23 Md. 530.
Baltimore vs. O'Neill, 63 Md. 344.
O'Neill vs. Register, 75 Md. 425.
Knell vs. Briscoe, 49 Md. 414.
State vs. Carrick, 70 Md. 586.
Roth vs. Shupp, 94 Md. 55.
The right of the Legislature to adopt stringent measures to stamp
out the evils incident to the unregulated manufacture of clothing in
sweatshops can not, however, in any way depend upon the enquiry
whether there is or not any civil or criminal remedy against the
executive officer for the malicious or corrupt abuse of the power
given him.
The State refers to and relies upon the very able Brief filed at the
January Term, 1903, in this Court, by Attorney General Rayner, State's
Attorney McLane, Mr. Jacob M. Moses and Mr. John Phelps, in the
case of State vs. Legum, being case No. 43 at the January Term, 1903,
of this Court.
SUPPLEMENTARY BRIEF FOR APPELLANT,
BY HON. JACOB M. MOSES.
Arbitrary power will not be presumed to be granted an official. It
cannot be conferred by mere implication. In order to confer arbitrary
power upon an official, the language of the Statute must clearly show
such an intention upon the part of the Legislature. If such an inten-
tion cannot be gathered from the Statute, then it is clear that such
powers are not conferred.
Now, what is the "arbitrary power" which this Act is supposed to
confer upon the Chief of the Bureau? It is (according to the opinion
of the late Judge Ritchie) that, "so far as any restraint is to be
found in the Act, he (the chief) gives or refuses the permit as he
pleases."
Let us see what powers and duties the Act confers upon the Chief
and his deputies :
I. The Chief must appoint two assistants whose duty it shall be to
make inspections of the tenements and factories, etc. (Sec. 149 Gg).
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 87
2. Authority is conferred upon the Chief and his assistants to enter
any room in any tenement, etc., where any goods are manufactured, for
the purpose of inspection. The persons controlling such places must
furnish access and information to the said Chief or assistants at any
reasonable time while work is being carried on (Sec. 149 i-'f).
3. The Chief shall not grant a permit until after an inspection of
the premises (Sec. 149 EE).
4. He must state in said permit the maximum number of persons
allowed to be employed in such room (Sec. 149 EE).
5. He may revoke said permit at any time the health of the com-
munity, or those employed or living upon the premises may require it
(Sec. 149 EE).
6. Semble. He may withhold a permit for the same reasons that
he may revoke one previously granted.
Now which of these powers is an arbitrary or unreasonable power?
Surely not No. i, nor No. 2, because it simply authorizes him to
enter any room where and while manufacturing is going on, for the
purpose of inspection. Health inspectors have this right, and it has
never been questioned. Nor No. 3, which compels him to inspect or
have inspected the premises before granting the permit. Nor No. 5,
which confers no greater power than the quarantine laws, which have
been upheld by all the Courts of the land. (Deems' Case, 80 Md. 175.)
It is true that powers 4 and 6 are more liable to abuse than the
others, but they are not on that account arbitrary or unreasonable.
They are the only powers the exercise of which may offend the appli-
cant for a permit. To say that the Chief of the Bureau may be in-
fluenced by corrupt or partisan considerations in granting or with-
holding permits is no argument against the law, any more than it would
be against the law creating the Health Department of Baltimore City
and clothing the Health Commissioner and his inspectors with powers
equally as broad and even more far reaching, or against the law creat-
ing the Liquor License Commissioners of Baltimore City and clothing
them with the power to grant and withhold licenses, with no right of
appeal, although the right of personal liberty and private property is
involved.
Discretion must be lodged somewhere, and it is too much to expect
that it will not be sometimes abused. But danger of abuse will not be
permitted to defeat salutary legislation. Laws are seldom, if ever, per-
fect in their operation, and in government, as in business and every
other field of activity, experience and time are the truest and safest
teachers.
88 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
BRIEF FOR APPELLEE, BY MESSRS. FOUTZ & NORRIS,
AND MR. MYER ROSENBUSH.
The Appellee was indicted for violating what is known as "the
Sweat Shop Law," the five counts in the indictment being based upon
Chapter loi of the Act of 1902.
Demurrers were filed to all the counts in the indictment, the de-
murrers being sustained by the Court, a motion to quash the indict-
ment was made, the motion was granted, the indictment quashed, and
from the rulings of the Court this appeal taken.
The sole question presented by the Record is the constitutionality
of the Chapter loi of the Act of 1902, and the Appellee contends that
the provisions of the Act violate the rights of the citizen as guaranteed
by Section i of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the
United States and the 23d Article of the Bill of Rights of Marylnad.
The act provides
That in no room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house
shall be used:
For the manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, knee-pants, overalls,
cloaks, shoes, hats, caps, capes, suspenders, jerseys, blouses, waists,
waistbands, underwear, neckwear, furs, fur trimmings, fur garments^
shirts, purses, artificial flowers, cigarettes or cigars; except by the
immediate members of the family living therein, and such family is
limited to husband and wife, their children or the children of either.
That neither such family, nor any member thereof shall use any such
room or apartment, without first having obtained a permit from the
Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, stating the maximum
number of persons which he may allow to be employed therein.
That such permit shall not be granted until after an inspection of
the premises.
And such permit may be revoked by said Chief at any time when
(in his judgment) the health of the community, or those employed, or
living, in such room or apartment, may require.
The Chief of the Bureau and his deputies have the right at all
reasonable times to enter any rooms or apartments, where any goods
are being manufactured, for the purpose of inspection, and the persons
in control are required to furnish access thereto.
The penalty for any violation of the law is a fine not exceeding
$100, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.
Other provisions of the Act prescribe certain conditions upon which
any person or corporation may hire or employ others to work at mak-
ing the articles referred to; requiring a like permit, revocable in like
manner, and also requiring all persons or corporations contracting for
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 89
the manufacture of any of these articles in question, or giving out
materials out of which they are to be made, to keep a register of the
persons with whom they contract, or to whom tlicy give (jut such ma-
terials.
The Statute applying to every tenement or dwelling house in the
State of Maryland, and the subject matter of the Act being an at-
tempted sanitary regulation of the manufacture of certain articles, con-
sisting chiefly of wearing apparel, in the houses of the people who
make them, the first inquiry is, what is meant by the constitutional
guarantees referred to.
The liberty mentioned in the 14th Amendment to the Constitution
means not only the right of the citizen to be free from the mere physi-
cal restraint of his person, as by incarceration, but the term is deemed
to embrace the right of the citizen to be free in the enjoyment of all
his faculties, to be free to use them in all lawful ways, to live and work
where he will, to earn his livelihood by any lawful calling, to pursue
any livelihood or avocation, and for that purpose to enter into all con-
tracts which may be necessary and essential to his carrying out to a
successful conclusion the purposes above mentioned.
AUgeyer vs. Louisiana, 165 U. S. 589.
In re Jacobs, 98 N. Y. 98.
People vs. Marx, 99 N. Y. 387.
Long vs. State, 74 Md. 565, 572.
Luman vs. Hutchins, 90 Md. 25.
Singer vs. State, 72 Md. 464.
State vs. Broadbelt, 89 Md. 565.
Butchers Co. vs. Crescent City Co., 11 1 U. S. 746, 757.
Lawton vs. Steele, 152 U. S. 136-8.
In re Sing Lee, 96 Cal. 354.
In re Hong Wah, 82 Fed. Rep. 623.
Bailey vs. People, 190 111. 28-37.
Tiedeman S. & F. Control, Sees. 120-147.
The Act absolutely prohibits the manufacture of any of the enumer-
ated articles by anybody, unless a permit is first obtained. And
under what circumstances may a permit be demanded as a matter of
right by a citizen from the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics?
The Act utterly fails to provide any standard or regulations which
are to govern the citizen in the manufacture of the articles enumerated,
or, the said Chief in the issuance, withholding or revoking of the per-
mit, except the judgment of the said Chief of the Bureau of
Industrial Statistics ; in other words, none of the enumerated article.*
may be manufactured in any house in this State, even when they are for
the USE OF THE FAMILY ALONE, unless a permit is first had and obtained
from said Chief, whose power to issue or withhold the permit is abso-
lutely uncontrolled by anything contained in the Act itself.
90 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
(2) Only a husband, wife, their children or the children of either,
under the provisions of the Act, may manufacture any of the articles
enumerated, x\fter having obtained a permit; all others are expressly
excluded ; the parents of a husband or wife, the brothers and sisters
of a husband or wife and all collateral relatives of either living in the
same house or visiting there are absolutely prohibited from the manu-
facture of any of the enumerated articles, even though they are intended
for their own personal use, or the use of the husband, wife, or their
children or the children of either.
(3) The employment of a seamstress in any home in the State for
the manufacture of any of the enumerated articles is absolutely pro-
hibited by the Act.
(4) If a husband's wife be an invalid, and his children too young
to make their own garments, he must either purchase or have them
made outside his home, under the prohibition of the Act; no relative
can make them for him in his home nor can he employ anyone else to
come to his home and make them.
WHAT THE ACT DOES NOT FORBID.
(1) Chewing and smoking tobacco, candy and other articles of like
nature, not being under the ban of the Act, may be made in tenements
or dwelling houses.
(2) The Act does not prohibit the manufacture of ladies' skirts,
although ladies' waists come under the ban of the Act, presenting the
anomaly of allowing the manufacture of that portion of a woman's
dress called 5kirts, anywhere, but prohibiting the manufacture of
that portion of a woman's dress called waist, except under the con-
ditions prescribed by the Act.
The manufacture of the articles enumerated, is not only a lawful
calling, but is universally known to be a necessary and useful occupa-
tion, and it is a matter of common knowledge that its prosecution under
ordinary conditions is not injurious to the health of the public, or those
engaged in it, and an Act which arbitrarily prohibits their manufacture
even under The most favorable sanitary conditions is an unjust
and unlawful discriminating in restraint of trade.
City of Chicago vs. Netcher, 183 111. 104.
Le Blanc vs. Mayor, etc., 106 La. 680.
Long vs. State, 74 Md. 565-572.
City of Denver vs. Back, 26 Colo. 530.
State vs. Granneman, 132 Mo. 326.
Ex-parte Leo Gentzseh, 112 Cal. 468.
Eden vs. People, 161 111. 296.
In re Fee Toy, 26 Fed. Rep. 611.
In re Sam Kee, 31 Fed. Rep. 680.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 9 1
City of Janesville vs. Carpenter, ^^ Wis. 298.
In re Sing Too Quau, 43 Fed. Rep. 359.
Bx-parte Patterson (Texas), 51 L. R. A. 654.
Bailey vs. People, 190 111. 28.
Nole vs. People, 187 111. 587.
It may be argued by the State that the preceding sections of the
sub-title of the Article under which this Act has been placed, furnish
the necessary rules or standard by which the Chief is to be governed
in his inspections ; the only regulation (exclusive of those which apply
to factories, manufacturing establishments, and workshops, which have
no application here, as the Act of 1902 specifically alludes to tenements
and dwelling houses,) is in relation to the number of cubic feet, and if
that were intended, how easy it would have been for the Legislature
to have said that the preceding legislation shall apply to tenements and
dwelling houses, instead of framing entirely new legislation. The Act
is, and was intended to be, applicable to entirely separate and distinct
conditions frorn any other, is complete in itself, and should be so con-
strued; it must stand or fall upon its own strength or weakness, and
the mere fact that it is found in that particular company is no standard
for construction ; it had to be placed somewhere ; but "very little re-
liance can be placed upon the heading under which it may be found."
State vs. Popp, 45 Md. 432.
Dundalk Co. vs. Smith, et al., (Ct. App. Jan. Term, 1903).
D. R. April 20, 1903.
The Act deprives the citizen of his property, without due process of
law, in that he is prevented from using the same in the prosecution of
a lawful trade or occupation, in a lawful manner, when the same is
not a menace to the public health, and where it is not used for purposes
dangerous to the public safety or morals.
The provisions of the Act are unjust and unreasonable, oppressive
and burdensome, arbitrary and unnecessary for the public welfare, and
although by the enacting clause, its object might be supposed to be the
preservation of the public health, the Act itself prescribes no con-
ditions as to cleanliness, no regulations as to sanitation, no rules to
control the issuance of the permit which is a prerequisite to the
making of any of the enumerated articles by anybody. And the
entire question of proper sanitary conditions is left to determination of
the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, without prescribing
any rules or standard for his guidance or control in granting or re-
fusing permits, or the revoking of the permits which may be granted.
92 RjePORT OF THE BUREAU OF
ARBITRARY POWER VESTED IN CHIEF OF BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS.
A permit is not to be granted by the Chief of the Bureau until after
an inspection of the premises has been made.
Neither the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics nor his as-
sistant are required to be sanitary experts by the Act of 1902, or any
prior legislation. A college president or a coal heaver, a ward poli-
tician or a bank clerk may be appointed to these positions, and there is
nothing in the Act to prohibit it, nor is anything contained in the Act
creating that Bureau (1892, Chap. 29) requiring it.
The houses of the thousands of our citizens who are employed in the
manufacture of the various articles enumerated in the Act, are opened
by the Act of 1902 for the purpose of inspection.
As to the character and extent of that inspection ; as to the condi-
tions that should obtain before a permit is issued, THE ACT IS AB-
SOLUTELY SILENT.
As to the requirements necessary for the safety of the health of the
community or those employed or living in any room or apartment in
any tenement or dwelling house, the violation of which will cause a
revocation of a permit already granted, again the Act is silent, the only
provision as to the revocation of a permit already granted being "such
permit may be revoked by said Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statis-
tics at any time the health of the community or those employed or
living therein may require it."
Absolutely no conditions are laid down by the Act with which these,
thousands of our people must comply before they can pursue the occu-
pation by which they earn their livelihood and support those dependent
upon them ; as to those working in their homes, no requirements are
mentioned, no standard is provided, their right to pursue their usual
vocations, lawful in itself, in a lawful manner in their own homes, is
left solely and entirely to the arbitrary determination of the Chief of
the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, without any rules to guide or con-
trol his action, or by which the uniform and impartial exercise of his
power may be secured; this right to earn their livelihood is subject to
the undirected and uncontrolled power of this Chief of the Bureau, and
placed at the risk of his incapacity, favoritism, caprice and oppression,
so far as any restraint is to be found in the Act ; he gives, refuses and
revokes the permits as he pleases.
"A Statute which clothes a single individual with such power hardly
falls within the domain of law."
Mayor vs. Cadeke, 49 Md. 217-235.
Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356-372.
Nole vs. People, 187 111. 589.
Schaezlein vs. Cabannis, 135 Cal. 466.
Bostock vs. Sams, 95 Md. 4CX).
In re Jacobs, 98 N. Y. 98.
STATISTICS ANDINI-'ORMATION. 93
The constitutionality of a law is to be tested not by what has beern
done under it, but by what may by its authority be done.
• Ullman vs. Mayor & C. C, 72 Md. 587. '
If would be difficult, if not impossible, to crowd into so short d Statute
any more or greater violations of that principle so essential to a free
governmenl of equal, general and standing laws.
City of Janesville vs. Carpenter, T] Wisconsin 303.
The Act is void as a whole, all its substantial provisions are so re-
lated to and dependent upon each other that the Legislature could have
had but one main object or system in view, and without the provisions
which are invalid the Act would not have been passed.
If a Statute attempts to accomplish two or more objects and is void
as to one, it may still be in every respect complete and valid as to the
other.
But if its purpose is to accomplish a single object only and some of
its provisions are void, the whole must fail unless sufficient remains to
eflfect the object without the aid of the invalid portion, and if they are
so mutually connected with and dependent on each other as conditions,
considerations or compensations for each other as to warrant the belief
that the Legislature intended them as a whole, and if all could not be
carried into effect, the Legislature would not pass the residue inde-
pendently; then if some parts are unconstitutional all must fail.
Cooley Const. Lim., 6 Ed. p. 211.
In Commonwealth vs. Perry, 155 Mass. 121, the Court said: "The
manufacture of cloth is an important industry =)= * * there is no
reason why men should not be engaged in it * * * the right to
employ weavers, and to make proper contracts with them, is therefore
protected bj^ our Constitution ; and a Statute which forbids the making
of such contract, or to nullify them, or impair the obligations of them,
violates fundamental principles of right which are expressly recognized
in our Constitution."
Godcharles vs. Wigman, 113 Pa. St. 431.
State vs. Goodwill, ZZ W. Va. 179.
State vs. Loomis, 115 Mo. 307.
People Ex. Rel. Rodgers vs. Coler, 166 N. Y. 14.
People Ex. Rel. Treat vs. Coler, 166 N. Y. 146.
It is true that, in order to secure and promote the public welfare, the
State creates Boards of Health, as an instrumentality or agency fok
THE PURPOSE, and invests them with the power to adopt ordinances, by-
laws, rules and regulations necessary to secure the objects of its or-
94 REPORT OF the; bureau op
ganization. While it is true that the character or nature of such
boards is administrative only, still, the powers conferred upon them by
the Legislature, in view of the great public interest confided to them,
have always received from the Courts a liberal construction ; and the
rights of the Legislature to confer upon them the power to make
REASONABLE RULES, by-laws and regulations, is generally recognized
by the authorities.
When these boards duly adopt rules or by-laws by virtue of legislative
authority, such rules or by-laws, within the respective jurisdictions,
have the force and effect of a law of the Legislature.
It is true that such laws or regulations must be reasonable, and
Boards of Health cannot enlarge or vary, by operation of such rules,
the powers conferred upon them by the Legislature, and any rule or
by-law which is in conflict with the State's organic law, or opposed to
the fundamental principles of justice would be invalid.
Such measures must have some relation to the end in view, for,,
under the guise of the police power, personal rights and those pertaining
to private property will not be permitted to be arbitrarily invaded by
the legislative department.
If the Legislature, in the interest of the public health, enacts a law,
and thereby interferes with the personal rights of an individual, de-
stroys or impairs his liberty or property, it then, under such circum-
stances, becomes the duty of the Courts to review such legislation, and
determine whether it in reality relates to, and is appropriate to secure,
the object in view, and in such an examination the Court will look to
the substance of the thing involved, and will not be controlled by mere
forms.
Blue vs. Beach, 155 Ind. 121.
; State vs. Burdge, 95 Wis. 390.
i State vs. Julow, 129 Mo. 163.
Matter of Pell, 171 N. Y. 48-51.
; " Cotting vs. Kansas City, 183 U. S. 79-93.
'■. Cleaveland vs. Clemen & Bro. (Ohio 1903), 6$ N. E. Rp. 885.
' Street vs. Varney (Ind. 1903), 66 N. E. Rep. 895.
i People vs. Orange, etc. (N. Y. Ct. App. April 28, 1903),
New York Law Journal, May 4, 1903.
The Act is unreasonable, arbitrary and oppressive; it interferes with
the right of the citizen to pursue unmolested a lawful calling in a law-
ful manner; it invades the privacy of the home, and, without due pro-
cess of layvr, it deprives the citizen of the free and profitable use of his
property, and infringes upon his right of personal liberty. The Act of
1902, Chapter loi, is unconstitutional and void and the demurrers
were properly sustained.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 95
OF THK .
FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAU
The report of the work of the Free Employment Bureau
for the first six months, published in the Eleventh Annual
Report of this Bureau, was encouraging and satisfactory, and
led to the hope that the commercial and manufacturing estab-
lishments of the city and State would avail themselves of its
facilities and be constant applicants for whatever help they
might need in their business. In this the Bureau has been
somewhat disappointed.
Through the courtesy of Secretary Forrest, of the Mer-
chants and Manufacturers' Association of Baltimore, letters
were sent to all its members, and a number of cardboard signs
were also placed in numerous places, informing the public
that the Free Employment Bureau was ready to supply them
with help.
The great need of the Bureau is advertising and making
known to the people of the State, and especially in the indus-
trial centres, the fact that this Bureau is doing business, and
will furnish them with good help free of charge. It is very
difficult to make our citizens understand that this work,
assumed by the State, is not a charitable work alone, but one
designed to make it easy for our citizens to secure places to
earn a living, and at the same time to lessen the number of
victims of the agencies which have ofttimes made it a busi-
ness to fleece their patrons.
To the credit of the people in the counties it is to be said
that they have recognized the merit of this institution, and
have, to a very large extent, availed themselves of its service
in securing farm labor, and as the institution becomes better
known it becomes better appreciated, and the field of its
work enlarges.
It is safe to say that in a very short time this Bureau will be
supplying help to all parts of the State, if such help is avail-
96 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
able. In this connection it is well to say that some steps
ought to be taken to bring foreign labor to the State of
Marj'land. It is well known that thousands of Germans,
Swedes, Russians and .others in the crowded portions of the
old country would be glad to find homes and regular employ-
ment in such a pleasant location as Maryland, and it is our
belief that facilities and means should be offered for bringing
these immigrants into Maryland, where there are so many
needed on the farms and in the factories.
The negro help in the counties has, according to the
farmer, been considerably deteriorating in value, the younger
generation of negroes especially seeking city life and city
attractions.
The Bureau of Immigration, if provided with ample means,
should easily be the instrument for increasing our population
by a large influx of this foreign element. Thousands are
brought over annually into the port of Maryland for the far
West, and if steps were taken on the other side, before they
left their homes, they might find their destination in the
counties of this State, adding to its growth, its wealth audits
prosperity. Many of the Western States have time and
again devoted thousands of dollars to this work, through
agents stationed in European countries, by offering some
incentive to those who directed the stream of immigration.
A total of 652 persons made application to the Bureau
during the past year for situations. Of this number 543
were males and 109 were females. This was 150 persons more
than applied for positions last year, and shows a healthy
growth and a widening knowledge of the existence of the
work of the Bureau. The greatest number of applications
for various positions were received in the month of March,
thus indicating that more people were idle early in the year
than in the later months. The greatest number of positions
secured was in the month of May; but this was owing to the
fact that a number of laborers and others were sent to the
country as berry-pickers, though they had not applied for
this kind of position particularly. The records show that
early in the year, and in the latter part of the year; that is
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 97
January, February and March, and in the months of Novem-
ber and December more persons are out of positions than in
any other portions of the year. This is probably due to the
fact that the spring season has not commenced and the fall
business is nearly over.
The applications for help, however, were greatest in the
months of March and June, but mostly from farmers.
The most important feature developed by the Bureau's
work is the fact that household help is more in demand than
any other kind of labor. There is a universal complaint that
efficient cooks, chambermaids and general houseworkers ar^
not to be had, and that the wages demanded are exorbitant.
However much of this latter statement may be true, it is also
a fact that similar complaints come from those applying for
positions as household help, namely, that they are not well
paid; that the hours are long, and that they are ofttimes
under-fed or treated too much as menials. There is a modi-
cum of truth in both statements. Our housekeepers have
been used to the old system of having a general houseworker,
which meant a person who would do the cooking, washing
and ironing for the whole family, and it is very difficult to
induce them to change this system and sub-divide their labor.
The servant girl of the present day either wants to cook or
do housework, but she will not do both except in rare in-
stances. Many families cannot affi)rd to have two servants,
consequently they find it difficult to secure the help they
need. This change in our system of living has brought about
the apartment house or flat, where most of the work is done
by a janitor or keeper, and meals can be taken in the cafe or
restaurant attached to the flat, thus avoiding the employment
of cooks, and when the laundry of the household is given out,
eliminating the need to a large extent of general household
help.
There is room in this State for at least 3,000 good German,
Swedish or other help, who can do plain cooking and ordinary
housework, at fairl}^ remunerative wages.
There is no doubt some justice in the complaint on the part
of servant girls as to wages and long hours. Factories offer em-
98 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
ploj'ment, ten hours a day, with an opportunity of earning
from $3 to $6 per week; while the household servant finds
her time occupied from early morning until eight or nine
o'clock at night, nearly every day in the week, and is very
glad to secure one day ofi". Therefore, can they be blamed
for turning their eyes to the mill, the factory and the store,
in preference to the menial position and long hours of
drudgery work?
Another reason for the scarcity of domestic help is un-
doubtedly our educational facilities and economies in produc-
tion. Our public school system has enabled the poorest to
secure such intelligence as awakens aspirations for a higher
life, while our modern factory system offers clean surround-
ings, opportunities for increasing pay, and the constantly
growing employment of women and children in these fac-
tories is adding to the weekly stipend offered in competition
with the housekeeper.
Nearly all of the 746 applications for ^^\d to this Bureau
have been for household and farm labor; indeed, there have
been scarcely any applications for factory help, other than
the standard applications of shirt factories and candy fac-
tories, who solicit the same class of help as would naturally
find their way into the homes if no other avenue for making
a living were open to them. Of these 746 applications for
help, 490 were for males and 256 for females.
The Bureau has been successful in securing positions for
256 persons during the past year, 185 of these being males
and 71 females. A large proportion of the entire number have
been sent into the counties of the State, many of them find-
ing permanent and profitable homes, and becoming useful
citizens; whereas if they had remained in the city they would
have become, in many cases, shiftless and useless burdens on
the community.
The largest number of applications for employment came
from Americans (of which there were 366); negroes, 123;
German, 60: Irish, 26; English, 20; Scotch, 7; French,
Hebrews and Hollanders, each 5; Swedes, 4; Polish and
Italians, each 3; Bohemians, 2, and Canadians, Russians,
Nova Scotians, Norwegians and Austrians, each i.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 99
Of the number applying for employment, 278 were willing
to go into the country, and 259 were not. These figures
would indicate that over half of them were willing to accept
employment in the country; but this is not entirely correct,
because ofttimes when offered such opportunities they would
finally refuse because they found it either too troublesome or
unpleasant to accept such work.
The applicants for employment to the number of 414 were
single, and 232 were married.
Of the male applicants, 88 desired positions as farm labor-
ers, 70 as ordinary laborers, 71 as clerks, 52 as drivers, 37 as
waiters, 19 as salespeople, 16 as watchmen, 15 as cooks, 11
each as bookkeepers, gardeners, porters and errand boys, 9 as
machinists, and the rest were divided up in small numbers
among the diflferent occupations.
Of the female applicants for employment the greatest num-
ber wanted positions strictly as cooks — 32 applying for such
positions; 25 wanted to do general housework, 14 were
stenographers, 9 were chambermaids, 6 were housekeepers,
and the balance were divided up among the various occupa-
tions enumerated.
These figures indicate that three-fourths of those out of
employment are generally unskilled labor, and that few
mechanics secure employment through an agency similar to
this, because they know generally through the organizations
to which they belong where and when employment is to be
obtained.
It is interesting to note that the wages demanded by those
seeking employment average about $7 per week for males, and
about $5 per week among the females; while the offers of
wages from employers, especially in the case of females, do
not average over $3 a week.
lOO
REPORT OP THE BUREAU OF
In the following table is enumerated the number of
applicants and applications for help, according to occupation^
and may prove interesting as indicating the trend of indus-
trial conditions: '
Applications
for
Employ-
ment.
Number of
Positions
Applications
for
Help. '
Occupation of Applicant.
Number
Filed.
Secured.
Number ,
Filed.
*
6
a
^
n
.s
6
ctf
■ s
Male.
Female.
-
Barkeepers
6
I
Bakers
Berry pickers
■■"■fl l"
130
I
I
I
Blacksmiths
Bookkeepers
II
I
I
3
I
I
Boilermakers..:
Brakemen
Butchers
3
2
2
Butlers
Candymakers
2
2
4
I
71
5a
Canmakers
Carpenters
Cashiers
2
2
9
Clerks ,
lO
Chambermaids
7
7
Coachmen
2
2
15
I
I
6
2
Compositors
Cooks
32
31
ifr
Correspondents
Collarmakers
Collectors
Dairymen
2
2
2
Demonstrators
I
2
Dishwashers
2
52
I
Drivers
3
I
I
I
Drug clerks
Dyer and scourers
2
6
3
2
II
88
3
I
II
I
I
Engineers..
Electricians
Elevator conductors
I
63
2
156
Errand boys
2
76
Firemen
Foremen
Gardeners
5
20
5
I
General houseworkers
25
85.
Hod-carriers
1
STA'IJSTICS AND INrOKMATION.
lOI
Applications
for
Employ-
ment.
Nunil
)erof
Applications
for
Help.
Occupation of Applicant.
Number
Filed.
vSecured.
Number
Filed.
1
a
v
'c3
3
6
Hostlers or tesnisters
8
I
3
6
2
2
I
2
70
2
I
9
2
I
I
6
I
Laborers
8
126
I
3
LitlioE^rapliers
Machinists
I
5
Machinists' helpers
2
2
II
Office work
I
Office boys
I
I
6
I
4
2
I
2
2
I
I
II
2
I
19
Oyster shuckers
Packers
Painters
Paper hangers
Photographers
Pipe-Fitters
Piano Polishers
Plumbers' helpers
Porters
Pressers
Pressmen
Salespeople
3
2
14
3
6
15
I
Seamstresses
Stenographers
Scrub women
7
4
2
I
2
15
I
Tailors
3
2
2
I
I
I
37
16
I
I
t
Teachers ,
I
Timekeepers
Ticket agents
Tobacco workers
Valets ;...
Waiters
I
3
3
Watchmen
Woodworkers
Woodchoppers
20
Total
543
109
185
71
490 256
I02 re;port of the bureau of
EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN MER-
CANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS.
Much has been said and written about the employment of
children in the manufacturing establishments throughout the
country, including Maryland. However much complaint can
be made of this evil, the same complaint could be made two-
fold in regard to the employment of children in the mercantile
establishments in all large cities.
With a view of ascertaining to what extent this evil exists in
Baltimore, the Bureau made an inquiry into twenty-nine de-
partment, dry goods and notion stores in the city of Baltimore
during the last week of May and the first week of June, 1903.
The purpose of the investigation was, if possible, to find out
the number of male and female employees, the number under
sixteen years of age, the number under fourteen years of age
and number of hours of employment. No attempt was made
to ascertain wages, nor was any attempt made to investigate
the environment of the employees at home.
Many of the stores have adopted a rule that they will not
employ children under fourteen years of age, and there is no
doubt that the proprietors of some of them have given such
orders to their managers and superintendents, but in many
cases the rule is not observed, or is winked at, especially during
the fall and winter months, when the schools open, and many
of th^ children who are employed during the summer return
to school.
It must also be remembered that these twenty-nine estab-
lishments represent only the larger concerns, and that thou-
sands of children are employed in various capacities in other
mercantile establishments not herein enumerated.
In the table following it will be found that 5,088 persons
were employed in the twenty-nine establishments, of which
Establishment
Character of Business.
Total Number
of Employees.
Number of Em-
ployees under 16
years.
Number of Em-
ployees under 14
years.
Number
of hours
store is
open.
Number,
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Notions
7
SO
ISO
SO
4
15
88
6
10
3
5S
49
3
137
100
40
50
4
IS6
170
6
■23
28
7
54
415
50
60
35
132
40
25
225
17
17s
^l
7S
300
500
120
25
46
19
7,
28
42
9
80
^
Dry Goods Department Store
5
2
Dry Goods and Ladies' Furnishings..
5
3
4
4
6
I
. o e n I^j,
epar men
9^ Saturdays, 8 A. M. to 10 P. M.
D t c t Store
5
Df Pnndf;
6
■
13
g'A
9
9
10
9'A
D r n 1 and Notions
10
Ladies' Ready Made Garments
■
Saturdays, 8 A. M. to ii P. M.
Denartnipnt Store
ID
4
15
Denartment Store
Saturdays, 15 hours, and engage 14 extra hands on Saturday.
Summer months, 9 hours; Saturdays, 5 hours.
Denartment Store
25
8
iB
9
6
is
Saturdays, 15 hours.
Saturdays, 8 A. M. to 10 P. M.
Denartment Store
6
5
20
3
*
t '9
13
25
5
15
Saturdays, 8 A. M. to 11 P. M. ; summer months, close at 5 P. M.
8.30 A. M. to 6 P. M., winter months ; 8 to 5 in summer.
Summer months, a half day on Saturday.
Saturdays, 8 A. M. to 10 P. M.
Saturdays, 8 A. M. to 10.30 P. M.
Saturdays, 8.30 A. M. to 10 P. M.
Saturdays, 8 A. M. to 11 P. M.
8.30 A. M. to 6 P. M. ; in July and August, 8.30 A. M. to 5 P. M.
Mondays, 13 hours, and Saturdays, 16 hours.
Mondays, 13 hours, and Saturdays, 15 hours.
22
Denartment Store
23
24
5
4
35
3
15
5
2
'■
21
28
China Ware and Tots
I
Ladies' and Gents' Furnishings
Totals
1,509
3.599
201
204
41
55
STATISTICS AND INF'ORMATION. I03
1,509 were males and 3,579 were females. Of these numbers
there were 201 male and 204 female employees under sixteen
years of age. There were also reported forty-one males and
fifty-five females under fourteen years of age. Of course,
these figures welfe from the employers, and must be taken
with a degree of allowance. None of the stores visited were
complying with the Compulsory Education Law, not a single
establishment having on file the required certificates from the
parents or teachers of the children so employed, and it is safe
to say that many more than the numbers enumerated were
under sixteen and under fourteen years of age.
That the work of these little ones is arduous is plainly shown
by the columns devoted to the number of hours worked, there
being fifteen stores that work ten hours a day, one being open
eleven hours and one eleven and a-half hours a day ; six being
open nine and a-half hours and two eight and a-half hours,
while nearly all of them worked from twelve to fifteen hours
per day on Saturdays and some of them on Mondays.
This Department is by no means satisfied with the results
of this investigation, as we have had to rely entirely upon the
statements of managers of these stores for our information.
However this is sufficient to warrant the statement that the
employment of children in mercantile establishments is an
evil that should be ameliorated.
The details of the investigation are found in table No. i.
I04 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND
CHILDREN.
Through a number of years the problem of child labor has
presented itself in many perplexing aspects, and theoretical
deduction as well as practical inquiry have been the most
potent means of enlightenment. The phases of the subject
are many and varied, each involving the other and bearing
a dominant significance according to the interests concerned.
The moralist, the educator, the manufacturer, the trade
unionist, have each a purpose at stake, and whether those pur-
poses conflict or not, each is bent upon a determination of the
problem most satisfactory to his convictions.
To the student and the scientist the question does not remain
one of empirical content, nor indeed a question for prejudice
and argument, but, affording the opportunity for examination
and analysis, it urges him to lay bare the facts in the pure
light of reason and truth.
Any just investigation undertaken in this direction, there-
fore, should not be mistaken for an attempt to definitely and
dogmatically conclude a solution to such a dynamic and far-
reaching problem. And the present inquiry into the subject
may be correctly understood as an examination into a purely
local phase of the question, with the hope of truthfully reveal-
ing the facts of the case, indicating suggestive relations, creat-
ing reasonable impressions and finally affording a just basis
for scientific deduction.
The employment of women and children and their environ-
ment while daily engaged in earning a livelihood has long been
complained of and earnestly protested against by labor organi-
zations. Sometimes these complaints have found origin in
the supplanting of male labor by the cheaper labor of the
female minor, but more often, and originally, the protest has
STATISTICS AND TNI'ORMATION. 105
come from those, who, studying the social question from a
broad standpoint, believed they saw in this steadily growing
evil the degradation and destruction of American childhood
and womanhood.
This view of the case has appealed particularly to the men
and women who, with broad sympathies and warm hearts,
have believed that man was his brother's keeper, and it was
their duty to help those whom misfortune or environment pre-
vented from helping themselves.
Many investigations have, been made into the employment
of females and minors throughout the country in various
States. Labor organizations have worked unceasingly for
laws restricting this employment. Many States have such
laws on the statute books, and many — most of them — are
either ineffective through non-enforcement or some flaw in
the statute, or because the police authority have neither the
disposition or incentive to enforce the same. This is undoubt-
edly true in Maryland.
The most favorable field for inquiry was found to be a
manufacturing establishment of Baltimore city, engaging an
almost total quota of child labor. The factory has two
branches, situated in the same general section of the city, but
at a distance considerably apart.
The method of work comprises. First: An examination
into each branch alike according to factory inspection routine,
which includes the summary of questions found in the general
factory inspection report, with particular stress laid on the
following: Number of hours of labor per day; number of
hours on Saturday ; time allowed for lunch ; character of lunch
rooms, if any ; fines ; overtime ; summer vacation, ventilation,
heat, light, drainage, machines used, size of room inspected,
number of cubic feet allowed for each person, means of egress
in case of fire, toilet facilities, number of closets to the build-
ing, separation of closets for the sexes, and general sanitary
condition.
Second: Each child was separately questioned regarding
age, address, school, grade in school, reading and w^riting
Io6 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
qualifications, occupation of father and mother, wage earnings,
length of time at work, condition and class of work and gen-
eral characteristics of employment.
This mode of procedure represented the first part of the
plan of- investigation, and was intended to explain actual fac-
tory environment, while a second part of the inquiry extended
to the homes of fifteen children as affording typical examples
of home conditions necessary to a complete understanding of
the life of the child employee.
No extensive investigation of the subject has ever been
made in this State. Through the agitation of the Knights of
Labor and the Federation of Labor several Acts have been
passed by the Maryland Legislature bearing on the subject
as far back as 1874, as follows :
HEALTH.— HOURS OF LABOR OF CHILDREN.
Acts 1874, Chapter 3; Acts 1876, Chapter 125.
Section 139. No child under the age of sixteen years shall be em-
ployed in laboring by any person, firm, or corporation, in any cotton,
woolen, or other manufacturing establishment in this State more than
ten hours in any one day.
Sec' 140. Any such person, firm or corporation who shall employ
any children under sixteen years of age, contrary to the provisions
of the preceding section, and any superintendent, overseer or other
agent of any such person, firm or corporation, and any parent or
guardian of such minor, who permits such minor to work or be so
employed contrary to the provisions of said section, shall, for each
offence be punished by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars for each and
every case, to be recovered on complaint in any court of competent
jurisdiction; and all prosecutions for offences under this section shall
be begun within one year from the commission thereof.
Sec. 141. The two preceding sections shall not apply to children
engaged in agriculture, household or mercantile pursuits.
CHAPTER 443-
AN ACT to repeal and re-enact with amendments. Sections 139 to 141,
inclusive, of Article 27 of the Code of Public General Laws, title
"Crimes and Punishments," sub-title "Health, Hours of Labor
of Children."
Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland,
That Sections 139 to 141, inclusive, of Article 27 of the Code of Public
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. I07
General Laws, title "Crimes and Punishments," sub-title "Health,
Hours of Labor of Children," be and the same are hereby repealed
and re-enacted, so as to read as follows :
Sec. 139. No child under sixteen years of age shall be employed
in laboring more than ten hours a day in any manufacturing business
or factory established in any part of the State, or in any mercantile
business in the city of Baltimore.
Sec. 140. Any person who shall so employ a child or suffer or per-
mit such employment is guilty of a misdemeanor.
Sec. 141. The words "suffer or permit," includes every act or omis-
sion, whereby it becomes possible for the child to engage in such labor.
Sec. 2. Be it enacted. That this Act shall take effect from the
date of its passage.
Approved April 7th, 1892.
CHAPTER 317-
AN ACT to amend Article 100 of the Code of Public Local
Laws of Maryland, title "Work, Hours of, in Factories," by ad-
ding thereto a section, to be known as Section 4, regulating the
employment of children under twelve years of age in mills and
factories in this State.
Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland,
That Article 100, of the Code of Public General Laws of Maryland,
be amended by adding thereto the following section, to come in imme-
diately after Section 3 of said Article, and to be known as Section 4.
Sec. 4. No proprietor or owner of any mill or factory in this State,
other than establishments for manufacturing canned goods, or man-
ager, agent, foreman or other person in charge thereof, shall, after
the first of October, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-four,
employ or retain in employment in any such mill or factory any per-
son or persons under twelve years of age; and if any such proprietor
or owners of any such mill or factory, or manager, agent, foreman or
other person in charge thereof, shall wilfully violate the provisions
of this section he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on
conviction thereof shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars
for each and every offence so committed, and pay the cost of prosecu-
tion, one-half of the fine to go to the informer and the other half to
the school fund of the county or city in which the offence shall have
been committed; provided, that nothing in this Act shall apply to
Frederick, Washington, Queen Anne's, Carroll, Wicomico, Caroline,
Kent, Somerset, Cecil, Calvert, St. Mary's, Prince George's, Howard,
Baltimore, Worcester and Harford counties.
Sec. 2. And be it enacted, That this Act shall take effect from
the date of its passage.
Approved April 6th, 1894.
IfoS REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
CHAPTER 566, ACTS OF 1902.
AN ACT to repeal and re-enact Section 4 of Article 100 of the Code
of Public General Laws as enacted by Chapter 317, Acts of 1894,
title "Work — Hours of, in Factories" regulating the employment
of Children.
Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That
Section 4 of Article 100 of the Code of Public General Laws, title
"Work — Hours of, in Factories," be and the same is hereby repealed
and re-enacted, to read as follows :
Sec. 4. Be it enacted, That no proprietor or owner of any mill or
factory in this State, other than establishments for manufacturing of
canned goods, or manager, or agent, or foreman, or other person in
charge thereof, shall after the first day of October, in the year eighteen
hundred and ninety-four, employ or retain in employment in any
such mill or factory any person or persons under fourteen years of
age, unless said child is the only support of a widowed mother, invalid
father, or is solely dependent upon such employment for self-support,
and if any such proprietor or owner of any such mill or factory, or
manager, or agent, foreman or other person in charge thereof, shall
wilfully violate the provisions of this section he shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be fined not less than
one hundred dollars for each and every offence so committed and pay
the cost of prosecution, one-half to go to the informer and the other
half to the school fund of the county or city in which th^ offence shall
have been committed; provided, that nothing in this section shall apply
to Frederick, Washington, Queen Anne's, Carroll, Wicomico, Caro-
line, Kent, Somerset, Cecil, Calvert, St. Mary's, Prince George's,
Howard, Baltimore, Worcester, Garrett, Talbot, Montgomery and
Harford counties.
Approved April 11, 1902.
CHAPTER 269.
AN ACT to amend Article 77 of the Code of Public General Laws,
title "Public Education," by adding fifteen sections under the new
sub-title "School Attendance," to follow Section 123, and to be
numbered as Sections 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132,
133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, respectively.
Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland,
That the following sections be and they are hereby added to Article
77 of the Code of Public General Laws, title "Public Education,"
under the sub-title "School Attendance," to follow Section 123, and to
be numbered and designated as 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133, 134, 13s, 136, 137, 138, respectively.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. IO9
Sec. 124. Every child between eight and twelve year.s of age .shall
attend some day school regularly as defined in Section 131 of this sub-
title during the entire period of each year the public day .schools in the
city or county in which such child resides are in session unless it can
be shown that the child is elsewhere receiving regularly thorough
instructions during said period in the studies usually taught in the
said public schools to children of the same age; provided, that the
superintendent or principal of any school, or person or persons duly
authorized by such superintendent or principal, may excuse cases of
necessary absence among its enrolled pupils; and, provided, further,
that the provisions of this section shall not apply to a child whose
mental or physical condition is such as to render its instruction, as
above described, inexpedient or impracticable. Every person having
under his control a child between eight and twelve years of age shall
cause such child to attend school or receive instruction as required by
this section. Children over twelve years of age and under the age
of sixteen years, and every person having under his control such a child
shall be subject to the requirements of this section, unless .such chil-
dren are regularly and lawfully employed to labor at home or else-
where.
Sec. 125. Any person who has a child under his control and who
fails to comply with any of the provisions of the preceding section
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not exceeding
five dollars for each offence.
Sec. 126. Any person who induces or attempts to induce any child
to absent himself unlawfully from school, or employs or harbors while
school is in session any child absent unlawfully from school, shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not more than fifty
dollars.
Sec. 127. The Board of School Commissioners of Baltimore City
and the several Boards of County School Commissioners shall appoint,
and may remove at pleasure, persons to be known as "Attendance
Officers." The number to be appointed for the City of Baltimore shall
ont exceed twelve, and the number for any county shall not exceed
three. Their compensation shall be fixed and paid by the County Com-
missioners of the respective counties and by the Mayor and City Coun-
cil of Baltimore City, as the case may be.
Sec. 128. It shall be the duty of each attendance officer, and he
shall have full power, within the city or county for which he may be
appointed, to arrest without warrant any child between eight and six-
teen years of age found away from his home and who is a truant
from school, or who fails to attend school in accordance with the pro-
visions of this sub-title. He shall forthwith deliver a child so arrested
no REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
either to the custody of a person in parental relation to the child or
to the teacher from whose school such child is then a truant; but if
the child be a habitual or incorrigible truant, he shall bring him before
a justice of the peace for commitment by him to a "Parental School,"
as provided for in the next section, or to some other institution to
which disorderly children may be committed. The attendance officer
shall promptly report every such arrest and the disposition made by
him of the child so arrested to the School Commissioners of. the said
city or county, respectively, or to such person or persons as they may
direct.
Sec. 129. The Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, and the sev-
eral Boards of County Commissioners may establish schools, to be
known as Parental Schools, for children between eight and sixteen
years of age who are habitually truants from school or from instruc-
tion. They may also provide for the confinement, maintenance and
instruction of such children in such schools, for such period and under
such rules and regulations as they may prescribe, not exceeding the
remainder of the school year. Justices of the peace may commit such
children to such parental schools, but no person convicted of any
crime, or of any offence, other than truancy, shall be committed thereto.
Sec. 130. It shall be the duty of the Police Commissioner?) of Bal-
timore city, at the same time that the census of legal voters in said
city is taken under their direction, as provided by Section 17 of Ar-
ticle 23 of the Code of Public General Laws, also to cause to be made
by the members of the force under their control, annually, a separate
record of the full name, age, color and sex of every child between six
and sixteen years of age, in each precinct of the said city, and the
place where, and the year and month when such children last attended
school, together with the name and address of the parents, guardians
or persons in parental relation, and of employers of such children,
which record shall be furnished by said Police Commissioners to the
Board of School Commissioners of Baltimore City; whosoever has
under his control a child between said ages and withholds information
in his possession from any officer demanding it, relating to the items
aforesaid, or makes any false statement in regard to the same, shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not more than twenty
dollars.
Sec. 131. It shall be the duty of the principal or head teacher of every
public school or private school in this State to report immediately to
the School Commissioners of the county where such school is located,
or of Baltimore city, if located therein, or to an attendance officer or
other official designated by such commissioners, the names of all chil-
dren enrolled in his or her school who have been absent or irregular
in attendance three days, or their equivalent, without lawful excuse,
within a period of eight consecutive weeks.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. Ill
Sec. 132. No proprietor or owner of any mill or factory in this
State, other than establishments for manufacturing canned goods, or
manager, or agent, foreman or other person in charge thereof, shall
employ or retain in employment in any such mill or factory any per-
son or persons under sixteen years of age, unless he procures at the
time of such employment or retention in employment, and keeps on
file and accessible to the attendance officers of the city or county
where such minor is employed, a certificate of the principal or head
teacher of the school which such child last attended, stating that such
child is more than twelve years of age, and a like certificate of the
parent or guardian, or other person having control of such child; but
the first-named certificate need not be procured if such child has not
attended school in this State. He shall require such certificates, shall
keep them in his place of business during the time the child is in his
employment and shall show the same during his business hours to any
attendance officer who may demand to see them, or either of them;
and for each failure to comply with any of the provisions of this sec-
tion he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not exceed-
ing one hundred dollars. Whoever continues to employ any such
child under sixteen years of age in violation of this section, after being
notified of such violation by an attendance officer, shall for every day
thereafter that such unlawful employment continues be fined not less
than five or more than twenty dollars, in addition to other penalties
prescribed by this section for such offences. A failure to produce on
demand to an attendance officer any certificate required by this section,
shall be prima facie evidence that the child who is or who should
have been mentioned in the said certificate is thus unlawfully employed.
Sec. 133. It shall be the duty of every parent, guardian or other
person having control of a child under sixteen years of agp, and of
every principal or head teacher of said school where such child last
attended, to furnish every employer of such child the certificates re-
quired by the preceding section. Such certificates, if in substantial
conformity of the requirements of that section, shall be prima facie
evidence of the facts required to be certified thereto as therein provided.
Sec. 134. Any parent or guardian or other person having control
of a child, or principal or head teacher who shall make any wilfully
false statement respecting any of the facts required to be certified to
as provided in Sections 132 and 133 of this sub-title, shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not more than fifty dollars,
or to be imprisoned not more than thirty days, or suffer both fine and
imprisonment in the discretion of the court.
Sec. 135. No person shall employ any minor over twelve and less
than sixteen years of age, and no parent, guardian or other person
having control of a child shall permit to be employed or retained in
emplojrment any such minor under his control, if the said minor cannot
112 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English lan-
guage while a public evening school is maintained in the city or elec-
tion district or precinct in which such minor resides, unless such minor
is a regular attendant at an evening or otlier school ; provided, that
upon presentation by such minor of a certificate signed by a regular
practicing physician, and satisfactory to such officer or officers as the
School Commissioners for the county or city may designate, showing
that the physical condition of such minor would render such atten-
dance, in addition to daily labor, prejudicial to health, said officer or
officers so designated may issue a permit authorizing the employment
of such minor for such period and upon such conditions as said officer
or officers so designated as aforesaid may determine. Any person
who employs or retains in employment a minor in violation of the
provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor
and be fined for each offence not more than one hundred dollars, which
fines shall be paid to the School Commissioners for use in supporting
evening schools in such city or coimty. Any parent, guardian or other
person having control of such a child, who permits to be employed
any minor under his control in violation of the provisions of this sec-
tion shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be fined not more
than twenty dollars, which fines shall be also paid to the School Com-
missioners for use in supporting evening schools in such city and
county.
Sec. 136. In any city or county where attendance officers may have
been appointed, it shall be the duty of the School Commissioners to
designate an attendance officer, who shall once or more frequently
in every year examine into the situation of the children em-
ployed in such mills and factories in said city or county, and to ascer-
tain whether all the provisions of this sub-title are duly observed and
report all violations thereof to the grand jury of the said city or county.
Sec. 137. Attendance officers may visit all establishments where
minors are employed in their several cities and counties and ascertain
whether any minors are employed therein contrary to the provisions
of this sub-title. Attendance officers may require that the certificates
provided for in this sub-title of minors employed in such establish-
ments shall be produced for their inspection.
Sec. 138. Any person violating any provision of this sub-title, where
no special provision as to the penalty for such violation is made, shall
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not exceeding fifty
dollars for each offence; provided, however, that the provisions of this
Act shall be restricted to the City of Baltimore and Allegany County.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That this Act shall take effect
on September i, 1902.
Approved April 8, 1902.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. If 3
WORK UNDER AUSPICES OF CONSUMER'S LEAGUE
That these laws have been ineffective, or that they have not
in any way interfered with the employment of children in
manufacturing or mercantile pursuits in this State is well
known. But the continued agitation and discussion of the
subject, joined to the protests of organized labor, has enlisted
the sympathies of many women and men, who are trying to
make better conditions for the little toilers and the big ones.
These ladies have formed what is known as the Consumers'
League, with headquarters in New York, and branches in
nearly all large cities throughout the Union. The object of
the League is first to ascertain the conditions surrounding the
manufacture of certain wearing apparel and then refuse to
buy it unless made in proper environment, by well paid labor.
The Baltimore branch of this League employed Mr. Chas. F.
Ranft, a graduate student of Johns Hopkins University, to
make an investigation of the employment of women and chil-
dren, under the supervision of and assisted by this Depart-
ment, during the summer months of 1903. The undertaking
was much larger than the association could possibly have an-
ticipated. Women and children are employed in every avenue
of trade and manufacture, and a close investigation of every
establishment where they could be found would involve the
work of a year, with a large force of employees. This being
impossible, and with the view of securing information as to
the general factory condition of these persons, the factories
in certain industries were selected as being the best types of
factory employment of women and children. Those employed
in the sweat-shops are in so much worse condition and their
environment having been so fully investigated and reported
upon in this and previous reports that it was not thought
necessary to "§0 over the same ground again.
It should be well understood, however, that the investiga-
tion shows the conditions existing under the most favorable
circumstances, and that the industries investigated are those
in which there is little neighborhood or household manufactur-
1 14 REPORT Q-p THE BUREAU OE
ing done except on partially made goods, and where great
capital is invested in large plants and huge buildings, necessi-
tating improved machinery, etc.
These industries are as follows :
Manufacturing of Coat Pads.
Making of Ladies' Wrappers.
Making of Ladies' Skirts.
Making of Corsets.
Making of Ladies' Waists.
Making of Boys' and Children's Wear.
Manufacturing Overalls, Drawers and Shirts.
Manufacturing Shirts.
Manufacturing Shoes.
Manufacture of Umbrellas.
Manufacturing Cigars, Cigarettes, etc.
WHAT THE TABLES SHOW.
We shall take up the industries for analyzation in the order
named, keeping in mind at all times that they do not repre-
sent the conditions of all engaged in the industry.
The eleven industries that were examined show a total list
of employees of 11,028; of whom 1,899 ^^^ males and
9,129 are females. Of these numbers 68 males and 576 fe-
males are reported by the employers to be under sixteen years
of age and only one female under twelve years of age. It is
very hard to believe these statements, which are made by the
employers. If the Compulsory Education Law was fully
enforced in the city every one of these manufacturing estab-
lishments should have on file, subject to inspection, certificates
from the parents or teachers of all the children in these various
industries, but only one factory had any such certificates on
file, and this one had only sixty-eight such certificates for up-
wards of 300 children employed.
We desire to be positive in the statement that we do not be-
lieve these figures indicate the number of children employed
in these industries of fourteen years of age or under, as re-
quired by the Act of 1902, Chapter 566. The Act alluded to
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
115
does not put it in the power of this Bureau to enforce the law,
and we jnust assume, that like all other Acts of the Legisla-
ture coming under the category of police regulations, the
same should be strictly enforced by the police department.
Just how this is to be done it is not for us to say. It is also a
fact that these industries are among the best regulated in the
community that employ female and child labor.
The wages paid in the various industries are problematical.
It is impossible to secure absolute data from the various em-
ployers, as the great majority refuse to allow an inspection of
their pay rolls, but by reference to the census of 1900, the fol-
lowing averages for some of the industries are ascertained :
Industry
Average Wages
Paid per Annum
to Women
Average Wages
Paid per Annum
to Children
Women's Clothing, Factory product
Corsets
Shirt Making
Tobacco, Cigars and Cigarettes ....
Boots and Shoes
Umbrellas
Other Industries
$117
95
117
135
153
The home surroundings of many of these employees are far
from being as good as the environment of the factory ; that is
to say, the factory is kept cleaner, there are more conveniences
there and altogether a stricter regard for the health of those
engaged therein than is sometimes found in the homes of the
very poorest in the poorer districts.
COAT PADS.
This industry is one of the new occupations in which women
and children are especially employed. Indeed, very few em-
ployees in the pad industry are other than children from ten to
sixteen years of age.
There are only three such factories in the city of Baltimore,
one of which is in excellent shape and entirely modern, while
the other two are dwellinsfs converted into factories. These
ii6 RRPORT OP thh; bureau of
three factories employ a total of 804 hands, of whom 746 are
females and 58 males, and of this number of females,
148 are under sixteen years of age, and one is reported under
twelve years of age. It should be remembered, however, that
these figures are given by the employers, and it is the opinion
of this Bureau that very many more than are herein reported
are twelve years of age, or under.
The workrooms are all in a clean condition and there is
only one instance where there is less than the required num-
ber of cubic feet of space to a person, that being in a modern
factory.
In one of the factories reported on it will be observed by
the table that follows that the ventilation is very bad and that
the drainage of the water closet is to a well. While the num-
ber of hours of labor required per day in all cases is ten, it is
to be noticed that only a half hour is allowed for lunch, and,
therefore, very little fresh air or recreation can be secured by
these children during the day.
In one of the buildings reported on it will be noticed that
there are only two water closets to a building in which ninety
persons are employed, and the means of egress in case of fire
is hardly sufficient.
Taken as a whole the factory conditions in the coat-pad
industry is only better today than it was a year ago.
In no case were the requirements of the law passed at the
last session of the Legislature, known as the Compulsory
Education Law, being complied with. In only one of these
factories were there any certificates from the parents or
teachers showing the age of the child, and very little depen-
dence can be placed upon the statements made by the em-
ployers or the children as to their ages.
Factory No. i shows the worse conditions in this industry.
The employees of all these factories are the children of the
poorest class in the community, and the conditions at home
are probably no better than that in the factory, if as good.
The work consists in sewing together two or three or more
pieces of cotton cut in the proper shape and covered with fibre
or other thin material, which is used by the clothing trade in
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. II7
the manufacture of coats. The children stand in front of a
long bench all the time they are at work, and baste tliesc pieces
together, after which they are passed to the machine operator,
who stitches them together on the machine. Of course, those
who are working at the sewing machines are not under as
severe a strain as the younger children, who stand all day
gathering the pieces together and basting them. The work
is nearly all done by the piece, prices varying according to
the quality and the number of pieces of cotton to be inserted
in a pad. Improvements have been continually made in the
manufacture of these pads until now a large portion of the
work is done by machine which was formerly done by hand.
The proprietors of these three factories are Americans by
birth, and owing to the nature of the industry it will not ex-
tend, even with the growth of the clothing trade, into a house-
hold or neighborhood industry.
Mr. Ranft has made some personal investigation into the
homes of the child employees of these factories, and the fol-
lowing interviews will probably give the reader a better oppor-
tunity of judging of the conditions and environment of these
children than cold figures or tabulated statements.
A carpi:t wEavisr's i^amily.
The first visit to the home of a little girl of fourteen years
brought the mother from her daily task at the washtub to
relate how her husband, a cripple and a carpet weaver by
trade, had averaged only five months' work during the year,
and that of the ten children living, the youngest two years
old and the oldest twenty-two years old; three worked, one
keeps house, while the rest are yet in a state of dependency.
Though husband, wife and children work at their best, the
combined expenses of house rent, fuel, doctor's bills, life
insurance and living requisites leave no chance for saving,
and her positive statement is that only by hard struggling the
needs of the family are met. The little girl averaged $3
per week, and this was declared to be a very pronounced help
to the general fund. An additional reason for the little girl
going to work was her avowed dislike for school, from which
Il8 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OP
she was taken and assigned to work when only twelve }'ears
old. The impression created is one of a houshold that requires
each member to contribute his share in order to make conditions
meet, suggesting, however, the possibility that by relatively
more moderate demands, education could extend a greater
number of years to the younger members of the family.
FOURTEEN YEARS OLD AND EARNS $2.50,
The mother of a little girl of fourteen years declared that,
although her husband earned $10 per week, the little gifl's
$2.50 per week, and, receiving from other sources an amount
which made the income about $i6 per week, she is barely
able to make this income meet the expenditure. The house
is owned by the family, but the expense attached to the life
of eight children, one of whom is chronically ill, means doc-
tor's bills, life insurance, a full food supply and many inci-
dentals demanded by health and vigor. The little girl has
been taken from work and now goes to school, but this the
mother declares was not Without additional economy and
work on her own part. It is the mother's desire to equip
her children with the greatest amount of education that can
be had under the prevailing conditions, and it is also undoubt-
edly true that the economy of the household is conducted by
the mother, for the father, addicted to the use of intoxicants,
can hardly be relied upon as the more capable administrator
of family affairs.
AT WORK AT TWELVE YEARS.
A child of twelve years at work only four weeks, was the
means of support of herself and widowed mother, who occupy
two rooms in the home of a private family, where the mother
washes and irons for the living of both. The work at the
factory did not agree with the little one and she is back to
school, while the mother is making an earnest effort to main-
tain her right to live.
OUGHT NOT TO BE AT WORK.
At the home of a little girl of thirteen the surroundings
point to a comfortable condition of life where the father earns
STATISTICS AND INI-'OKMATION. I I9
$9 per week; the mother, $8; while the earnings of the child
are $4 per week; the board paid by an aunt, and additional
earnings from an elder son, make the weekly income about
$30. The house rent and insurance is about $3.30 per week,
and the household expenses and clothing take a good portion,
yet every indication points to a demand for the best food and
best dress and a somewhat freer use of the money income than
is made in previous cases: There is no question but that the
child at work could have received a better education without
stint to the family.
A HARD struggle;.
With a husband whose work is unsteady, a child sick with
scarlet fever, the mother of a family of three children related
how difficult it is to make ends meet. Two children had been
at work, but the fever kept them at home, while the husband's
idleness aggravated the situation intensely. The conditions
are not the same at all times, howevei', though at their best it
means much difficulty to live even comfortably. The rent of
four second-floor rooms is $5 per month, and doctor's bills
and living requisites tend to create a need for the help of the
younger members of the family, though it seems unjust that
the education of a little girl of eleven should be sacrificed for
the contribution of $2 per week to the family income.
GETTING AIvONG VERY WELL.
The home surroundings of two sisters, whose ages are
thirteen years and fifteen years, respectively, point to com-
fortable conditions due to the energy and thrift of the mother,
combined with somewhat favorable circumstances. The father
(a stevedore) has work at intervals only; the mother shucks
oysters ; the eldest son makes $5 per week ; while the girls
average about $4.60 per week. This constitutes the working
force of the family, while the two younger children are still
at school. The mother owns the house, the expenses of which
are about $8 per month, but, together with the cost of living,
it is clear that both girls could have secured a longer stay at
school than was accorded them without actual distress to the
I20 REPORT OP the; bureau of
family. The mother was induced by the persuasion of the
girls to allow them to work earlier in life than otherwise be-
cause of the dislike of school duties and her own desire to
increase the income of the family to satisfy the wants more
properly.
AT THIRTEEN YEARS A GREAT HELP.
The support of seven children, the oldest of whom is only
thirteen years, means a great deal to the mother of the family
when the little girl's earnings are, at the most, $2.75 per week,
and the father (a stevedore) is at loss for work a portion of
the year. It is no wonder, therefore, that the mother, wash-
ing and ironing as a means of support, tells how difficult it is
to keep the household from want. At the time of the investi-
gation, matters were such that the life insurance of thirty-five
cents per week had to be discontinued, while it was difficult
to pay the $1 per week house rent in addition to the needs of
life. The husband's idleness was due to his inability to pro-
cure work as a stevedore, and the money earned by the
daughter was more than a positive help, the mother declaring
that without this amount she would be unable to keep up.
PUT TO WORK EAREY.
The guardian of a child of fifteen states her reason for
allowing the girl to work when only thirteen years old as the
unwillingness of the child to study and the desire for work.
The father of the Httle girl died when she was quite young,
and the mother, an inebriate, had treated her so cruelly that
she was given to her present caretaker with the hope that a
better training might be afforded. The child is practically
unable to read or write, though her environment is good, and
the family surroundings point to a better condition than is
ordinarily met with in this direction. The opportunity for a
better education could be well supplied and it is only for the
above reasons that such opportunity was not urged.
ONE OE A FAMILY OF ELEVEN.
The earnings of a little miss of fourteen, averaging about
$2.25 per week, were counted a great help in a household of
STATISTICS AND INP'ORM A'PION. 121
eleven persons — father, mother and nine children, and
especially so, since the father, whose occupation is steve-
dore's work, has many periods of enforced idleness. The
mother, whose work at home means the actual management
of the family, declares it impossible to save, and maintains it
to be a hard struggle from beginning to end. The appear-
ances of the home indicate a general needy condition.
AN ItXAMPLU TO be: FOLLOWED.
Through hard and constant effort the blind father of a
little girl of twelve has accumulated enough money to send
the little one to school in the winter, though during the sum-
mer she was put to work for the reason, in the father'?
words, "to keep her off the streets." The home is poorly
furnished, yet the condition of the family — father, two
daughters and a son-in-law — is not at all needy, since the
father, besides helping to support the family, has by thrift
and energy accumulated $400. He expressed a sincere
desire to have his child procure a good education, and de-
clared he would keep her at school as long as he was able to
work. "Education," he declared, "will be hereafter the sole
qualification for obtaining a station in life, and for this
reason I desire my daughter to go to school as long as she
is able."
NOT THE RIGHT WAY.
"I sent my little "one to work because she would pay no
attention to school," declared the mother of a child of four-
teen, whose home life is very good indeed, and the father of
whom can well afford to keep her at school. The mother
wishes her to continue at her present occupation until she is
able to "select a trade" for her, which seems to be the
mother's ambition for her child. The family consists of
father, mother and five children ; the home conditions point
to moderate and comfortable circumstances, and there is no
reason to believe that $2.00 per week, which the child earns,
is a necessity or even a requirement for the support of the
family.
122 RIiPORT OF THE BURKAU OF
WILL GO TO SCHOOL AGAIN.
The home of a little girl of thirteen shows a very fair
condition of life, and it would hardly be expected that, in
addition to the support furnished by the father and son, the
mother also goes out to work, while the girl, now back to
school, was sent to work in the summer because she desired
to be in companionship with others whom she knew at work.
The family can well allow her to go to school, and since the
condition of life is above the ordinary, there is no necessity
for her to work as a help to the general support of the family.
HER LABOR NOT NECESSARY.
Because of her desire to work and to keep her from mis-
chief, a child of fifteen is allowed to earn $2.50 per week,
though her father — a laborer — could admittedly support her
were she kept at school. The mother is dead, and the father
would allow her to continue to go to school should she so de-
sire, but her aversion to school duties, combined with the feeling
"that every little helps," assures her own way in the matter.
There is no indication of absolute necessity in the home,
for the surroundings show a very fair circumstance and a com-
fortable condition.
AT FOURTEEN THE MAINSTAY OF THE FAMILY.
To be one of the mainstays in the support of the family of
a mother and two crippled brothers is a large responsibility
to devolve upon a lad of fourteen, yet his earnings of $3.50
per week are reckoned as a great help to the family income,
when there is no father to supply a weekly quota. The four
rooms on the second and third floors are kept in a very clean
and neat condition, and the mother strives hard with her
daily earnings to keep up the fight of life. The boy has been
ill with typhoid fever, and during that time the struggle has
been extremely hard. The circumstances seemed all the more
pitiable when it was discovered that the lad inclined toward
books and seemed rather more adapted for the work of a school
than for manual labor. It is, however, one of the exigencies
of life that he has been compelled to add to the support of the
family since he was twelve years old, and his preliminary edu-
cation has been of the most elementary kind.
STATISTICS AND INI^ORMATION. I 23
LADIES' WRAPPERS. !
The manufacture of ladies' wrappers in factories in this city
is almost a new industry, and only two factories have been
inspected as typical of the business. The employees in these
two factories are not confined to the making of wrappers, but
at times are employed on other garments, such as kimonas,
shirt waists and suits. Both of these factories are located
above the first floors and there is ample air space for the per-
sons employed therein. Much of the work from these fac-
tories is done in private families and in reformatory institu-
tions.
The whole number employed in these two factories is 31
males and 103 females, of which number 17 females and one
male are under sixteen years of age.
The sanitary conditions are reported very good and the
hours of work in this industry do not exceed nine and one-
half hours, with a half day on Saturday. Most of the
work is piece work, and in one of these factories the males
and females must use the same toilet and washrooms.
One of these factories is heated by steam and the other by
coal, and four of the rooms are well ventilated and two only
fairly so.
LADIES' SKIRTS.
Six factories were inspected where ladies' skirts are manu-
factured. In the table which follows will be found that these
factories were managed or owned by two of German birth,
one of Hungarian and three of American. They all occupied
front buildings, and ten of the workrooms were located in the
front part of those buildings and three in the rear. Three
rooms were located on the first, five on the second, three on
the third and one each on the fourth and fifth floors of the
buildings. One of them is reported as having less than 400
cubic feet of space per person, as required by law.
Of the 145 persons employed in these six factories, onh-
five females were reported under sixteen }ears of age, and
70 of the 145 were males and 75 females.
124 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
The workrooms were all reported clean and the ventilation
either fair or good. Steam and coal were used for heating
purposes, and gas and electric light prevailed for lighting.
Two of the huildings had well drainage, and all except one
had gas or electric power with which to run the machinery.
Nine and one-half hours was the extreme limit of a work-
day in these factories, two of them only working nine hours a
day, and during the summer all only worked a half day on
Saturday. In four places one hour was allowed for lunch,
and in two places a half hour was allowed.
Two factories report giving out work to private families.
Five of the buildings had two water closets each, and one of
them had five such places. In two instances males and fe-
males . used the same water closets. The general sanitary
conditions are reported good in all cases.
CORSETS.
Under this heading will be found in Table No. 4, four es-
tablishrhents manufacturing corsets. These are not strictly
factories. Much of their work is only order or custom work.
Three of them are located in dwelling houses, and only one in
a factory building. One is conducted by a person of French
birth, one by a German and two by persons of American birth.
All are located in front buildings, and two occupy rear rooms ;
while four are on the second floor, one on the first and two on
the third floors of the buildings. They all have ample air
space, and are kept in clean condition, with good ventilation,
with coal heat and gas light.
Two of the houses have wells for drainage. Three of the
factories run machines by foot power, and three work only
nine hours a day and one eight hours. Three of these places
have two water closets each and one has only one, but they are
separate for sexes, and conditions of same are generally good.
In one of these factories fines are imposed when employees are
late at work. There are twenty-one persons employed in these
places, all adults, and eighteen of them females.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. I 25
LADIES' WAISTvS.
This is a large and growing industr). The inves-
tigation embraced eight cstahhshmcnls. one of which
was located in a dwelling, while the other seven
were strictly factories. Four of the employers were
native born and four of German birth. Six occupied
front and two rear buildings ; and twenty-four rooms utilized
were in the front part of the buildings and four in the rear,
while all were above the first floor — eight being on the second
floor, eight on the third, five on the fourth, five on the fifth
and two on the sixth floor. All had ample air space, though
some rooms were crowded. A total of 860 persons were em-
ployed in these rooms, 809 of whom were females and. 51
males ; thirty-one were females under sixteen years of age,
though it is suspected that there were many more than this
number under age, as no certificates from parents or teachers
were on file in the offices. All the rooms were clean and well
ventilated, and five were buildings heated by steam and three
by coal ; seven were lighted by gas and one by electricity. Two
of the buildings had wells in the yards for drainage and six
were connected with sewers. All machines were worked by
power. Only one factory worked ten hours a day, three
worked nine and a-half hours, three worked nine hours and
one worked eight hours, and all worked less than a full day on
Saturday. In one place fines were imposed. Only two of the
factories manufacture all their goods on the premises, the
other six having large quantities manufactured in private
families in the city and in Western Maryland and Pennsyl-
vania. Two of the factories are reported to have barely suf-
ficient means of egress in case of fire. Three report only one
water closet, one reports ten and one each four, three, nine
and fifteen. In three factories water closets are the same for
men and women, and in five they are separate for sexes. The
condition of all the closets was reported good, as was the
general sanitary conditions. Separate washrooms for males
and females were reported in two places only.
126 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
BOYS' AND CHILDREN'S WEAR.
Eight establishments were investigated in which this work
was carried on, six of which were in factory buildings and two
in dwellings. Six of those running the establishments were
native born, one Austrian, one Russian, one Polish, one Ger-
man and one Irish. Eight were in front buildings and one in
a rear building, while three rooms were used in the rear part
of the building, one in the middle and twelve in the front.
Two of these rooms were on the first floor, six on the second,
five on the third, two on the fourth and one on the seventh
floor.
Only one establishment was reported as having less than
the required 400 feet of cubic space. In these eight factories
212 persons v/ere employed, composed of 16 males and
196 females, of whom one male and eight females were less
than sixteen )^ears of age.
All the workrooms were reported in a clean and sanitary
condition, and ventilation good. Five were heated by coal,
two by steam, and one by coal oil. All were lighted by gas,
and seven had sewer connections for closets and one had well
drainage. In one factory machines were run by foot power
and the others by gas and electricity.
Three establishments worked ten hours, two worked nine
and a-half hours, two worked nine hours and one worked
eight hours a day. All worked a half day on Saturday in
summer. Six allowed half an hour for lunch and two allowed
one hour. Six establishments report that they give work out
to private families, also to persons in Virginia and to con-
tractors ; and two report making all goods on premises. Two
places are reported as having means of egress in case of fire
that are hardly sufficient, and six have ample means of egress.
Five of these establishments provide no washrooms for fe-
males, but three do. Only one establishment has four water
closets, three of them two each, three of them three each and
one only one, and in two cases the same closets are used by
males and females. In one case the condition of the closets
was reported bad, and all the others good. The general sani-
tary conditions were found very good.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. I 27
However good these conditions at the time of inspection, in
one establishment gaslight was largely necessary in the day
time; in another place it is reported that during the busy sea-
son the room would be so crowded with employees as to reduce
the air space to much less than the law calls for, and in two
other cases negroes were employed in the same establishments,
though in separate rooms from the white persons. There is
need for close watching of this industry as it continues to
grow, because violations of the law providing for 400 cubic
feet of space and other requirements will grow with the
business.
OVERALLS, SHIRTS AND DRAWERS.
This is a very large industry in Baltimore, but it should not
be confounded with the manufacture of dress shirts, though
some of the establishments enumerated in Table No. 7 d
manufacture some few dress shirts. The large concerns
manufacturing overalls, shirts and drawers employ mostly
women and children, and on the whole the factories are in a
very fair condition.
It will be seen by the table that thirteen establishments were
investigated, twelve of which were located in factory buildings
and one in a dwelling.
Four of the proprietors were born in Germany, ten in the
United States, one in Russia and one in Austria. All of the
buildings used were front buildings, and twenty-two of the
rooms utilized were in the front, two in the rear and one in
the middle of the buildings. The rooms in which the work
was done were located as follows : Five on the first floor, six
on the second, six on the third, four on the fourth and two on
the fifth floors.
In one of the rooms utilized there is not sufficient air space
per person as required by law, but all the rest had an ample
number of cubic feet. Two hundred and eighty-five persons
were employed in the thirteen establishments, of which num-
ber 57 were males and 234 females; 3 of these males and 19
of the females were under sixteen years of age.
128 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
All the rooms were reported to be in a clean and sanitary
condition, and the ventilation was reported very good.
Twelve of these buildings were heated by coal and one by
steam and all of them used gas, or electric light. In four of
the establishments the drainage was to a well, either located in
the yard or in the buildings. The machine power in all cases
w^ere gas, electric or steam, only one using foot power. Three
of the factories \vorked ten hours a day, six nine and half
hours, one nine and quarter, one nine, one seven and one
irregular number of hours. Nearly all of them worked less
than a day on Saturdays ; one of them working nine and one-
quarter hours and the other twelve working only a half day.
Ten of these establishments allowed a half hour for lunch,
one one hour, one three-quarters of an hour and one no regu-
lar time. Three of the establishments enforced fines for var-
ious reasons, such as leaving machines uncovered, changing
clothing during working hours, for failing to clean machines
properly and for negligence of any kind. Two of the factories
investigated manufactured all goods on the premises and
eleven gave out work to private families or by contract to other
factories. Twelve had plenty of means of egress in case of fire
and one did not.
In twelve factories no washrooms were provided for fe-
males. The thirteen establishments had twenty-eight water
closets attached, and in ten cases they were separate for sexes
and in three cases were not. The water closets and general
sanitary conditions were reported as being very good.
NIGHT AND DRESS SHIRTS.
Table No. 8 presents the figures for thirty-four factories
utilized in the shirt industry, which is one of the largest manu-
facturing industries of the city. Of these thirty-four fac-
tories, thirty-one are owned wholly or partly by American-
born persons, two by German and one each by French and
Russian. Thirty-two of them are in front buildings and two
in rear buildings. Of the number of rooms occupied, 136 are
in the front, three in the rear and two in the middle of these
buildings. Seventeen of the rooms thus utilized are on the first
S'I'ATTS'riCS AND INI'ORMATION. 1 29
floor, thirty-fonr on tlic second, lliirty-onc on llu- thirf!. twenty-
eight on the fourtli, eiglitecn fjn the fifth, nine on the sixth and
two on the seventh floor, and three are reported in the cellar
Eight of these rooms have less than the retjnircd numher of
cubic feet of space for each person ein])loyed therein anrl are
thus openly violating the law.
There are reported 5,920 persons employerl in the industry,
of whom 1,110 are males and 4,8ro are females. Forty-three
of the males and 244 of the females are under sixteen years of
age. The workrooms are reported as clean and in sanitary
condition and the ventilation good. Fourteen places are
heated by coal and twenty by steam, while thirty-one use gas
and ten electricity for lighting purposes. Twenty-eight of
these places have the closets connected with sewers and six of
them drain into a well. Eleven have electric power to run
machines, twelve have steam, eight use gas and two use foot-
power.
The hours of labor vary: i works ten and half hours; 15
work ten hours ; 10 work nine and half hours ; 3 work nine
hours ; 3 work eight hours ; i works eight and three-quarter
hours, and 2 work irregular. This diversity of hours is
caused by the fact that nearly all of the work in these factories
is done by the piece and different departments work different
hours. Nearly all of these factories work less than the regu-
lar hours on Saturday, a majority of them working only a half
day. The time allowed for lunch varies as well as the hours
of work, in twenty-nine of them only a half hour is allowed,
and in one three-quarters of an hour and one allowed one
hour, while three are reported irregular.
In seven of these establishments fines are imposed for var-
ious causes, such as throwing material on the floor, leaving oil
can open, for dressing before the proper time, for spoiling
work and for talking. Nineteen factories report that all w^ork
is clone on the premises and fifteen report that they give work
out to private families or by contract to other factories.
Thirty-three of these buildings are reported as having ample
means of egress in case of fire and one hardly sufficient means.
Separate washrooms are provided for females in only seven
of these places, and twenty-seven report no such separate wash-
130 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
rooms. Three of these buildings are reported as having only
one water closet each, while the rest vary according to the
number of floors, from two to fifteen. Of this large number
of factories, twenty-eight of them report separate closets for
sexes and six report that the males and females use the same
toilet rooms. Only two of the closets are reported in bad con-
dition, and all the places are reported as having good sanitary
conditions, while the general surroundings of all the factories
are reported fairly good.
It should be borne in mind, however, that these are the best
shirt factories in the city, and that there are a number of
smaller places where the conditions are by no means as good.
SHOES.
Of the eight factories inspected, two made men's shoes
and six manufactured ladies' shoes. Seven of the proprietors
were native born and one was from Germany. These factories
occupy front buildings, and the location of the workrooms was
seven in front and two in the rear part of these buildings;
three of these rooms were located on the second floor, three
on the third floor, two on the fourth floor, and one on the fifth
floor. There was ample air space for all employed in these
buildings.
Two hundred and thirty-four females and 51 males were
employed in the several factories, making a total of 285, of
which number 2 males and 16 females were under sixteen
years of age. The workrooms are reported clean and the ven-
tilation as good, though in one case the ventilation was bad.
Five of these factories were heated by steam, one by steam and
coal and one by coal. All used gas or electricity for lighting
purposes. The water closets of these buildings were drained
into the sewers and all the power used was electricity, gas or
steam. One of the shops worked ten and a-half hours a day,
three ten hours, and four nine and a-half hours. In all of them
a half hour was allowed for lunch and in one of the factories
fines were imposed for negligence. All goods were made on
the premises, except in one case, where some of the work was
done in private families. The means of egress in case of fire
STATISTICS AND INr'ORMATlON. I3I
were uniformly g'oocl, except in one instance. Separate wash-
rooms were provided for females in seven establishments, but
none in the other one. One building had six water closets,
three had five, two had four, one had three and one had two.
All report the water closets as being separate for sexes and
the general sanitary conditions and the conditions of the water
•closets were reported good. '
UMBRELLAS.
This industry is comparatively a new one in this city, though
•one of the factories inspected has been in existence for a num-
ber of years, but it is only within the last five years that the
business has grown to the proportions that now exist. Of the
seven factories inspected, four were owned by native Ameri-
cans, two by Germans and two by Russians. They all occupy
front buildings and the rooms are located in the front of these
buildings. Five of the rooms utilized are on the first, four on
the fourth floor, one on the second, one on the sixth and one
on the seventh floors of the respective buildings. There is
ample air space for all employed.
Three hundred and twenty-one persons are employed in
these seven factories, of which number 48 are males and 273
females, and five of the females are reported to be under six-
teen years of age. The workrooms were all clean and the
ventilation good. Six of these places were heated by coal and
one by steam. Five used gas and two electricity for lighting
purposes, and all of them had sewerage drainage, except one,
which drained into a well. Electricity was used in all the
places for machine power. Five of the factories worked nine
and a-half hours, one nine and a quarter hours and one worked
ten hours a day. All of them worked a short day on Satur-
day in the summer and from seven to eight hours on Saturday
in the winter. Six of the factories allowed a half hour for
lunch, one three-quarters of an hour and one allowed one hour.
All goods were made on the premises and the means of egress
in case of fire were plenty in all cases but one. Two of the
places provided w^ashrooms for the females and five did not.
One of the buildings had five water closets attached, two
had three, one had four, one had eight and two had two each.
132 RKl'ORT OF THE 15UREAU OF
all of them had separate closets for sexes. The general sani-
tary conditions and the condition of the closets are reported
good in all cases.
CIGARS, CIGARETTES, SMOKING TOBACCO, ETC.
This long established business in Baltimore was only in-
spected in the large establishments. These ten factories are
owned by five Germans, four Americans and one Russian.
They all occupy front buildings and the workrooms are all
located in the front of these buildings. One of the work-
rooms is in the cellar, one on the first floor, nine on the second
floor, five on the third floor, ten on the fourth floor, three on
the fifth floor, two on the sixth floor, one on the seventh floor
and one on the eighth floor of the buildings, and one of the
places is reported as having less than the required number of
cubic feet of space for the employees.
One thousand nine hundred and eighty-one persons are em-
ployed in these ten establishments, of whom 410 are males
and 1,571 are females; 18 of the males and 83 of the females
are under sixteen years of age. The workrooms are all clean
and the ventilation good. Nine of the buildings were heated
by steam, and one by coal ; six were lighted by electricity and
four by gas. In nine of them the closets drained to the sewer
and one of them into a w^ell. Steam power was used through-
out and the working hours were as follows : One establish-
ment worked eight and one-half hours, one nine hours, one
nine and one-half hours, one nine and three-quarter hours,
two ten hours, and one nine and ten hours a day. Four of
these establishments report the lunch hour as irregular, two of
them report one hour for lunch and four of them a half hour
for lunch. In one factory fines are imposed. All had suffi-
cient means of egress in case of fire and all manufactured all
goods on the premises. In five buildings separate washrooms
were provided for females and in five they were not. There
was an ample number of water closets in all cases, and all of
them provided separate closets for the sexes. The condition
of the closets and the general sanitary conditions were re-
ported good.
In one factory 25 negresses were employed as strippers.
\
I
TABLE 3-— Ladies' Skirts.
_
In«|iecllon.
DIrlliplacc of
or P*rt'i»tly
1
h
&
1
i.
%l
Inspected.
i
-J
If
j=5
Whole
Number
Employed.
Number
l^mploycd
t
Jl
1
1
^
1
1 .
J
'^l2 .
111
||s
a"'
5
1
II
■s
1
1^
1
r
h
i
r
il
Jii
||
Is
3
2
il
.1
1
1
t
3
^DweTllni."
1
j
s
1
1
11
Juir «
July »o
July"
July «
July 10
July 1!
r.crnany
CemiBny
New Jersey..
Maryland
HiinitDry
From
I'ront
Pront
Front
Front....
I'ront
Front
Front
I!««r
Front
Rat.'.'.'.'.'
Kat. '.'.'.'.'
Third !*.'.'.'
Third....
I'ifib
Pi"!:::::
Sccon<l...
Second..
Third...
Second..
Second..
Second..,
iox63-6«S4
iox6j.6i[S4-----
431863
s8.7Sa
I'Ml
S.I6!)
1.647
3.4S6
'•'■'M
g6i
Om« ood mock room
Is ."i'l", "''"•"hi'iici' 'a'n'd 'axk". :;::::::::
J
1
::::::
;:::::
Yes...
yh'. : ;
Yes...
Yes...
Yes...
Yes. . .
y"'.''.
Yes- . .
Good
Fair
Good
SSSd
Coal,,..
Steam. .
Coal....
Coal....
Coal....
Gas
Gas
Electric. . .
Gas
Electric
Gas
Sewerage.
Sewerage,
Sewerage.
Gas
Electric...
Electric. . .
Electric. . .
9M
Winter 8!^ hours...
Summer y^ day....
I hour
H hour
J^ liour
Yes
Yes....
Ye.....
Yes. . . .
Yes. . . .
Ye.....
Yes....
No
Ye.....
Yes....
No
No
Yes....
No
Yes....
No
Good..
Good..
Good..
Good..
G
1. I'lcWry....
No
I'amilics.
■ 7.6x6j.6xs4
61x16.9x7.10
6 macir a 2 labia and stock
;
Good..
Good..
1, ruiory,...
j,r«toty....
Ladles; Skffls and Chll-
Ladles' Skirls and KI-
0X38.6x1?
a tables. I stove, shelves and «»tk
;::.::
Winter 8 hours
Summer y^ day....
Wittier gyi hours..
Summer 'A day....
Yes
No
Priv.ite
tH..,o„....
s;i-,',",'.j.v.v.v.-.-.-.-
14 machines, 4 tables, chairs and stock
8 machines. 4 tables, 8 chairs, rack
,1 tables, 1 desk, 8 boxes and stock
'•
i. Pwlory....
\ '
Well
Electric
Fair
i..,x. 1,10x10
!■ I'"*Hlng..,
I l>«tUina.,,
Germany. .
llUnoii....
It
CorMls and Duitlea.
.Corsets, Shin Waliti
je«ond.
rhSd..'.
II.IOXIB.9X33.8
ti.8XiniS.9...
lafctiyxiS*...
Second.
^fi.o.,«»..
Second.
Flr«...
ts.7x>i.ioxn.3
nil
TABLE 4.— Corsets.
i sbelvt
' 3 tobies
e and stock. .
I machines, s lal
t machines, i tabtv, $ chairs, t cupboard
I machines, 3 tables and 5 chairs
S mtcbincs, 3 ubies, s chain and stock. .
Whole
Employed.
Well,
Well.
Irregular
1=
lABLb 1.— Coat Fad Manufacturing.
-"•--
1!
or PirliBlly
1
6 _
1=
i
1
'Its-
=1
-1
■"^s
m
'"'"""::::::.''"'"
ElXo'd
£E;i
Hmploycd
6
So 3
j
^
^
1
1
1
Ill
i
i
1
= 1
is
II
1
i
i
11
i
6
1
1
„.„„..
,|
1
1
1
J*=»
J"i> J
Maryland,
Maryland .
p„„,..
is;;
Second.
&3:
■■
is;
="-■"■•''*-"'=•'-'--.
.0
:::::
1
11;^
s......
—
.0,™..
'°
'
--'
la...
Hardly. .
^.
•
CO....
Good
zo mathincs. .„ tables^, tl.iir., 34 boxes..
■-—'-—■■■
'
^' ""■■""*'"' """"■'"
Y„..
Go.d.
V,Sr<". ■:::.■.■.■:
":";;;; ::::::■;
3 machinw slock
;::;:
:::::
F,rM ,. ■
""'""' s° ='""■•" '»"■
Coo.d..
S;;L, , ; :<?;H
.so machmcs, 4 lollcs. so boxes
■so-
'
TABLE 2. — Ladies' Wrappers.
■r.;:;!.
"^2-"'
'~"
8
■3 .
^1
•si
'— "
Il
li
1
--—--"-
Number
Employed
Employed
1
1
1
a
^
1
1
ill
1
|l
II
Si
. 1
If
1°
it
1?
1
1
1
II
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P«lo,
6
"""'■"'
From....
fS:;;
::?•■
.-•.i>,.s„s.,
■8.74.
4-6as
3 mac
qg-pS^I^Soo;;:
:;
-.r
iS::::!::!-::::
S.oon,
Cos
Sewerofre
"■■"
9W hours,
Ltll-
■^ '""' "°
''""" '•"""■■
Va....
Yo,....
*
Yos....
Good..
Good..
0.=«i..
"■"'°"'"
.r«.r.
y^l?i;:h:
•"■»>-.
Yti...
Fair
Table 5.— Ladies' Waists.
In.pLtJo>i.
£>nhpliLce
^1?"'
1
s
1?
1
-'.,iA-
i
is
III
-"---""■'"
Employed.
gsr;«
UnSc^/ia
1
J
1
S
ill
=1:
III
s
i
■s
1
1
11
"a
V'
Si
ii
1
1
II
1-
§
•s
1
Dwellmg.
si I
4
1
■g
1
1
1
1 1
p
I.CIOf
^"'^'^
W....C,....
IP
B-
4.ao8
...'■°.°.'.
;'::;
■I;
Go d Coal
'^"*
9«
IZ
Vf.
IZ
?SK5J..
i::.
v::.:
,„
C..d..
Good
cam..
Sewerage
GuEnn
s™«d...
™,°d.'v
„,„„
.; SSfel.,";rb«'i""-.hi": ::::::::;:::
i???-"---
?; sr/i '.S;rVss:.'"i/'S::::::
6? SSii° '{StaTiok;;: ::::::;:;::::
...'...
;. 1
SSS::::::-.-.
1 1 ij
S I'aclor?
,S laM... ,. b.,„^ „..htojry^.„d »od.
s
:;;::fe:
i6,„.„
TM„ hma =nd =ud<
,.
.0.,..
S;:
ii
(. I'flclory
gs;j:::::::::
Boxes.'slodc nnd utiea. ..!!!"!!!!!! !1 !! !
:;;:;;
4M Udur.
J, ,:,„„,,,
SIS^IJ;:::::::
T,bta. ma=Jin..,b.x». ..jd,
"
Mr >s
,!S^5!"S!iir'^i!if ■■■■■■■■■'■■'
«. Dwelling...
;::::::::.•;
c..,,..
.
G^
Table No 6— Boys
and Children
s Wear
r..i.r,,
' —
1
1
o
j!
h
U
is
"--""
l5
1
ii
"'""r^r /"'""•
EmXVd.
Emnloycd
^
It
1
s
1
1
1
2
1
5
i
.1
1
=1!
1
If
1^
1
SiS
1°
1^
ill
i
i
Si:
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
>
1
1
1
1
1 ro 10
, 1
M 1 i]
B • n nlr
E=::
::
'SIS:';:::;
.,j6o' -".
,S „.ol,io... ^0 Mte, 6 oM„. , Jo.k, ,.
'
iz...
as
coo,....
Gm
Sewerage.
Sewerage.
0......
..
M lour
Si hoor
::::;•
"
'
.ood..
■ lordly.
Va...
, V.«o,
«™.«.o..J_o,,.,,..30^b.„..3,ob,„..,.oW
'*"""■
;>i
3 Factory
rrmTr^-ir""
t bl b d t k
,^
Good
S.v.Ul,.
« doy
y. doy
. F.o,o„
Maryland
ass'';;w!?;''«^:i"--
!Zi' £;E?--::-:J
" ffiS TboS'? d'^o'i
V
\
J. r.c.o.y
, ubio. , n,„M„o ood ..otk
I.
flood
' miibm^""'' ' "!;'■"■ " " d ■ V "i[
P,„o,oF..I,roo
nj.al s.sso
- toblo. 3 oU.i,, 4 bo„.
Ixl^^S
" iibk'rr'br""' rr"' ''°"'
Good. .
3 toblos sholvos a d SI ok
7. D»clliTiB....
bl d k I •
''
...:..
S. Dwollina....
My^.^
SJS-ss^,?'
,.,o„.
H„,....
..,..
'..,
.-„,-,.. d„k, 3 ™b,.„, „„„.,, „V.„0..
,■"•■■■■
No....
Good..
w
Table
7-—
Overalls
, Shirts and
Drawers
,....,
f
1
lij P
lli '
Emp^ycd.
"if^
UnSL^'is
1
i
1
J
1
J
1
1
1
<
i
1
is
";5;sv^?AS"
ill
.s5
Ii
i
Is
i
5
1
II
1
1
1
'^Uw'jriing'''
■fflS^'
.........
1
1
1
1
i
1
Augiut j8..
Aususi 38..
AugUlt 37. .
AUBUM37..
Au8U«a4-.
Au(ru.l«..
—
I:
g;;
S|.;:;;:-;
ill
lsl;p|.'^^'Ss,v'i:;?yiin;
J
'
z:
s
gs:l
-;::
Gas
S;-
a'lir.'.'.'.'
K J'J
«,»...
v„.
......
U.r.ll,
Zz
'
v>...
H:
l°l.
1. Paclorjr..
■:?''''''.,''V:^''|^;:::-:::
« to
3 y
"''^'''"*'
No
„ . „ ,..
* n 7
ry n
o..„„..s,„„.„a ■=,„„,.
o!:.':.':.'::
;;° ;;;;:;;;° ;-;;;;:;;
t V '
M "^ a
- , ;.;,.■ S^5„S^.i..:::;
..."..
OicrMf, Shirts and Drawers.
—
i::.
.,...«„,...
AuMria, Maryland.
S:
r 1 .■ 1
■Hi
''i
r II k 1
«:■•
■;~;--'
32 macl.incs. "j^'^''=|j-s. ^^^^"
I
Factory
:::::::: :::::r:.:r':":::::::
ir ?
II. rwtory..
Maryland, Gennany
PcDtuylrania
Good.
i;
Cl
IS. FncloiT..
1J:1;;";1SI;|::::
'
4 , , . . J
t 1
Table 8.— Shirts.
.X'
^win
P
TABLE
9-
-Shoes.
.....
:S^.
=s—
r^
1
Is
1
s
1
-L-r
ii
=5
■5-B
'"'""r;:.n"""'
EmpTy'd'
51^
^
ill
1
^
■|
.i
1
-If
111
1
II
1
1
S
1
'1
1 =
si
|S
as
Is
"Ji
J
1
Dwollms-
^
1
1
1
1
1
j!
.;!
J
1 Pactary
September 4..
September g..
Maryland
Maryland
■•"
:.i:::::
■"-■•
"°°'"
tS':
,,,„,.„„,
'"■"::
s.SSs
6 ma h- .5 box<:s . blc
■;
::
vi::
eS::::
'^&i.
^
Sewerage
L...
Irrc ula.
H 1,0....
M bou...
-■■■
=
Yes.....
-■
'
-■••
Good.
- Faclo
.6 mackints. 3 aWa, 2 ...v., .nd s.ock..
Good.
Facor •
fv=',|'dSr:;::
r.ofl
4. Faaory
Good
feVLSf;;;;.
S. Factory
Good.
;tS!:S.";:::;
j
6 Factory
»l SSS": 8",3f ."bil,"™;;::::::
J. Factory
fi hours
IZ"
:::::::::::
Good.
E. Factory
Good.
ib.„,. I „ck,
'
TABLE 10.— Umbrellas.
Fartory,
Inipeclion.
"^£--
or Partially
y
!i
li"
ft
i
Si
--""
li
i
'"'"t;:.:::.^"'""
rr„
Number
Employed
il
1
,
f
0
j
111
Ji
s
1
•s
ll
Si
11
^i1
il
1
1
li
P
f
1
11
i
6
i
Dwdlins.
1
1
1
1
1
i
-"•■
:::::.
:E;
- -w*^
iii
h' S boxes 35 ha- s
::
-■■■■
cUd '
Good....
Coal
C.
S.«.„.e
Ele.«e..
.0
S^omme, M d.y^.. ,^ ^^
I:
Ve....
■
Ve...
Goad
Seplcmber 18.
^
i SESS: ,^,,te"» d,.iS*'-i,,..;::
:;;:::
?v"£Sr.=b'=::;
:::::;::
SJISJ;;.!::::::::
Scwcrage|Elcclric. .
::!"::.: r!ir>::i::::r
"::::
Eleelrie
::;:::"::::::::
::i::;'i;;;"!r
S;,T5 Sr-.-.
7 Factorr
\
TABLE n.— Cigars, Cigarettes and Smoliing Tobacco.
1
Inspection.
-as.-'
^sxr
p
1
y
3.d
si
1^
-■'.."i?tT
li
ii
'-■'z:::::r''"
nSVd
^
sxfi'
if
1
1
I
1^
J
1
I
g
1
1
i
1^
<•
i
1
8 ii
J f
....
1
1
1
1
1
1
.1 :j
S.plcmb« ...
Stplcmbcr i..
Seplcmbcr i..
Sepi™b« =..
Sepltmbcr s--
SepWmber B.
r:::
-—
-"-
lii;.
fUtV
S8:S:.',:!SH;S;;::
11
89, too
IS
3.B:
1
t bl b U
1
g:::.
§S:::
Sol:::.
a;3::::
S,oa„.
Ga,
;z:
!.S4
^
— -1
....
I:
I::
L
« tobt... a. b.,0., , tttocbtno, ,. dtatro.
'8
V...
llill;;::;;::
ISS:::::;:-.
3JSjg;;:::;::::
S6,3„„
,ro..,rtabl,,.^t_d.*. 6 b.,0,
■..,»..
SlrippinBandCiEarillw....
4. Factory
Maryland
sZ"
S Facto
.^iSbiS; ',5 bS'rt-S; ;i SV- ::::::::
« Factory
"■""■""■■■■"
^' ''°"''
; Factory
liiiii;!
';
T
Sto.™...
.SSS;!:::;::::::
Smoking Tobacco
1
,. Factor,
ii.m'''
iSiii
,; SIsj'tM'il? Sk'r!": :::::■:
T.
Snud
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. I33
Biiead— pifodacisioq and Distribution.
At the suggestion of Professor Jacob H. Hollander, of
Johns Hopkins University, we took up the question of mak-
ing an investigation into the food supply of the City of Bal-
timore. An investigation such as was really desired and con-
templated should have embraced the source of supply, quan-
tity, weight, price, labor and wages; and should have extended,
to make it complete, into the three principal food products,
bread, milk and meat. This, however, was entirelj' out of
the question, owing to the limited means at the command of
the Bureau, and the fact that so many of our business men,
merchants and manufacturers do not seem to realize that the
information sought by the agents of this Bureau is for the
enlightenment and benefit of themselves and the people at
large.
These business men and manufacturers, to a large extent,
refuse to furnish figures and facts about their business, fear-
ing that it may result in having their tax assessment raised
by the tax officers, or in exposing their private aff"airs to
'their competitors. Of course this is not the fact, as all the
information secured is of a purely confidential character, and
at no time is it published in such shape that the individual
business of any manufacturer may be discovered.
Then again there are those who refuse to furnish informa-
tion because there is no authority vested in the Bureau to
demand answers, and these seem to think that the investi-
gators are simply prying into their private business for the
purpose of furnishing information to labor organizations or
their employees.
With these almost insurmountable obstacles in the way,
we have been able to gather statistics of the Bread-Making
Industry only to the extent of about one-half of the manu-
facturers of the city, and in the following tables we present
these facts just as we f^ad them by establishments.
134 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
There are probably 450 baking establishments of all
sizes and character in the City of Baltimore.
Many of these, however, do not bake anything but
pies and cakes, and these in such small quantities and
under such circumstances as preclude the possibility of
securing an}^ data from them as to their daily production.
Then, again, many of these 450 establishments use their
materials indiscriminately in the production of bread, pies
and cakes, keeping no separate account of how much of each
article is produced, or how much of the raw material goes
into the production of each article.
In nearly every case it was found impossible to secure cor-
rect information as to the amount of material other than
flour used in the industry. However, we give the figures
we have gathered, with these explanations, in the hope that,
in future attempts at securing correct information as to these
industries we may be backed up by something stronger than
the mere request of a State department.
In the 147 establishments visited we probably reached the
greatest producers of bread, pies and cakes in the commu-
nity, and from this basis we may be safe in saying that we
have at least one-half of the total product of the city; and if
this be so, it will not be hard to make an estimate of the total
production of bread and its distribution by the bakeries and
manufacturers of Baltimore.
In the table that follows we give the number of establish-
ments, the character of the concern and the amount of cap-
ital invested; whether the property occupied is owned or
rented; the monthly rental of the property, and the assessed
value of the same when owned. The table shows a total of
140 establishments owned by individuals, 5 by partnerships
and 2 by corporations, with a total invested capital of
$210,090. Of these establishments 52 rented the property
which they occupied, and 95 owned the same, while the
assessed value of the property thus owned amounted to
$241,675.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
135
CHARACTER OF CONCERNS, CAPITAL INVESTED, ETC.
is
w
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Individual,
Partnership
or
Corporation.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual. '
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Partnership.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual
Corporation.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Capital
Invested.
$ 300
100
500
3.500
150
200
300
'400
2CO
ICO
300
500
200
100
100
100
100
100
500
25,000
500
100
200
ICO
TOO
1,000
1,000
500
400
300
500
IOC
200
500
200
500
400
1,000
100
1,000
1,000
40
300
200
300
1,000
1,000
300
Property
Occupied,
Owned
or
Rented.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Ownied.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
25 00
166 50
25 00
40 00
35 00
30 00
30 00
35 00
35 00
18 00
25 00
35 00
25 00
I, goo
2,500
1,000
1,500
2,000
1,200
1,900
1,700
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,800
1,000
l,ooO
1,500
3,000
1,500
2,000
2,000
500
2,500
2,000
1,000
1,800
2,000
1,000
3,000
3.500
2,200
2,000
1,800
10,000
136
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Character of Concerns, Capital Invested, Etc. — Coniinued.
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Individual
Partnership
or
Corporation.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Partnership.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Corporation.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Capital
Invested.
; 1,000
100
300
200
2,000
300
200
. 400
200
300
500
200
200
250
400
300
200
100
800
600
200
100
500
100
200
600
7,000
5,000
1,500
500
100
2,000
700
800
75,000
1,000
500
2,500
150
1,000
1. 000
500
300
500
50
200
100
100
100
Property
Occupied,
Owned
or
Rented.
Owned
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned'
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented,
Owned.
Rented.
^o
4-1 ctf OJ fl<
o == b S
Vth OJ 1- o
I25 00
22 00
18 00
25 00
50 00
12 00
55 00
20 00
40 00
20 00
18 00
15 00
625 00
16 00
30 00
30 00
17 00
12 00
12 00
£23
3,000
1,500
2,000
3.200
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,100
3,000
2,700
2,200
1,675
2,200
1,500
1,500
4,500
6,000
1,500
3,000
1,700
3,000
3,500
2,000
5,000
3,000
2,100
1,500
1,500
700
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
f37
Character of Concerns, Capital Invkstkd, Etc. — Concluded.
98
99
100
lOI
102
103
104
105
106
107
[08
109
no
III
112
"3
114
115
116
117
118
119
I2J
121
122
T23
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
132
J 33
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
Totals.
Individual
Partnership
or
Corporation.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Partnership.
Partnership.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Partnership.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
Individual.
140 Individuals.
5 Partnerships.
2 Corporations.
Capital
Invested.
100
400
200
100
100
500
400
400
300
200
100
1,000
200
100
200
200
200
6,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
1,400
200
200
100
150
400
500
200
150
300
1,000
200
500
1,500
500
200
200
500
300
400
600
300
50
600
600
600
800
100
400
1210,090
Property
Occupied,
Owned
or
Rented.
Rente<l.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Owned.
Rented.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented.
Owned.
Rented, 52
Owned, 95
o s p o
18 00
19 00
25 00
15 00
20
00
14
00
20
00
31
00
40
00
25
17
00
CO
21
00
25
20
00
CO
30
19
00
00
22
00
<u U s
2,fX)0
1,500
2,000
3,800
1,400
3,000
2,700
2,500
2,500
1,000
10,000
17,000
10,000
2,300
2,200
3.300
2,000
1,200
2.000
2,300
1,000
2,500
2,400
2,500
1,000
3.500
2,300
2,000
1,700
1,700
3,500
3,000
1,500
$241,675
138 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
We have eliminated establishment No. 20 from all tables
except the first because, being one of the largest concerns in
the city, they positively refused to give us the figures in
such shape as to be able to publish them in tabular form, and
we have added them to our figures in another shape below.
QUANTITY OF FLOUR USED, EMPLOYEES AND WAGES.
In the table that follows we find the 146 establishments
using iio,go2 barrels of wheat flour per annum, of which 126
report using Western flour alone, 18 Western flour and Mary-
land flour combined and 2 Maryland flour alone. These
establishments also use 25,893 barrels of rye flour, employ
419 men, who receive annually in wages $232,000, and in
most cases the men employed work from 10 to 12 hours a
day, and receive from $1 to $1.50 per day in wages, though
in numerous cases we find much less paid.
This table will prove more interesting, because of the data
in reference to employees, wages and hours, and the character
of flour used, than those above printed, and a close analysis
may be of interest.
STATISTICS AND INI^ORMATION.
139
Barrels of
Flour Used
Per Annum.
208
520
312
520
208
312
108
208
156
260
469
313
104
156
300
200
260
156
200
12,000
468
208
260
208
156
728
156
416
182
338
364
208
572
364
208
624
364
832
234
936
624
104
260
520
520
260
666
104
468
130
104
52
260
1,560
104
312
312
52
108
104
469
313
52
104
300
52
260
156
52
104
104
260
78
WlCSTltRN OK
MAKVr.ANO.
li-
st
H o
Western.
Western.
Western and Maryland,
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western and Maryland,
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western and Maryland,
Western,
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western and Maryland,
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
W^estern.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
Western.
,* Tl >,
'- * S
■Z D-i ^
Q "
66%
83^
00
33
33>^
33'A
50
I 66%
5 00
I 66%
3 66%
2 83^
I 16%
no 00
4 00
I 50
5 00
00
00
00
00
33^
00
50
6 00
I 33>^
6 GO
4 00
6 00
2 33K
3 33 M
^7 00
7 00
6 50
I 66%
V -1-
rt 3J O
~ a
2 ^
<
$208
572
624
1,664
728
1,356
1,404
520
1,560
520
1,144
364
36,816
1,248
468
1,560
624
936
312
624
416
936
780
1,872
416
1,872
1,2
1,872
728
1,040
''2,184
2,1
2,028
520
o ce
73 Pi
O
12
9
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
II
10
II
10
10
10
10
II
II
10
10
10
10
10
8
140
Rlil'OKT OF THE BUREAU OF
w
Barre
s of
<U en
en
tn ^
o5
u 0
Flour Used
Per Annum.
Si 0)
30
•^ < >^
'HA
.Q en
Western or
Maryland.
^^Q
-(J
S S2 S;
CO
ID
Pi
3w
2
Q ^
f^ <
I728
51
312
208
Western.
$2 33^i
10
52
286
78
Western.
2
2 83' j'
884
10
53
520
104
Western and Maryland.
6
12 50
3.900
10
54
312
52
Western.
2
3 00
956
10
55
70
86
Western.
56
364
156
Western.
2
"'2'83>i
884
II
57
728
26
Western.
I
66%
208
10
58
59
156
312
Western.
I
I 66%
520
780
10
no
Western.
2
2 50
10
60
234
26
Western.
I
I 665S
520
10
61
312
156
Western.
I
I 66%
520
12
62
286
78
Western and INIaryland.
3
2 83%
884
II
63
780
364
Western and Maryland.
2
5 00
1,560
12
64
832
208
Western.
5
7 00
2,184
10
65
338
26
Western.
4
5 66%
1,768
10
66
520
520
Western and Maryland.
2
4 16%
1,300
10
67
260
260
Western.
2
2 50
780
12
68
780
TO
Western.
3
5 ^6%
1,768
10
69
364
52
Western.
I
I 66%
520
II
70
■ 71
72
73
104
104
52
52
78
104
Western.
Western.
78
728
Western.
Western.
2
4 00
1,248
10
74
520
416
Western.
4
7 16%
2,236
10
75
2,496
104
Western and Maryland.
14
21 66%
7,800
10
76
1,040
12
Western.
5
10 66%
4,i6(
10
77
728
312
Western.
3
4 50
1,404
10
78
780
260
Western and Maryland.
3
5 00
1,560
II
79
78
104
Western.
I
I 00
.;I2
II
80
1,248
520
Western.
6
10 00
3,120
10
81
208
104
Western.
I
I 50
468
10
82
144
Western.
I
I 83M
572
10
83
35,000
Maryland.
150
200 00
62,400
10
84
416
312
Western.
3
5 16%
1,612
II
85
286
286
Western.
3
4 50
1,404
10
86
1,040
208
Western.
6
13 00
4,056
10
87
468
260
Western.
I
2 00
624
12
88
1,924
52
Western.
7
10 00
3,120
10
89
936
936
Western.
4
10 00
3,120
12
90
364
260
Western and Maryland.
I
I 66%
520
12
91
364
416
Western and Maryland.
2
3 00
936
10
92
93
94
416
91
104
Western
Western.
I
I 00
312
12
13
312
Western.
I
I 00
312
9
95
156
156
Western.
I
I 33M
416
9
96
97
98
408
156
260
Western.
Western.
Western.
260
2
■■■3 ■16%
988
8
99
156
312
Western.
I
I 66%
520
9
100
208
62^1
Western.
3
6 66%
1,976
12
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
141
^
Barrels of
(I
tn
(A ^
V
Flour Used
Per Annum.
3 0
hU
>4H >^
^rg
Wli-STKRN OR
Maryi^and.
cu rt S a
^?JQ
\^'
g "1 ir
•-' U 1)
52
52
Q ^
lOI
102
156
312
Western.
Western.
1
""i'33'A
416
10
103
312
104
Western.
2
2 66%
832
10
104
260
52
Western.
I
I 33^
416
10
105
780
104
Western.
4
5 00
1560
II
106
107
156
156
104
156
Western and Maryland.
Western.
I
■■■^66%
416
10
108
109
156
416
156
416
Western.
Western.
3
"■5'83M
1 ,820
10
no
III
112
"3
114
52
78
104
208
156
104
26
Western.
Western
52
Western.
Western.
Western.
I
2
■"r66%
2 50
520
780
10
208
II
115
116
5,720
3,000
520
50
Western.
Western.
20
37 00
28 00
12,480
8,736
14
10
117
118
2,860
9,100
Western.
Western.
13
28
19 50
63 00
6,084
19,656
10
1200
10
119
120
600
Western.
3
5 16%
1,612
10
313
225
Western.
2
3 00
936
10
121
260
780
Western and Maryland.
2
3 66%
1,144
12
122
123
96
175
408
175
Western and Maryland.
Western and Maryland.
3
4 00
1,248
8
124
416
104
Western.
2
3 00
936
10
125
416
104
Western.
I
I 66%
520
II
126
104
104
Western.
127
468
104
Western.
I
■■■r66%
520
10
128
104
208
Maryland.
W^estern.
I
I 50
468
10
129
130
104
104
312
Western.
I
I 00
312
9
131
156
156
Western.
I
I 00
312
12
132
416
104
Western.
I
* Ss'A
260
II
133
624
313
Western.
4
6 50
2,028
12
134
208
208
Western.
3
4 00
1,248
10
135
468
52
Western.
3
4 16%
1.300
10
136
624
156
Western.
2
*2 33>i
728
10
137
13^
416
450
Western.
150
Western.
I
■■■r66%
520
10
139
300
300
Western.
2
3 33>^
1,040
10
140
141
156
60
52
60
W^estern.
Western and Maryland.
I
"■r66%
520
10
142
1,040
520
Western.
I
9 16%
2,860
12
143
939
939
Western and Maryland.
3
6 00
1,872
12
144
260
104
Western.
I
I 33M
416
12
145
1,040
260
Western.
4
II 00
3.432
10
146
147
104
1,040
52
520
Western.
Western.
5
/ 9 00
2,So8
12
122,982
26,093
127 Western.
18 West and Maryland.
2 Maryland.
534
1278,828
1
H2 REPORT OF THU BUREAU OF
PRICES.
The prices of these products, like the weights, are as
varied as the establishments. There seems to be a general
desire to get as near to five cents per loaf as possible for the
average size loaf, but this does not pertain to all the estab-
lishments. We do not seek to make any basis for the price
per pound, because of the insuflficient data and the varied
prices. We present the information secured for what it is
worth, in the following table:
STATISTICS AND IN I'ORMATION.
M3
I'RICHS OF EACH KIND.
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
lo
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Loaves of Bread.
o
^
Cents.
5,8,
5
4
4
5, 10
5, 8, 10
10
4
3
4
4
5
4
5,6
.5
5
5
5
3
10
5
5
5
5
5
3, 4,5
5
5
2, 3, 4, 5
4, 7
5,6
4
3, 5, 6, 8
5
5
4. 5
4, 7, 10
3,5,8
4,8
4
5
3, 5
3, 5
5
5
5,8
5, 10
4, 6, 10
4
(U o
Cents.
5
5
6
7
5, 10
5, 8, 10
10, 15
4, 6
5, 7
6
5
■ S cd
a o
Ph
Cts
5
5, 7, 10
6
5
8
6
6
5, 8, 10
5, 8, 10
6, 7, 10, 12
5. 6, 7, 8
5
5
5, 10
5
5
4, 7
5,6,8
7
3, 5. 6, 8
5, 8, 10
5,8
5
4, 7, 10
3,5,8
4,8
6
•7
5,8
6, 8, 10
4,6
5,8
5, 10
4, 6, iQ
4, 7
Cents
6
10
10
10
8
Cts,
;3 53
a N
3
O
Q
Cents.
Cents
5, 10
10
10, 15
10, 15
6, xo
6, 10
6, 10
6, 12
6, 10
5, 10
6, 10
6, 10
6, 15
6, 15
6, 15
6,15
5, 10
6,15
6,15
5
5, 10
5, 10
5, 10
5, 10
6, 10
8, 15
6.15
W
PL.
Cents.
144
RKPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
PRICES or
EACH KIND— r
oiitiiiiied
-1-3
Loaves of Bread.
1
0
Q
u
i)
tn
n
I
0
Q
u
<u
Pk
tn
'3
0
c/l
(5
cts"
5
u
V
Ph
<n •
^g
C N
3
0
Q
a
V
N
0
Q
u
(U
Oh
en
cd
0
<^ CO
w
So
oj 0
•s §
s "^
C Cl,
0
ca
s
SI
Cents.
6
5. 8, ic
3, 5
5, 7
IC
2, 3. ^
5.8
Cents.
6
5, 8, IC
5,7
4.8
5
3. 5, 7
5.8
Cts.
Ceil is.
10
Cents.
Cents
5, IC
8,15
6, 10
5, 10
Cents.
s?
S
5^
10
10
8
5
10
'54
S5
■ifi
8
10
5
5
5, 10
5, 15
5, 10
5
5. 10
6,15
5, 10
6,15
5, 10
6,15
5, 10
8, 15
S7
10
sfi
6o
4
4, 5
7, 14
3, 5. 10
5
5, 7
5
5
5
5
5, 7
5,7
7
3, 5
5. 7
5
3. 5
5
5.6
4
5
4. 6, 8, 10
5. 7. 8, 10
6
5, 7
7, 14
3, 5, 10
3,5,8, 10, 12
5. 7
6*
10
8
6
5
5
8
5
4
8
5
5
5
5
4
5
10
5
5
10
10
5
5
10
8
62
6^
64
65
10
10
10
10
66
5, 10
5. 10
6, 8, 10
5, 10
5, 7
5, 7
7
6
7
5, 8, 10, 12
3. 5
5,8
6
6
4, 6, 8, 10
5, 7, 8, 10
10
9
67
10
10
10
10
9
10
9
10
6, 8, 10
10
10
10
10
68
69
70
71
72
5, 10
5. 10
6,15
5 15
5, 10
7^
74
10
6, 8, 10
10
75
76
77
5
10
78
7q
8
10
10
8
10
3
80
5, 10
5, 10
5, 15
5, 10
5, 15
5, 15
5, 15
6,15
5, 10
81
8?
83
8/1
4,8
4. 7
4, 6, 8, 10
4,8
4, 7
4, 6, 8, 10
7
5, 10
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
ir
5
5
5
10
5
10
10
8s
86
87
88
3, 5
5
5
5
5,6
5
5
5,6
5,8
5, 7
5,8
5, 7, 10
6, 10
10
8q
qo
5, 10
5, 10
<)I
92
l(.
10
10
l(^
10
10
10
10
5
5
9^
5
5,8
6
P4
QS
5
5
5
5
5
10
q6
c>7
10
q8
5.8
5, 7, 10
99I
10
6,15
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
M5
PRICES OF EACH KIND—Couliuued.
LOAVRS
OF BRBAD.
N
P
V-i
P-l
t/l
a
V
N
0
Q
iH
4;
Ah
tn
'5
0
tn
i-
v
Ph
en
,2
be
0
P
s
0
P
N
0
P
li
V
a.
U)
0
<4H =
0 lU
II
if
41 .
(U 0
a 0
1; "-I
"a
w
en
.a
Cents.
4
5
5
4. 5. «
4, 5
4.5. 6
4, 5
7
5
4, 7
5
5
5
5
5, 7- 10
4
5, 8, 10, 12
Cents.
6
5.6
4, 5, 6
4, 5
4, 5
4, 5.6
5. «
7
5
5, 7
6
5
7
Cts.
JO
Cents.
Cts.
10
5
4
5
5
5
4
Cents.
Cents
Cents
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
I02
103
104
105
106
107
108
8
10
6,15
5. 10
5, 15
6, 10
5, 15
5. 10
109
no
10, 15
5, 10
10
8
10
III
8
5
112
II3
114
tt6
5. 7, 10
4,6
5, 8, 10, 12
10
8
10
5
4
10
5, 10
5, 10
5, 10
10
117
tt8
4, 8, 15
4
5
5
4
5
4
4
7
7
5
4
119
120
10
10
6
7
6
8
7
7
7
5
10
12
5, 10
121
122
122
10
8
10
10
8
5
5
5, 10
5, 10
5. 10
5. 10
5, 10
5, 10
124
125
5
3
3
3
127
T-'S
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
13^
139
140
141
142
143
144
5
4
5
4
5
4
3
4
5
5
5
4
3
5
5
4
5
5
5
5, 7
5, 7
5
5
5, 10
8
6
5,6
5
6
8
10
10
6
6 15
6,15
5, 10
5
10
5
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
5
4
5
5, 10
3
5
6
7
7
7
7
5
5. 7
4
8
5
5, 10
5, 10
5
5
10
13
10
'"■'6
8
6
10
10
10
6
5
5, 10
5. 10
3
3
3
145
146
147
8
S
146 REPORT OP THE BUREAU OE
CHARACTER AND NUMBER OF PIECES OF EACH KIND OF
PRODUCT.
These 146 establishments, according to the tables that fol-
low, produce a total of 30,413 loaves of wheat bread, 14,828
loaves of rye bread, 1,685 loaves of pumpernickel, 37,440
pieces or buns, 35,280 biscuits, 18,972 doughnuts, 773,627
cakes and 3,953 pies. The pies are different weights. Loaves
of wheat bread run from ^ of a pound to 4 pounds in size,
mostly being i or ij4 pounds. The rye bread, of course,
runs very much heavier in weight, and averages from i to 2^
pounds. Pumpernickel, in nearly all cases, weighs about 3^
pounds, running from 2 to 5 pounds in weight. Buns and
biscuits run from i to i^ pounds to the dozen, while dough-
nuts average about i ^ pounds to the dozen and cakes about
^ of a pound to a dozen. The average weight of pies is a
little bit over ^4 pound. There is no uniformity in the
weights of these products, and it is impossible to give any
basis for a calculation as to the amount of material that goes
into these articles by the returns made as to their weights in
the table that follows:
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
147
CHARACTER AND NUMBER OF PIECKvS OF EACH KIND OF
PRODUCT.
0 n
Loaves ok Bkkad.
Buns,
Pieces.
J2 «;
Doughnuts,
Pieces.
U3 '/i
480
6
(5'
S CJ
Pu
75
200
200
100
80
200
50
30
60
30
20
30
25
100
20
100
35
180
225
15
20
25
20
300
100
50
75
325
100
40
200
50
150
150
850
60
200
175
30
40
50
220
40
15
50
300
20
150
60
125
25
85
105
50
10
100
100
20
600
240
600
600
600
40
300
48
3
4
5
6
744
744
600
600
7
8
360
120
18
9
40
II
720
240
300
360
50
13
14
15
t6
1
60
156
120
17
18
240
19
21
60
240
60
144
96
65
360
144
240
300
12
22
60
60
180
23
24
25
06
96
480
300
T8n
300
25
480
24.0
240
216
1,260
180
144
144
144
144
392
150
672
150
120
120
150
60
120
228
1.750
300
744
260
240
27
?8
192 120
144 72
72
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
.■50
25
100
60
in
360
240
240
■^oo
300
120
600
T8n
300 1 200
40 i 35
175 100
60 ■ 20
-loo 200
180 240
180 180
72
996
600
36
432
480
300
180
600
120
96
65
700
40
6
50
120
100
85
450
15
200
10
10
100
30
10
50
TOO
100
480
1,800
80
600
48
180
270
36
180
168
240
300
120
180
720
75
50
150
50
144
120
960
144
240
144
1,140
120
1,200
48
1,200
148
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
CHARACTER AND NUMBER OF PIECES OF EACH KIND OF
PRODUCT— Continued.
Loaves of Bread.
3 0
-t-i
Q
u] en
1.1
•a
1^ .
OJ .—1
G 0
£•3
51
100
100
125
100
15
200
175
65
50
75
80
15
30
125
120
120
'372
744
2,400
516
600
744
744
1.350
372
300
372
444
24
52
53
1,800
120
144
48
600
54
55
5^
96
120
180
60
57
5«
1,320
60
155
100
100
260
25
300
190
60
75
300
100
30
30
18
200
135
800
760
400
50
25
800
75
20
25
50
40
150
200
35
90
150
70
50
20
20
12
60
270
200
15
200
75
75
200
75
6t
120
240
750
240
180
60
2,580
120
600
600
240
240
840
120
120
36
96
60
2,400
6?
120
^3
120
6^
444
1,140
fis
120
66
no
67
300
300
720
180
120
48
180
192
1,440
216
240
240
540
180
1,068
68
69
70
71
72
36
96
150
1,880
73
74
300
1,680
75
250
15
7^
77
72
792
24
120
60
420
2,256
7«
75
^9
80
144
1,200
744
120
72
744
36
744
720,000
1,500
300
1,932
300
1,500
8t
120
8?
«3
8/1
400
100
600
400
100
200
60
150
100
50
• 200
120
300
720
480
120
576
1,800
1,200
240
900
85
86
«7
80
88
450
100
50
100
150
5
10
30
50
30
40
20
1,260
1,392
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
300
100
300
300
240
60
48
240
96
96
240
240
f
60
25
50
40
60
120
60
96
36
300
120
60
130
99
240
60
STA'I'ISriCS AND I NI'ORMATIOX.
'49
CIIARACTKR AND NUMBER OF PIKCIvS OI' KACII KINI; OF
VRODUCT— Continued.
14-. *^
Loaves ok Bread.
2S
Biscuits,
Pieces.
m
.- (LI
0 ^
Q
Cakes,
Pieces.
,=1
4;
Pi
<iJ 0
30
50
130
250
80
125
100
25
15
250
6
20
25
150
25
3,000
750
235
40
30
50
20
75
50
25
35
250
14
10
15
80
804
120
120
96
96
360
lOI
120
216
3«4
144
360
120
288
600
180
1,200
I02
228
180
75
372
36
72
103
ro4
105
106
ro7
240
198
lOQ
180
72
no
36
120
144
III
48
120
112
113
114
115
ri6
117
rT8
75
500
50
120
1,200
1,800
48
1,800
1,800
75
4,800
4,200
1,800
2,500
8,000
200
75
100
65
100
85
80
50
175
1,000
tig
[20
600
600
475
375
100
100
65
100
125
50
20
50
[21
[22
[23
[24
[26
240
120
360
240
1,200
300
120
150
150
75
300
2,244
1.500
20
24
24
[27
150
?8
[29
[^0
200
70
90
200
175
160
200
263
400
150
100
50
30
50
25
75
400
30
100
50
70
100
60
250
200
100
141
300
300
300
300
600
300
J 50
r,5oo
[31
[32
C33
180
120
100
125
360
180
360
120
360
120
360
300
240
135
t36
[37
r^8
150
36
75
100
40
30
150
100
75
150
16
300
360
^39
[40
770
300
24
360
240
MT
I/]?.
250
100
1,200
1 ,800
360
120
M3
[44
240
96
48
600
120
150
150
36
36
12
i/]6
M7
360
1
30.413
13.903
1,495
38,130
35,285
18,972
775,147
3,553
150 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCT.
The product of these establishments is distributed in lour
different ways, namely: Through the shops where the
bakery is located, through hand or wagon delivery at the
homes of the people, or by being sold at other shops owned
by the bakery, or to other shop keepers. We have not tabu-
lated the products sold in other shops owned by the bakery
baking the product, nor the amount sold to other shop
keepers, because they are of small amounts, but have grouped
them in the small table that follows the table. We have,
however, brought together in tabular form how much is sold
in the shop at the bakery and the amount sold by hand and
wagon deliver5^ which very largely covers the entire product
of the 146 establishments.
The totals of these various deliveries need not be repeated
here, but suffice to say that nine-tenths of the entire product
of the bakeries of Baltimore is delivered by hand or by wagon
to the homes of the people, or is sold directly from the shops
to the consumer.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
151
4)
a
Amount Soi i? in Shop at Bakery.
Amount Sold Through Hand and
Wagon Delivery.
1
w
♦J
V
(0
HI
>
0
h4
Pi
at
(LI
>
M
a
tn
0
a;
0
Ph
-r-(
(0
0
u
en
a
pi
0
P
CO
lU
0
V
Pk
en
cd
in
C
0
Ah
en
<u
CO
HI
0
a
■(J
cd
CI
<n
%
cd
0
h4
(U
?-,
Pi
tn
V
>
cd
0
M
"a
u
ft
a
a
Pm
10
CI
>
§
...
20
17
10
a
s
w
CO
u
0
V
(0
■3
0
in
3
CO
CI
0
V
i
a
bJO
3
0
Q
CO
CI
u
it
<n
V
M
cd
CO
0
Pl*
u
s
CO
V
u
I
75
100
75
33
25
75
30
60
50
10
30
25
50
10
35
15
180
55
5
20
25
7
ICX)
75
12
75
325
50
40
100
50
40
50
45
75
65
100
10
50
75
50
300
25
75
30
40
10
70
20
15
50
150
10
50
20
125
2
6
30
105
50
4
30
75
5
25
50
60
75
25
55
25
15
50
10
25
10
25
500
"8
12
600
120
120
240
240
360
300
'"60
120
"'"60
""60
24
144
96
"i56
240
48
144
460
340
240
150
120
180
120
360
72
180
240
i8c
30
40
24
18
40
...
12
18
120
480
360
372
420
""60
120
180
36
324
144
«50
312
120
228
360
2
180
100
125
67
55
125
50
250
10
75
100
550
40
125
175
40
150
20
120
24
3
4
5
6
10
20
15
40
240
360
3° i
20 1
1
7
8
.....„^
9
10
II
120
144
120
120
156
120
12
13
14
15
t6
1
3%'
50
10
65
20
150
10
70
40
3^
17
t8
1... .
19
20
60
15
21
22
84
48
"96
156
96
180
30
72
300
120
600
180
120
72
24
48
180
5
170
10
19
55
276
96
■■■36
15
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
56
37
38
39
4C
41
20
13
200
25
38
6
70
25
15
324
204
1
84
2T6
300
180
144
144
144
72
8
10
II
10
8
8
10
156
17
90
960
34
54
50
50
100
250
125
15
225
175
75
5
150
90
72
i>^
72
300
444
12
15
25
15
13
4
50
24
396
156
24
75
5
37
240
600
600
75
240
50
152
RErcn^T OF THE BUREAU OF
J Amount Sold in Shop at Bakery.
W
42! 6
43J 15
44, 120
45; 50
46; 60
4/1 225
481 15
49! 100
50 10
51
52
53 40
541 100
55 15
56 100
57 20
58
59 27
6oj 100
61 100
62 100
631
64I 100
65, 152
66! 12
25
200
30
30
30
18
80
45
250
100
17
15
100
20
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
CU
10
20
100
50
35
50
75
50
25
25
20
80
15
20
25
180
168
120
144
120
480
144
60
600
120
120
180
240
192
120
180
240
180
120
48
96
60
72
120
144
300
72
300
60
240
144
120
60
180
60
bo
480
120
84
168
240
120
72
36
60
. 24
72
240
24
120
60
180
360
144
600
240
600
Amount Sold Through Hand and
Wagon Delivery.
3
12
18
2
22K
40
8
40
30
50
35
35
25
87K
10
20
25
30
120
480
"60
360
96
180
120
"60
15
60
12
50
50
25
2>^
15
24
72
35
50
25
225
100
100
155
128
160
200
38
48
50
100
70
120
90
510
300
33
10
700
55
ID
100
^4
15
20
125
5
75
120
25
30
40
180
10
150
60
25
175
50
60
480
"60
1,200
60
480
180
120
480
84
132
144
120
900
72
120 60
60
60
360
300
360
720
60 120
120' 120
a
2
15
35
40
16
20
150
10
25
15
480
156
72
600
552
180
180
204
240
60
15
15
25
35
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
153
Amount vSold in vShoi' at
IUkicky.
Amount Soij> Tiirovcu Hand
Wagon DkIvIVERY.
AND
.2
en
0
V
a
pi
a
V
in
<u
0
tn
OJ
t-
CS
0
l-I
M
i-i
E
Pl.
U]
>
0
.-I
en
pq
(n
a<
u
5
tn
u
W
<u
0
(n
"3
bc
0
Q
tn
u
Pm
tn
(LI
M
CJ
en
(U
CJ
i!
TOO
20
50
20
25
en
en
01
CJ
5
V
en
<Ll
0
h4
6
en
(U
0
1
P^
en
eu
a
0
J
en
c
3
en
<u
u
(LI
en
• t^
3
0
en
m
(n
V
ej
(U
Pu
"So
3
0
Q
CO
<u
0
en
9)
0) ^
fO 0)
a ^
0 .2
PU [ PLi
83
84
85
86
100
50
100
100
15
25
10
25
5
1;
28
50
30
15
20
10
50
90
120
80
50
25
25
15
30
6
20
25
20
15
750
200
50
25
65
50
100
50
50
10
50
10
25
10
25
10
20
15
130
10
40
20
25
20
25
15
50
35
30
14
10
14
50
125
25
75
25
65
50
15
20
50
12
25
90
120
360
300
120
60
48
120
96
96
120
240
120
144
204
144
180
60
288
600
"■36
120
144
"60
300
900
600
420
120
240
60
300
180
240
60
300
"60
300
300
\50
300
50
280
ft.
75
"60
180
360
120
120
72
180
"180
60
"60
840
600
180
120
240
60
1
S7
88
59
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
100
85
25
90
24ri
180
372
1
25
10
10
5
10
25
30
150
75
75
40
20
45
10
25
50
35
24
120
60
48
36
84
120
36
96
96
180
180
36
120
120
1
48
i
2AO
4
lOI
102
103
104
105
106
48
600
4
50
5
15
2
5
12
3K
84
132
600
II
25
180
15
240
107
108
109
no
220
220
III
48
120
130
10
2000
250
25
330
15
112
113
114
"5
116
117
tt8
24
432
900
9<
30
3^
94
III
24
1200
600
600
150
86
25
15
119
120
25
75
50
25
75
50
ID
121
122
123
120
15
"180
154
RF.PORT OF THIv BUREAU OF
a
a
Amount Sold in Shop at Bakery.
Amount Sold Through Hand and
Wagon Deiiivery.
in
(0
o
u
a
3
ca
(0
0)
>
0
60
60
50
87
125
70
20
200
75
60
100
100
400
50
50
50
30
20
10
75
125
30
25
6
tn
>
ca
0
75
30
20
25
30
70
25
60
100
75
50
41
25
50
40
30
50
25
75
50
16
100
"a
u
"&■
3
s
(0
>
0
25
75
25
to
a
s
pq
tn
«
60
240
240
600
180
300
120
300
120
120
120
120
120
120
360
360
48
300
en
y
M
en
V
y
"5
w
0
Q
en
H
u
V
CI
a
U
en
n
a
0
Ph
tn
a
K
tn
HI
0
<u
en
(LI
>
CS
0
tn
tA
0
1-r
a
u
Ph
3
a
Q-,
tn
41
>
a
0
h4
en
a
a
PQ
tn
(U
y
a
60
120
120
180
240
240
120
300
13074
i
"B
y
.2
pq
tn
m
y
_y
60
1 <n
a
a
•a
bp
0
Q
en
i<
y
Pu
en
en
a
0
PL,
tn
V
en
(U
y
124
125
60
10
20
75
75
ID
15
24
75
100
36
12
36
36
12
25
20
50
20
100
175
75
890
10
9
126
T27
T28
360
75
70
20
75
129
130
240
20
10
75
131
96
120
7
132
133
100
100
100
163
150
125
50
100
134
96
120
120
180
135
T3<^
120
137
7/2
T3«
100
50
30
15
50
50
100
75
240
139
140
25
20
25
12
360
240
141
142
300
600
360
120
900
1200
143
144
120
20
10
T-IS
275
100
146
147
180
75
200
6400
180
9255
5434
919
20598
13868
9432
2022^
S04
11118
10344
6848
1227^
319
STATISTICS AND INl-ORM ATION.
155
In addition to amounts indicated in the table above, as
sold in the shops at the bakery and delivered by hand and
wagon to the consumer, the following amounts were sold in
other shops owned by the bakery and to other shopkeepers.
These figures are not very full, but it is well that they be
considered in connection with the table above:
AMOUNT SOLD IN OTHER SHOPS OWNED BY BAKERY.
Number.
^3
CD
h4
CO
CO .
Dougnuts
Pieces.
Cakes,
Pounds.
Pies,
Pieces.
75
88
400
250
125
250
88
roo
75
45
25
720
6co
120
60
600
1,200
720
840
720
277
50
125
92
115
127
128
168
56
75
25
75
Total. ..
1,113
245
2,100
2,088
1,560
483
200
AMOUNTS SOLD TO OTHER SHOPKEEPERS,
ii
*j CO
(0
Pumper-
nickel
Loaves.
CI <D
i"cn-
co"
S en
J CJ
bcv
Q
- CO
en f^
-^ 5
- (0
CO t(
41
63
75
83
86
30
25
400
20
450
100
68
120
420
720
1,200
2,580
1,200
840
196
48,333K
75
125
500
150
50
25
190
225
10
360
276
1,620
87
90
91
100
45
50
25
90
20
125
600
10
1%
68
720
300
116
300
300
45
117
118
2,500
8,000
1,000
...
Total....
9.215
2,220
351
1,800
8,496
1,140
48,333 >^
2.625
Kstablishment No. 20 reports that it sells $115,000 worth
to other shopkeepers, but gives no detail.
AGRICULTURE.
In the three next preceding reports are various articles
on special advantages offered by Maryland for agriculture
and horticulture, together with itemized tabulated statements
of the cost of production, showing prices obtained and profits
realized. These articles and statements, though conservative,
have been the means of bringing desirable settlers to the State.
Because of this fact, and the desirability of having our farming
sections subdivided by increased agricultural population, it is
thought wise to republish some of these articles in a condensed
and recapitulated form, showing cost of production, etc., on the
farm. Since the publication of the Eleventh Annual Report
it has been the pleasure and privilege of the writer to visit a
farm of fifteen acres, managed and worked under highly
intelligent and intensive culture. Without going into minor
details, will state that about four acres of this fifteen are used
for buildings, yards and roadways, leaving about eleven acres
for actual cultivation. On this farm is twenty-nine head of
cattle, two horses and implements of modern pattern necessary
for working same. This farm and stock, under the direction
of an intelligent owner, is worked and handled by one man and
a bo}^ well paid, except that when filling soil, extra labor is
employed. Of course, from the number of cows, it will be
readily understood that this is a dairy farm. Everything used
for the support of these cattle is grown on the farm, except
bran, brewer sprouts and meals.
Frequently three crops of full grown timothy hay are mown
from the same land in one year. The first cutting, season of
1903, from a lot of two and one-half acres yielded thirteen
full two-horse wagon loads, and made a rick forty-two feet
long, twelve feet wide and as high as a man could pitch from
the wagon with a long-handled fork. In walking over the
stubble of this timothy patch, in the latter part of November
last, the new growth was so even and so thicklv matted on
158 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
the ground that not only was there not a stubble visible, but so
soft was the tread that one could compare it to walking upon
a rich velvet carpet of a handsomely furnished drawing-room.
This gentleman and his family, from the proceeds of this
farm, are supplied with all the necessary comforts of life and
a constantly increasing bank account at the same time.
Another instance of intensive high culture and intelligent
management that came under my observation and attention was
the purchasing of six lots, aggregating less than one and one-
half acres, by a party for $500, in a village of my own (Car-
oline) county. This land was in a good state of cultivation,
but was not highly improved.
It was planted in strawberries, and the first crop year the
berries therefrom shipped to New York markets rewarded
the intelligent management of this little farm by an income
of $1,132, from which deduct the amount of $273.82 for labor,
phosphate, interest on investment, etc., and you have a net
income of $858.18. This statement and these figures were
not tabulated or mentioned in previous reports of this Bureau
because of the incredulity of the average casual reader, and I
do not now insert them simply to show possibilities by a sys-
tem of intensive culture, but for the purpose of presenting
it as a partial solution of the labor trouble and for the im-
provement of the social and financial condition of the laborer,
as well as the entire community.
The cities are very much congested with persons, compara-
tively without means, and who are living ' 'from hand to mouth, "
and in many cases are eking out an existence, while there is
plenty of opportunity for independence and competency to the
man of industr}-, who is willing to use his brain as well as
his brawn.
In the following recapitulation of costs, gross receipts and
profits of certain productions of Maryland soils (fully item-
ized and elaborated in the Bureau's reports of 1901-2} , the
same conservative lines will be followed, no attempt being made
at intensiveness. Comparisons will be made with results from
lands under ordinary and highly improved cultivation, and an
acre will be taken as the unit.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
RECAPITULATION.
159
Commodity.
Land Under Ordinary
Cultivation.
Land Under Highly
Improved Cultivation
Total
Cost.
Wheat
Corn
Oats
Hay
Tobacco
White Potatoes..
Sweet Potatoes...
Peas
Tomatoes
Cantaloupes
Strawberries
Lucretia D e w -
berries
Apples
Pears
Average cost,
gross receipts
and net profit
per acre of the
14 commodities
above enumer-
ated
10 10
9 40
6 82
34 50
25 95
29 05
23 82
17 95
21 95
86 87
84 77
30 20
24 30
I416 83
Gross
Recp'ts
$13 18
23 70
12 00
12 50
45 50
50 00
74 80
45 00
30 00
62 50
122 50
130 00
45 00
52 50
Net
Profit.
|2 03
13 60
2 60
5 68
11 00
24 05
45 75
21 18
12 05
40 55
35 63
Total
Cost.
Gross Net
Receipts. Profit.
15
12
16
52
40
30
36
31
61
182
rig 18
45 23 105 40
14 80 49 80
28 20 ! 48 90
$302 35 $699 41
I29 77
)i 37
|2I 60
f 49 96
Wi 20
55 00
21, 40
30 00
91 00
100 00
150 00
90 00
70 00
250 CO
260 00
195 00
90 00
120 00
Si, 553 60
$16 50
39 60
8 70
13 08
38 73
59 75
119 35
53 08
38 75
188 30
77 45
89 60
40 20
71 10
19
$110 97
There are many other fruits, grains and vegetables, besides
those enumerated in the above table, that can be and are grown
here with as much satisfaction and profit as those mentioned
in the above recapitulation, but not having tabulated them,
could not at this time properly include them in this exposi-
tion. Among those omissions are all manner and kinds of
vegetables, grown anywhere else in this country, as well as
apricots, raspberries, cranberries, whortleberries (commonly
called huckleberries), cherries, plums, etc., in varieties almost
without number, many of which grow wild and can be had for
the gathering of them.
The luscious peach, and as fine as is grown in the known
world, is also a profitable production in all sections of Mary-
land.
l6o REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
An analysis of the above figures shows the average cost,
gross receipts and net profits per acre of the combined commo-
dities to be $29.77, $51.37 and $21.60, respectively, on land
under ordinary state of cultivation ; and that under a highly
improved condition to average $49.96, $110.97 and $61, respect-
ively. This should clearly demonstrate the utility of the highly
improved cultivation, as well as the great advantages of diver-
sification of crops. The former should, as far as possible,
be raised from a highly improved condition to the intensive,
as the ratio of increase in net profits would be greater than that
between the ordinary and the highly improved. The latter
has been advocated and practiced by the writer for some time,
and in the preceding reports dwelt upon. It is generally
recognized by those who have an opportunity to know, that
Maryland, because of her geographical position and climatic
influences, offers greater opportunities for the successful and
profitable growth of diversified crops than any other State in
the Union.
Everything in the shape of grasses, grains, fruits and veg-
etables flourish in Maryland soil, hence the greatest possibility
for diversification exists, the advantages of which are well
understood by the intelligent farmer, and the masses are begin-
ning to realize that if the year's planting is confined to one or
two crops, and the season should prove unfavorable to them,
their balance would be small, if indeed, not on the wrong side
of the account.
The farmer who plants annually the variety of crops named
in the preceding recapitulated table, or such of them as com-
mend themselves to his markets and tastes of culture, and are
within the scope of his ability to properly cultivate and handle,
cannot have a total failure any year, because there is never
a season in this State so unpropitious but that most of these
crops mature and are profitable, and when the season is favor-
able to all of them, there can be no mistake on account of
diver.sitv.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
i6i
ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE
OF
PRINCIPAL FARM PRODUCTS IN MARYLAND
FOR 1903.
The acreage of corn decreased about 6,000 acres in 1903,
as compared with 1902, and the production was less by nearly
three million bushels. This was due to a reduction in its
yield per acre of 3.7 bushels, as well as the smaller acreage,
but the acreage of wheat was greater by 52,577 acres, though
the yield per acre was less than in 1902 by 2.2 bushels. The
price per bushel for corn in 1903 was the same as in 1902, but
the price of wheat was seven cents higher in 1903 than in
1902. Some of the other staple Maryland crops show a
decrease also, but on the whole the year was an average one.
The following table shows the production and value of the
principal Maryland crops other than fruits and vegetables:
Corn ;.
Wheat
Oats
Barley
Rye
Buckwheat
Potatoes (while
Hay (tons)
Tobacco (lbs.)..
Yield
Acreage.
Per Acre,
Bushels.
622,692
28.7
809,667
12.5
38,340
20.6
1.544
25-9
20,732
13-7
8,374
16.3
28,513
70.0
295,161
Tons 1.24
33,059
Lbs. 650 ■
i
Total Price
Production Per
Bushels. Bushel.
17,871,260
10,120,838
789,804
39,990
284,028
136,496
1,995,910
366,000
21,488,350
* .51
•79
.40
.50
•59
•63
.60
Ton 14.02
Lb. 5-5
Total
Value.
,114,343
,995,462
315,922
19,995
167,577
85,992
,197,546
,131,320
,181,859
l62
REPORT OP THE BUREAU OE
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MARYLAND AND ITS COUNTIES.
Maryland, one of the original thirteen States, has a history
replete with interest to all students of American history, but
in this work of reviewing the counties of the State, their
resources, advantages and enterprises, it is not necessary to
discuss this very interesting history.
It was in the year 1524 that the first European, Lucas Vas-
quez d'Ayllon, entered the Chesapeake Bay, no years before
the settlement of Mar}dand, which, according to history
occurred on March 25, 1634, on the banks of the St. Mary's
river, now included in St. Mary's county.
On the 1 6th of June, 1632, the patent was signed by King
James I, which gave all that territory and much more, now
known as Maryland, to Cecilius Calvert, Baron of Baltimore.
The province was named Terra Marise, that is, Maryland,
in honor of his queen, Henrietta Marise.
The original boundaries of Maryland are thus described in
McMahon's "History of Maryland:"
"All that part of the Peninsula or Chersonese, lying in the
parts of America between the ocean on the east, and the bay
of Chesapeake on the west, divided from the residue thereof
by a right line drawn from the promontory or head land,
called Watkins' Point, situated upon the bay aforesaid, and
near the river of Weighco on the west, unto the main ocean
on the east, and between that boundary on the south, unto
the part of the ba}^ of Delaware on the north, which lieth under
the fortieth degree of latitude, where New England is
terminated ; and all the tract of land within the following
limits, to wit, passing from the said Delaware Bay in a right
line with the degree aforesaid, unto the true meridian of the
first fountain of the river Potomac, thence running toward the
south, unto the further bank of the said river, and following
STATISTICS ANIJ I Nl<Ol<MATI0N. 165
the same on the west and south, unto a certain ])lacc called
'Cinquack,' situate near the mouth of said river, where it
empties into the aforesaid bay of Chesapeake, and thence by
the shortest line unto tlie aforesaid place or jjromontory called
Watkins' Point."
Of course, these original boundaries of the State of Mary-
land have Ijcen very materially changed since the time the
original patent was granted. A large portion of the territory
east of the Delaware river and north toward Philadelphia has
been ceded to Pennsylvania and Delaware, to say nothing about
that portion which has been ceded to the National Govern-
ment in the District of Columbia, and that portion now in
dispute with Virginia, so that finally Maryland territory has
dwindled down to a line bounded on the east by the State of
Delaware, on the southeast by the Chesapeake Bay and
Atlantic Ocean, on the south and southwest by the Potomac
river, on the west by West Virginia, and on the north by
Pennsylvania, covering a total area of 12,210 square miles,
with a land surface of 9,860 square miles and a water surface
of 2,350 square miles, and with an extreme width, from east
to west, of 240 miles and an extreme length, from north to
south, of 125 miles.
In 1763 the State employed two English surveyors, Messrs.
Mason and Dixon, who worked continuously up until 1767
in establishing the boundary line of the State. These gentle-
men progressed 244 miles west, where they were stopped by
the dispute between Maryland and Virginia.
Within the borders of Maryland is grown nearly every
conceivable fruit and vegetable produced in the North Ameri-
can climate, and within its borders abound such a variety of
food fish and animals as can hardly be duplicated in an)^ other
State in the Union, from the toothsome canvass back and
terrapin to the staple bovine.
1 66 REPORT Ol- THE BUREAU OF
Maryland was originally settled by Catholics, but in 1649,
April 21, the "Act of Toleration" was adopted by the General
Assembly of Maryland, giving equal rights to all citizens
who believed in the Lord Jesus Christ.
The first newspaper in Maryland and the second in the
United States was the Annapolis Gazette, issued in 1727.
The first post route established by the Government was from
the Potomac river through Annapolis to Philadelphia, and
was inaugurated in 1695.
The first electric telegraph line in the United States was
erected in Maryland in May, 1844.
July 4, 1828, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, running
from Baltimore to Ellicott's Aiills by horse power, was inau-
gurated, and in 1830 the first locomotive used in the United
States hauled trains over this route.
The first permanent fund for free schools was established
by the General Assembly of Maryland in 1812, and the founda-
tion of the present system of public schools dates from 1825.
To Maryland is also accredited the honor of establishing
the second agricultural college in the United States, in 1856.
Among other noted institutions of learning within the
borders of Maryland, established either through the mvmifi-
cence of private citizens, or by Acts of Assembly, are the fol-
lowing :
Washington College, near Chestertown, 1782.
St. John's College, Annapolis, 1789.
University of Alaryland, 1807.
Maryland Institute, 1825.
Peabody Library, 1859.
McDonogh Institute, 187^3.
Johns Hopkins University, 1876.
The Thomas Wilson Sanitarium, 1882.
Enoch Pratt Library, 1882.
Tome Institute, 1894.
These, with numerous elysmosnary and educational insti-
tutions, offer advantages rarely, if at all, equalled by any other
State in the Union.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 1 67
In the western part of the State He the vast coal beds of the
Georges' Creek region, while in other parts may be found the
granite and lime quarries, almost equally as abundant as the
black diamonds in the Alleganies.
While our State is old, it is comparatively sparsely settled,
there being only 25.6 inhabitants to the square mile of land
surface.
According to the census of 1900, Maryland ranked in the
list of States in gross value of products as follows :
Canning and preserving oysters, first.
Fertilizers, first.
Iron and steel shipbuilding, second.
Canning and preserving fruits and vegetables, second.
Clothing manufacture, fourth.
Chewing and smoking tobacco and snufT, sixth.
Cigars and cigarettes, tenth.
Iron and steel, tenth.
Furniture, factory products, tenth.
Cotton goods, thirteenth.
Paper and wood pulp, thirteenth.
Manufacturing products, fourteenth.
Foundry and machine shop products, fourteenth.
Planing mill products, fifteenth.
Packing and slaughtering meat, fifteenth.
Agricultural pn)ducts, twenty-ninth.
With this brief lesume of Maryland as a whole, we now enter
into a discussion of the various counties of the State, seeking
to give their actual condition, both as to agriculture and manu-
facture, showing that each county possesses certain special
advantages for the various industries already located within
their boundaries, and suffice to say that each and all of them
go to make up a homogeneous whole that makes Maryland
one of the most favored States.
Maryland is practically divided into four districts by nature,
viz: The Eastern Shore, Northern or Central Maryland,
Southern Maryland and Western Maryland. The Eastern
Shore comprises all that part of the State east of the Chesa-
peake Bay, bounded on the East by Delaware and North by
1 68 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Pennsylvania. This territory comprises Cecil, Kent, Caroline,
Talbot. Queen Anne, Dorchester, Somerset, Worcester and
Wicomico Counties.
The Northern i)ortion of the State, generally called Central
Maryland, comprises Harford, Baltimore, Carroll, Howard and
Montgomery Counties.
Lower, or Southern, Maryland is that part of the State which
was first settled, and comprises those counties bordering on
the Chesapeake Bay on the west, being Anne Arundel, Charles,
St. Mary's, Calvert and Prince George's.
Western Maryland comprises those counties bordering on
Virginia and West Virginia in the extreme west and north-
western part of the State, viz.: Montgomery, Frederick, Wash-
ington, Allegany and Garrett.
Each section of the State possesses certain natural advan.
tages not possessed by others. The Eastern Shore, often called
the "garden spot of America," abounds in a wealth of agricul-
tural and horticultural productions, as well as an abundance
of fish and fowl, to say nothing about the luscious bivalve.
The land on the Eastern Shore is especially adapted to the
cultivation of small fruits. There is hardly a county on this
side of the bay that does not raise a large proportion of vege-
tables.
Central or Northern Maryland is also an horticultural
country, but is more adapted to the raising of grain and cattle.
Western Maryland is as well known for its horticultural pro-
ductions as it is for its mineral output. The Georges' Creek
coal is known the world over. Frederick, Washington and
Montgomery Counties are among the richest in the State
in their wealth of horticultural and agricultural productions,
as well as manufactures.
Lower or Southern Maryland, at one time one of the richest
sections of the State, is more adapted to the production of
fruits, tobacco and grain. Though only sparsely settled, it
has become famous in history and novel. The rivers and creeks
are noted for their wealth of oysters and fish.
S'rATiSTrcs and inkormation, 169
THE COUNTIES OF MARYLAND.
Their Natural Advantages and Manufactures.
Under the various headings that follow we have endeavored
to give a brief description of the various counties of the State,
with the advantages for industry of all kinds. Unfortunately,
the figures for the, manufactures of the counties are not as
•complete or as satisfactory as they ought to be, owing to
the unwillingness of the proprietors of many of the manufac-
turing concerns to answer inquiries or furnish figures to the
Bureau. This indifference to inquiries arises from a fear that
the information will be used in some way to expose their busi-
ness, or come under the eyes of the tax assessors, enabling
them to raise assessments or tax unseen property. It is
unfortunate that this is the case, and it may take some time to
convince our farmers, manufacturers and business men gener-
ally of the fact that in no case will the information furnished
this Bureau be published or used in any way to expose them or
their business to publicor private discussion, care being taken
to so present it as to leave no opportunity for prying eyes to
segregate the businesses or form an idea of what individual
concerns are doing.
Where we have been unable to secure figures, we have
endeavored to secure complete lists of the manufacturers in
the counties, and trust that when the census of manufactures
is taken by the National Bureau in 1904-5, with the co-opera-
tion of this Bureau, more complete data will be secured.
Had the figures furnished us been fuller and more complete,
the magnificent progress made in the growing counties of the
State would have been more apparent, and would, no doubt,
have been a source of pride and gratification to all.
170 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
ALLEGANY.
Allegany County, lying between Garrett and Washington Counties,
with the Potomac river separating it from West Virginia on the south,
and Pennsylvania bounding it on the north, was first settled about
1735-41. ■ Skipton, now called Oldtown, probably was the first settle-
ment. It is next to the westernmost county of the State. It was formed
from Washington County by Act of Assembly in 1789. The county
has an area of 520 square miles, with numerous mountain streams
running through it. The population of Allegany in 1900 was 53,694,
and the tax rate in 1903 was $1.23 on the hundred.
Capt. Thomas Cresap established Skipton, which was located about
twelve miles east of Cumberland. Fort Mount Pleasant, afterwards
called Fort Cumberland, was erected in 1753 by General Washington,
and was afterwards reconstructed in 1754 at the junction of Will's
creek and the Potomac river.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
Cumberland is the county seat, the first court meeting there April 25,
1791. Frostburg, Lonaconing, Westernport and Midland are also in-
corporated, while Flintstone, Hazen, EUersley, Oldtown, Little Orleans,
Mt. Savage, Midlothian, Carlos, Lord, Borden Shaft, Ocean, Gilmore,
Pekin, Moscow, Reynolds, Franklin, Barton, Dawson, Rawlings, Cre-
saptown, Morantown, Barrelville, Corrigansville, Kreigbaum, Eckhart,
Vale Summit, Loartown, Hoffman and Milnes are among the other
mining towns and villages.
THE COUNTY.
The county is mountainous, with a stretch of broad bottom land
from Cumberland to Keyser, W. Va., along the Potomac river, about
twenty-five miles in length. There are many small farms in the short
valleys and on the plateaus, and three mountain streams and many
rivulets furnish water in abundance for all purposes. The Potomac
river, the southern boundary, is seventy-five miles in length.
NATURAL ADVANTAGES— COAL, ETC.
Among other blessings which the Creator has bestowed upon Mary-
land is the great deposit in this county of bituminous coal, fire clay,
cement, rocks, iron ore, sandstone, limestone, etc., while the land, which
is devoted to agriculture, readily yields to the production of corn, wheat,
rye, buckwheat, oats and grasses. There are 881 farms in the county,
with an acreage of 160,348.
STATISTICS AND INI'ORMATIOK. I?^
About 1810 a very great demand arose in the East for the bituminous
coal from this county, which had been discovered a few years before.
It was shipped in flat scows down the Potomac river, and this method
was pursued until 1842, when the B. & O. Railroad reached Cumber-
land. In 1846 fourteen miles of railroad were built from Cumberland
to the Eckhart Mines, greatly facilitating transportation, and by 1857
the 50,000 acres of coal in this county were traversed by fifty-five miles
of railroad. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal was extended to Cumber-
land to reach this coal field in 1850. The record, which began in 1842,
shows that 60,000,000 tons of bituminous coal have been shipped from
this region in the past sixty years by about twenty-five different com-
panies, shipping from sixty different mines and employing about 5,000
miners.
Among the leading companies in this region are the American Coal
Company, Barton & Georges' Creek Company, Consolidation Coal Com-
pany, Borden Mining Company, Davis Coal & Coke Company, Georges'
Creek Coal & Iron Company, Maryland Coal Company, New Central
Company, The Union Mining Company, with some few smaller ones.
Of course, the coal industry is the greatest industry in Allegany
County, but on Dan's Mountain fossil ore and hematite, and also traces
of silver are found in the eastern part of the county. The sandstone
in this region is said to be of the best for the manufacture of glass,
which article was manufactured here as early as 1816. In addition to
these minerals there are also excellent qualities of fire clay and iron
ore to be found.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
Six railroads now cross the county, namely: the B. & O. main line,
the Pennsylvania Railroad in Maryland, Cumberland & Pennsylvania,
the Georges' Creek & Cumberland, West Virginia Central, and Pitts-
burg, the latter recently absorbed by the Wabash system, and to be
extended east from Cumberland by an extension of seventj' miles to
Cherry Run.
It will thus be seen that the transportation facilities of the county by
rail and water, including the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, are excellent.
MANUFACTURES.
The manufacturing industries of Allegany County are extensive and
increasing. According to the census of 1900 there were about 250 manu-
facturing establishments in the county, with a total invested capital of
$6,375,175; but this has materially increased in the past four years;
Cumberland, the second largest city in the State, being a thriving in-
dustrial centre.
172 KKl'OK'l- OF THE BURKAU OF
Glass, fire clay brick, rails and tin plate, also building brick are the
principal products and manufactures in the county. Incidentally in the
clay measures of the region there are eight veins of pure fire clay, and
works for developing this clay are in operation at Frostburg, Mt. Sav-
age and Ellersley.
In 1867 Cumberland presented to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
forty acres of land for the erection of a rolling mill, which was built
and gave employment to about 500 men until 1875. It is now leased by
the Schonthal Iron & Steel Company, who employ about 150 men.
At Mt. Savage, a thriving little place, the repair shops of the Cum-
berland & Pennsylvania Railroad are located, also the Union Mining
Company's Fire Clay Brick Works and the Mt. Savage Enameled Brick
Works. These bricks are hand-made by a dry stock method, incorpor-
ating the enamel with the body of the brick.
Following is a list of the manufactures of the county, with total
figures as far as it was possible to obtain the same :
Flour and Feed — L. D. Rohrer Company, R. D. Johnson, Cumber-
land; Excelsior Flour Mills, near Flintstone — Number of employes, 47;
value of total product, $500,000 ; capital invested, $126,400 ; amount
paid annually in wages, $52,000.
Gas, Electricity, etc. — Cumberland Gas Light Company, Cumberland
Electric Light Company, Cumberland ; Frostburg Gas Light Company,
Frostburg — Number of employes, S3 > value of total product, $56,000 ;
capital invested, $210,000 ; amount paid annually in wages, $23,200.
Steel Cars and Machinery — Cumberland Steel Company, Mervin
McKaig, Cumberland — Number of employes, 155 ; value of total product,
$460,000; capital invested, $450,000; amount paid annually in wages,
$85,800.
Queen City Brick & Tile Company, building and paving brick,
South Cumberland ; Cumberland Brewing Company, beer and ice ; Cum-
berland Sash and Door Company, sash, doors, etc. ; Queen City Glass
Company, glass; Allegany Furniture Company, bedroom furniture and
chiffoniers ; August A. Roeder & Company, monuments and building
stone, Cumberland — Number of employes, 285 ; value of total product,
$420,450; capital invested, $155,000; amount paid annually in wages,
$160,000.
Repair Shops — Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Georges' Creek & Cum-
berland Railroad, Cumberland ; Cumberland & Pennsylvania Railroad,
Eckhart mines ; Cumberland & Pennsylvania Railroad, Mt. Savage ;
Cumberland & Pennsylvania Railroad, Westernport.
Bread and Other Bakery Products — Ferdinand Bland, F. A. Finkle-
dey, Dietrich H. Lear, A. B. Fogle & Company, Farmakers & Greaves,
C. M. Pferdont, John M. Street, Harvey Wilson, Dryer Brothers,
Nickle Brothers, Cumberland ; Wittig Brothers, John M. Street, John
J. Ryan, Frostburg.
STATl.STrCS AND /Nl'OKM ATION, I73
Printing and Publishing — James A. Yf)ung, J. J. Miller, Cumberland
Free Press, Cumberland Daily News, The Independent, Times and Al-
legiance, Frank B. Jenvcy, Queen City Courier, Jacob Cotllieb, Jenvey,
Briggs & Company, Cumberland; Frostburg Forum, Frostburg Mining
Journal, The Frostburg Mcrald, J. H. Zimmerly, Frostburg; Midland
Press, Midland ; The Star, The Review, Lonaconing.
Tin Plate and Steel— American Tin Plate Company, Steel & Tin
Plate Company, Cumberland.
Steel Rails, etc. — Schonthal Iron & Steel Company, Potomac Steel
Company, Cumberland.
Whiskey — J. B. Gunning, Jas. B. Clark Distilling Company, Cumber-
land.
Cement — Cumberland & Potomac Cement Company, Potomac; Cum-
berland Hydraulic Cement Company, Cumberland.
Hides — Payne Spring Tannery, United States Leather Company,
Cumberland.
Rubber Stamps — Chas. T. Hayden, Cumberland.
Harness and Saddlery — W. T. Hoblitzell & Company, John H. Oran-
dorfif, Robt. H. Shearer, Cumberland; John J. Foster, H. B. Schaffer,
lyouis Staunton, Frostburg; S. E. Jarboe, Lonaconing.
Ice — Cumberland Ice Manufacturing Company, Cumberland; Mayer
Brothers, Frostburg.
Glass — National Glass Company, Maryland Glass Etching Works,
Cumberland.
Furniture — Cumberland Furniture Company, Cumberland.
Flour and Feed — J. O. Swain, Belle Grove ; W. L. Dickens, Cumber-
land Valley Mills, Beall-Beasley, Bowling Green; Wolf Brothers,
Evitt's Creek; Cumberland Cereal Company, Cumberland Milling Com-
pany, J. M. Clark, Fountain Mills, Ellerslie; Excelsior Flour Mills,
Flintstone.
Ice Cream — N. Harrison, Cumberland.
Bricks, etc. — P. A. Bier, Bier.
Carpets, etc. — Ambrose McKenzie, Frostburg.
Carriages and Wagons — Richard Brothers, Cumberland ; Wm. T.
Parker, Frostburg ; John R. McDonough, Lonaconing.
Confectionery — Reuben Taylor, Corrigansville; A. J. Perris, Centre-
ville.
Bottling — Paul Ritter & Son, Cumberland.
Flour and Grist Mill Products— Combs Mills, Mt. Savage; H. B.
Shaffer & Company, Frostburg; James Cox, Oldtown.
Postal Cards — Albert Daggett, United Postal Card Factory, Luke.
Ship and Boat Building — F. Mertens' Sons, Windship ; IMeredith &
Company, Cumberland.
Foundry and Machine Shop Products — Holmes Foundry & Machine
Company, R. C. Paul & Son, Cumberland; Boughton Mfg. Company,
Frostburg; Robert Smith, Luke; Patrick F. White, Westernport.
174 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
Lamps and Reflectors — Frederick Zais, Frostburg.
Leather, Tanned, Curried and Finished — Allegany Leather Company,
Barton; C. F. Showacre & Brother, Oldtown.
Malt Liquors — National Brewery, German Brewing Company, Cum-
berland.
Lumber and Timber Products — Facenbaker Lumber Company, Ma-
gruder Lumber Company, Warwick Brothers Lumber Company, Bar-
ton; Thos. F. Smouse, Warren C. White, Cumberland; Carey Lumber
Company, Johnson Brothers, Jacob Nedrow & Son, Robeson Lumber
Company, Wilhelm & Wright Lumber Company, Willison Lumber
Company, Frostburg ; H. H. Yonker, Little Orleans ; Merrill Lumber
Company, Lofiaconing; H. J. Wilmoth, Mt. Savage; Garland & Hewitt,
Pratt; Philips T. Michael, Westernport.
Planing Mill Products — Thos. Burger & Sons, F. Mertens & Sons,
Lewis Weber, Cumberland; Willison & Brother, Frostburg; Dent
Richter, Lonaconing.
Marble and Stone Works — A. H. Amick, Cumberland.
Mattresses and Spring Beds — Charles Tomasen, Cumberland.
Mineral and Soda Waters — Hering & Company, Michael J. Malam-
phy, Potomac Bottling Works, Cumberland; John Uhl Coles, Freder-
ick Wehner, Frostburg; Emil Ritter, Lonaconing.
Monuments and Tombstones — Geo. F. Hoenicka, Cumberland; J. B.
Williams & Company, Frostburg.
Paper and Wood Pulp — Cumberland Paper Company, Cumberland;
West Virginia Pulp & Paper Company, Luke.
Photography — Clipper Art Studio, Thomas L. Darnell, J. R. Port-
mess, C. O. & W. H. Towles, Hiram M. Wertz, Cumberland ; S. Groff
Haverstick, Otto Marten, Frostburg; Chas. Gerkins, Lonaconing.
Pottery, Terra Cotta and Fire Clay Products — Gardner Brothers,
EUerslie; Mt. Savage Enameled Brick Works, Frostburg; Savage
Mountain Fire Brick Works, Union Mining Company, Mt. Savage.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheet Iron Working — Chas. L.
Rizer, John W. Cope, Habig & Stegmier, Harrison & Heron, Wm.
Langer, William Morehead, Theodore Thumel, John L. Wolz, Cumber-
land; Henry Weigand, Catherine E. Wolfe, Frostburg; James L
Tement, Lonaconing.
Tobacco, Cigars and Cigarettes — John H. Helbig, Henry Helker,
Hill & Walker, Frank C. Kuhn, Potomac Cigar Factory, Cumberland.
ANNE ARUNDEL.
Anne Arundel County, named for the Lady Anne Arundel, whom
Cecilius Calvert married, was erected in 1650, and has an area of about
360 square miles, one-sixth of which is water surface. The county was
first settled in 1649, two miles from the present site of Annapolis, by a
band of Puritan refugees driven from Virginia by the persecution under
the penal laws of England, then in force against Puritans.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 1 75
The county contains the State Capital, Annapolis, in which is located
St. John's College and the United States Naval Academy.
The county fronts eastward on the Chesapeake Bay, and within its
territory are five rivers, one of them, the Severn, the most beautiful
sheet of water of its size in the country; the Magothy, South, Rhode
and West rivers. On the north and northeast is the Patapsco, and
Howard County lies on the northwest; the Patuxent river separates
it from Prince George's on the west, and Calvert County is on the south.
Anne Arundel is chiefly a level county, with a few tall and com-
manding elevations.
The tax rate for 1903 is $1.05, with road tax added.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
Annapolis, the State Capital, is the only incorporated town in the
county, but there are others growing in size and importance, such as
Brooklyn, South Baltimore, Galloways, Friendship, Eastport, German-
town and Camp Parole.
Annapolis was settled in 1649, but was not made the Capital until
1694. In 1696 King William's School was founded in this town, one of
the first in the State. In the State House here some of the most im-
portant events of Revolutionary days took place. In the Senate
Chamber Washington resigned his commission as Commander-in-Chief
to the Continental Congress at the close of the Revolution. On the hill
upon which the State House stands is erected a heroic statue of Baron
DeKalb, commander of the Maryland Line.
Eden, the last of the Colonial Governors, died at Annapolis. The
Maryland Gazette, first printed in 174S, is still one of the Annapolis
newspapers. The United States Naval Academy, occupying the Gov-
ernment Reservation adjoining the city, is a place of great interest to
visitors all over the country.
The population of Annapolis is 8,525. It was named for Queen Anne.
The new Court of Appeals building, the new annex to the State
House, Postoffice and Naval Academy buildings, recently erected or
in course of construction, have greatly added to the beauty and pro-
gressive spirit of the town.
AGRICULTURE.
It is estimated that there are 4,500 farms in Anne Arundel County,
and the population of the county is a little over 40,000. Tobacco, com,
wheat, fruits and vegetables are the natural products of the farm in
this county, which is chiefly an agricultural and horticultural county.
Some of the earliest and finest berries and fruits find their way to the
markets from here. The canning and packing of fruits and vegetables
in connection with this industry is large and growing.
176 REPORT OF TlTTv BUREAU OF
OYSTERS AND FISH.
Considerable numbers of oysters and lish are taken from the waters
of Anne Arundel, and for the year ending May, 1903, it is reported
that 37,794 bushels of oysters were packed or shipped.
About ^2,000 persons are employed in the taking and canning or
packing of oysters and fish, and find a good living in this industry.
Among the leading firms may be mentioned : C. W. Martin & Company,
Chas. H. Russell, Chas. A. DuBois, James Johnson, Walter Clark,
Martin Wagner & Company, and a number of others, mostly located
at Annapolis.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
In addition to the Tolchester Steamboat Company, the Annapolis,
West and South Rivers Line of boats, the county is reached by the
Annapolis, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, the Baltimore & Po-
tomac, and the Annapolis & Baltimore Short Line, thus offering ample
facilities for reaching the market with the products and manufactures
of the county.
MANUFACTURES.
While the manufactures of Anne Arundel are not numerous, and are
comprised in the following list, yet some of the biggest manufacturing
concerns of the State are located in South Baltimore, Anne Arundel
County, which is a manufacturing centre. Among some of the large
industries in Anne Arundel may be mentioned the Martin Wagner
Packing Company, packers and canners of all kinds of fruits, vege-
tables and oysters ; the East Brooklyn Box Factory, the Monumental
Chemical Works, the Chemical Chrome Works, the Maryland Car
Wheel Works, the National Supply Company, the South Baltimore
Steel Car Foundry, which together represent a capital of over $3,500,-
000, and an output annually when all are running, of upwards of
17,000,000, employing nearly 2,000 hands.
Other large concerns in Anne Arundel are : Noah H. Green, fruit
packer, Benfield; David Wigley, canning factory, Gambrill's Packing
Company, Gambrill's ; W. L. Gardner & Sons, V:anning factory, C. G.
Summers, fruit packers, J. H. Lowekamp, canning factory, Jessups ;
George M. Murray, canning factory, Odenton ; Diamond Dust Soap
Powder Company, Maryland Bolt & Nut Works, Ryan & McDonald
Mfg. Company, manufacturers of contractors' supplies. South Balti-
more Foundry, iron founders; South Baltimore Harbor & Improvement
Company, South Baltimore ; K. Boswell, canning factory, Waterbury ;
C. Nocklitz, canning factory, St. Margaret's ; Richard H. Maynard,
canning factory, Woodwardsville.
STATISTICS AND IN I'OKM ATION. I77
BALTIMORE COUNTY.
Baltimore County, standiiiR, as it docs, first among tlic counties of
Maryland in wealth, population and manufactures, and its area of 622
square miles being exceeded only by Garrett and Frederick Counties,
was organized in 1659, and so named from the fact that Baltimore was
the naifie of the Irish estates of the Calverts. It is bounrled on the
east by Harford County; on the west by Carroll County; on tlie south
by the Bay; the city and Patapsco river separating it from Anne
Arundel and Howard Counties. The Pennsylvania State line is the
northern boundary.
The population of Baltimore County was reported by the last census
as 90,755, and the tax rate for 1903 is 65 cents. Its proximity to Balti-
more City, with a loss of territory and population owing to the annexing
of a part of the county by the city, still leaves it the foremost county
in the State both in population and in the number of farms, and third
on the list in number of manufacturing industries, though largely the
first in value of plants of manufactures.
COUNTY SEAT AND TOWNS.
The seat of government in Baltimore County is Towson, seven miles
from Baltimore City, and the terminus of a city electric car line. It
has a population of 2,500, and with the other small towns throughout
the county adds to its industrial and commercial growth. Canton and
Highlandtown, with their manufactures, adjoin the eastern limits of
the city of Baltimore, while Catonsville, Mt. Washington and Roland
Park are residential suburbs of Baltimore. Sparrows Point, about
twelve miles from the City Hall in Baltimore, has the largest industrial
plant in the State.
SOIL AND AGRICULTURE.
The surface is uneven and varied, the greater part elevated and roll-
ing, traversed by numerous streams which create good water power.
The soil is strong and fertile, yielding grain of all kinds, fruit in great
variety and garden vegetables.
Much attention is paid to dairy products, the estimated value of
which, in 1900, was nearly $1,200,000, and there were at the same time
3,641 farms in the county producing these products. The proximity
of Baltimore City furnishes a ready market and the excellent railroad
facilities, by means of which the milk can be delivered in the city in a
few hours, gives a great impetus to this branch of farm work.
Agriculture in Baltimore County has been carried, in many instances,
to an intensive point, and the results have been both satisfactory and
profitable.
1 78 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
The farms contiguous to Towson, the county seat, have been superbly
developed. Corn, wheat, potatoes, vegetables and fruits are raised
throughout the county in large quantities. About 25,000 gallons of
milk daily find their way into Baltimore City from this county, the dairy
business, as stated above, being one of the largest interests in the
county. This milk finds its way over the Northern Central Railroad
to the extent of about 5,500 gallons from 200 shippers ; over the West-
ern Maryland to the extent of about 7,800 gallons from 175 shippers;
the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad brings in about 1,400 gallons from
twenty-seven shippers, and the Maryland & Pennsylvania carries in
about 4,200 gallons from eighty shippers, while about 5,000 gallons are
hauled in on wagons from 125 shippers.
MINERALS, BUILDING STONES, ETC.
In mineral resources Baltimore County is particularly fortunate.
From the early days of the colonies the iron ores attracted capital, and
from time to time numerous iron manufacturing establishments have
been in operation. Copper mines were formerly worked in the county,
and from the industry grew the large copper works at Canton, which
now use copper from Montana, the mining of the county deposits being
very expensive.
The building stones of the county are widely known throughout the
adjoining States. The famous Woodstock granite is found in the south-
western corner and has been quarried since the '30s. It has been
used in many of the chief buildings in Baltimore City, and in the Con-
gressional Library and the Washington Postoffice. It is quarried by
the Guilford Granite Company.
The Beaver Dam marble has been used in the construction of the
Washington Monuments in Washington and Baltimore, and also in
federal, State and municipal buildings throughout the East. It is now
quarried by the Beaver Dam Marble Company, at Cockeysville .
These companies have a capital of upward of |20o,ooo, employ about
250 hands, who receive about $125,000 in wages, and the annual total
output is about f 225,000.
The crystalline marbles of Baltimore County are said to be the most
valuable found in Maryland.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
The position of Baltimore City has brought many railroads through
the county. The B. & O., the P., B. & W. and the W., B. & P. Rail-
roads traverse the southern portion, while the N. C. Railroad extends
north throughout the county to Pennsylvania, and the W. M. and M.
& P. in the same northerly direction, the former passing into Carroll,
and the latter into Harford County.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 1 79
The suburban towns are now in close connection with Baltimore
City by a network of electric railways, which have given a tremendous
impetus to suburban development, especially the railway connecting
Reisterstown and Glyndon, which is over twenty miles in length. One
of the handsomest suburbs in the East is Roland Park, where land is
very valuable and much sought.
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
In her public school facilities Baltimore County stands high among
the counties of Maryland. The course of instruction as now planned
by the most efficient examiner will compare with the best equipped, as
also the salaries of her teachers.
The enrollment of pupils for the last year was 14,607, while the aver-
age attendance was 10,445, the number of teachers employed being 402,
to whom were paid salaries amounting to $185,197.05. Among other
educational institutions of the county are the Maryland College for
Young Ladies, at Lutherville ; the McDonogh School for Orphan Boys,
on the Western Maryland Railroad ; the Catholic Seminary at Wood-
stock, Notre Dame of Maryland, etc.
MINERAL WATERS, ETC.
Baltimore County has achieved a wide reputation for its mineral
waters from the springs of Chattalonee, Roland, Strontia, Lystra and
others. The water from these springs is bottled and sold throughout
the country, the shipping of this mineral water having grown to be an
important business in the county.
PLEASURE RESORTS, FISHING SHORES, WATER POWER.
Along the shores of the Chesapeake Bay and the numerous rivers,
including the Patapsco, Back, Bush, Middle and Gunpowder rivers, are
numerous and much frequented pleasure resorts, including many fishing
and ducking shores.
The Little and Great Gunpowder rivers, Patapsco river and Gwynn's
and Jones' Falls furnish excellent sites for extensive copper, cotton
and woolen factories, paper and flour mills, furnaces and foundries.
MANUFACTURES.
Baltimore County is second only to Baltimore City in its importance
as a manufacturing locality, nearly 400 such establishments being
scattered throughout the county and on its water front. First in rank
among these, of course, is the mammoth plant of the Maryland Steel
Company, located at Sparrows Point, 12 miles from Baltimore, which
i8o
Ui:i'()Ki' oi.- THH liUREAU OF
manufactures steel rails, coke, iron and their various products, some
of the largest ships that plow the waters of the ocean being built at
this plant. The building of the great dry docks for the United States
Government by this concern has attracted the attention of the whole
world to its unexcelled facilities for marine building work. This plant
alone represents an invested capital of upwards of $10,000,000, and gives
employment to nearly 3,000 persons, with a total product reaching into
many millions of dollars, and a yearly pay-roll of nearly $4,000,000.
It is estimated that the principal rnanufactures of Baltimore County
will foot up in amount as follows :
Product.
Flour, feed and cornmeal
Bread and other bakery prod-
ucts
Carriages and wagons
Canned fruits and vegetables.
Lime and cement
Rye whiskey
Railroad ties, telephone and
telegraph poles, bridge and
framing timber
Paper
Printing and publishing
Harness and repairs
Butter
Cotton duck, jeans and cottons
Kersej', cashmeres and chev-
iots
Capital
Invested
1500,000
25,000
35.000
125,000
125,000
1,500,000
30,000
100,000
25,000
10,000
5,000
500,000
350,000
Number
of
Employes.
150
15
50
600
200
150
75
70
25
10
10
300
625
Value of
Total
Product.
fooo.ooo
25,000
60,000
250,000
200,000
2,500,000
100,000
130,000
40,000
20,000
25,000
350,000
600,000
Total
Annual
Wage
Paym't.
|75,ooO'
6,00a
30,000
30,000
90,000
75,000.
25,000
25,000
10,000
5,000
5,000
100,000
110,000
These estimates are for only a few of the principal industries in
the county, but will give an adequate idea of the immensity of the
industries therein.
The following list of businesses and manufactures of the county, cor-
rected from the census, adds to the strength of the statement hereto-
fore made that Baltimore County is one of our foremost manufacturing
centres.
Flour and Grist Mill Products— Black Rock Mill, Butler; J. M.
Bryan & Son, Brooklandville; Franklin Flour & Grist Mill, Franklin-
town ; Mantua Mills, Cockeysville ; Manor Mills, Daubs ; Joseph Y.
Kenny, Freeland ; J. L. Benson, Glencoe ; David L. Kendig, Gwynn-
brook ; Keystone Mills, Hartley ; Bushland Mills, Hereford ; Meadow-
ville Mill, Long Green; Jacob S. Gorsuch, Mt. Carmel ; Harris' Mill,
Heathcoate Brothers, Maryland Line; Atlanta Mill, Monkton Mills,
STATISTICS ANI) TN' l'f)R.M ATION. l8l
Monkton; Harry (). i,uttgcrdinfc', North I'.rruicli ; luireka Mills, Acr-
hart Green, Owings Mills; Georges' Creek Roller Mills, Silas H. Shaw,
Parkton; Cnro Mills, Geo. K. Ensor, Philopolis; Carroll Mill, Phnenix;
Laurel Mills, Sweet Air; W. W. Tlafer, Ui)perco ; Merryinan Roller
& Flour Mill, Warren; Thomas Hunter, Whitehall; Lock Lynn Chop-
ping Mill, Woodenshurg.
Bread and Other I^akcry Prfxlucts— Louis N. Held, Towson ; (/eorge
W. Penn, Glyndon ; Julius IJotthof, Julius Wildt, Perry Hall; Wm.
Storey, Cockeysville.
Carriages, Wagons, etc. — Aerhart Green, W. & J. Buckman & Com-
pany, Owings Mills; Samuel Roche, Jr., Mt. Washington; John Arthur,
Fork; Phillip Markline, Gemmill's ; Clarence Stansfield, C/lyndon ;
Slade Brothers & Company, Long Green; Jason C. Flory, Ceo. H.
Stevenson, Reisterstown.
Canned Fruits and Vegetables — Alfred Crossmore, John L. Cullcm,
Bradshaw; Charles G. Suavely, Fork; John B. Foard, Gittings ; J. R.
Price, Jacksonville; E. J. Bell, Chapman Brothers, G. W. Montgomery,
V. B. Rittenhouse, Kingsville ; Wm. A. Hanway, Timonium ; A. M.
Hutchins, Manor; Bell & Baxter, Lorely; Walter P. Reckord, Reckord;
Thos. J. Jessop, Sweet Air ; Wm. L. Clark, William E. Robinson, Vale.
Iron and Steel — Maryland Steel Company of Baltimore County,
(Inc.), Sparrows Point.
Lime and Cement — Thomas Lee, Wm. P. Lindsay, Wm. C. Ditman,
John Pollett, Texas ; Charles Councilman, M. S. Friedenwald, John B.
Harris, Glyndon.
Liquors, Distilled — Canton Distilleries, Carstairs Brothers, Canton ;
Sherwood Distilling Company, Cockeysville; Melvale Distilling Com-
pany, Melvale; Winans Distilling Company, Federal Distilling Com-
pany, Pikesville.
Lumber and Timber Products — Thomas Simms, Carnj' ; Dihvorth
Brothers & Company, Fork ; Francis Bull, Sylvester Hare, Freeland ;
Jacob D. Geist, Glyndon; Wm. Dunty, Jr., Perry Hall; Horace W.
Strewig, Reisterstown; David M. Bucher, Louis Moorfoot, Upperco;
Merryman Corbett ; A. A. Sparks, Parkton ; Edward D. Selby, Reis-
terstown.
Paper and Wood Pulp — Shrewsbury Paper Mill, Beckleysville ; Coon
Box Mill, Daniel & Jas. B. Young, Bentley Springs ; Andover Mills,
Freeland ; Gunpowder Paper Mill, Parkton ; Chas. H. Wise, Whitehall.
Patent Medicines and Compounds — Johnson, Erbe & Company, Reis-
terstown.
Paving and Paving Materials — Frank H. Zouck, Reisterstown.
Printing and Publishing — Baltimore County Democrat, Baltimore
County Uiiion, Maryland Journal, Towson; Catonsville Argus, Catons-
ville; Highlandtown Sentinel, Highlandtown.
Pumps — Orrick Naylor, Glyndon.
1 82 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Roofing and Roofing Materials — G. S. Sandner, Gittings.
Saddlery and Harness — Henry Dienstbach, Towson; D. M. Wilhelm,
Mt. Carmel ; Thomas Kaufman, Samuel Miller, Monkton ; Henry E.
Waggoner, Reisterstown.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheet Iron Working — ^V. J. Brown,
John W.' Gormely, Reisterstown ; L. P. Kraus Company, Keysville.
Tobacco, etc. — Morris & Stover, Phoenix; Frank M. Slack, Reisters-
town.
Woolen Goods— W. J. Dickey & Son, Oella.
Foundry and Machine Shop Products — F. H. Hooper & Company,
Glenarm.
Kaolin and Other Earth Grindings — P. G. Zouck, Reisterstown;
Wilson & Bahn, Whitehall.
Powder and Dynamite — Rockdale Powder Company.
Leather, Tanned, Curled and Finished— Lewis O. Eckhardt, Glen
Morris.
Cheese, Butter, etc. — John E. Myers, Boring; Thos. M. Corcoran,
Butler; Richard Kelbaugh, Parkton; Hale & Rhoten, Upperco; J. P.
Jorden, Henry C. Schilling, Whitehall.
Confectionery — J. W. Beacham, Avondale; J. T. Whittle, Glyndon;
R. S. B. Gore, George Naylor, Reisterstown.
Cotton Goods — Ashland Manfg. Company, Dickeyville; Mt. Vernon
Cotton Duck Company, Franklinville ; Oella Mills, Oella; Warren Mfg.
Company, Warren.
Dyeing and Finishing Textiles — Rockland Bleach & Dye Works Com-
pany, Brooklandville.
Fertilizers — Nitrogen Company, St. Helena.
CALVERT.
Calvert County is one of the oldest counties in the State, but owing
to its isolation and perhaps to the difficult means of access, there has
been little immigration into it. Many of the names of the families are
the same as those who settled here over 200 years ago. The county
was first settled in 1654 and contains an area of 222 square miles, and it
is therefore also the smallest county in the State. Its eastern line is
washed by the Chesapeake Bay, and its southern and western sides are
washed by the Patuxent river curves. The cliffs of Calvert, which
overlook the bayside, attract much attention among students of
geology.
The court house was burned in 1882 and many valuable ancient
records were thus destroyed.
STATISTICS AND INl^OKMATION. 183
INCORPORATED AND OTJIER TOWNS.
The county seat is Prince Frederick, while Chesapeake Beach and
Solomon's are also incorporated towns. Other towns of importance
in the county, not incorporated, are Barstow, Broome's Island, Dunkirk,
Huntingtown, Lower Marlboro, Plum Point and Drum Point. They
are small in- population, but with an influx of immigrants promise
well for the future.
DESCRIPTION OF COUNTY, SOIL, ETC.
The county is practically a peninsula, bounded on the east by the
Chesapeake Bay, the land being undulating and interspersed with many
creeks and rivulets.
The soil is productive and divided between sandy and clay loam,
and, with a mild climate, is responsive to cultivation.
Tobacco and cereals are the chief crops. Fruits and vegetables,
which are grown quite plentifully, mature early along the waterways
which have a southern exposure. The oyster grounds surrounding
Calvert County are among the best in the State. Timber is plentiful,
and iron ore and silica are found in extensive deposits.
Tobacco has for nearly two hundred years been the principal product
of Calvert County, in consequence of which the land at one time became
slightly impoverished, until the use of fertilizers again restored it to
its natural qualities of productiveness. Corn, wheat and fruits are also
raised in liberal quantities. In late years, live stock and poultry
raising have become a part of the farmer's occupation. The number of
farms in the county reaches about 800.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
The first railroad to enter the county was the Chesapeake Beach Rail-
road, which runs to Hyattsville. With this exception no other rail-
road runs through the county, though all the bay lines of steamboats
touch along the shores of Calvert's rivers and on the bayside.
Drum Point, at the mouth of the Patuxent, is one of the finest
harbors in the United States, and it is believed in time will become the
shipping location of a great railroad system.
While there are not many packing houses in Calvert County, the
catch of oysters and the employment given to its citizens by this indus-
try is quite large. Upward of 1,000 men are employed on in-shore or
boat fisheries, and some 300 to 400 in other capacities, taking and trans-
porting oysters and fish. It is estimated that 65,000 bushels of oysters
were taken in the season of 1902-3 in the waters of Calvert.
184 KI'.rORT OF Till-: liTRKAU Ol-
MANUFACTURES.
\\'hile there are not man}' manufacturing establishments in the county,
there are some of a little importance, and, industrially, when the popu-
lation of the county is considered with that of others in the State, gives
evidence of progress. What is mostly needed is an influx of white
laborers and settlers, who will utilize the natural advantages of the
county and develop its industries.
The following list of manufacturers, with the figures, gives an idea
of the approximate values of the manufactures of the county and the
business industries :
Lumber and Grist Mill Products — Calvert Rolling Mills, Smithville;
Trott & Bryant, Lower Marlboro ; Geo. P. Ross, C. H. Dorsey, Mutual ;
John T. Bond, St. Leonard's ; Isaac P. Bowen, Wallville ; Wm. H.
Robinson, Prince Frederick; Frederick Helb, Bertha; Oliver J. Ham-
mett, Bowen ; John W. Fowler, Chaneyville ; James S. Fowler, Wm.
A. Grierson, Huntingtown ; Chas. E. Hardesty, Port Republic; Birck-
head & Owings, Owings ; James A. Dalrymple, Buena Vista — Number
of employees, 55 ; capital invested, $38,000.
General Stores — John F. Webster & Brother, Geo. W. Johnson, Wm.
H. Crockett, Solomon's — Number of employees, 5 ; value of total
product, $68,000 ; capital invested, $19,000 ; amount paid annually
in wages, $2,200.
Shipbuilding— James T. Marsh, Mill Creek; M. M. Davis, Thomas
Moore, Solomon's — Number of employees, 25 ; value of total pro-
duct, $20,000; capital invested, $15,000; amount paid annually in wages,
|ii,ooo.
Wm. H. Files, ice cream, Solomon's ; James W. Bellows, sailmaking,
James T. Marsh, lumber ; Roberts Brothers, canned goods. Mill Creek
— Number of employees, 89; value of total product, $18,500; capital
invested, $12,700 ; amount paid annually in wages, $3,950.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — Webster Tabbs, Prince Frederick;
Gantt Dixon, St. Leonard's.
CAROLINE.
Caroline, the most inland and one of the smaller counties on the
Eastern Shore of Maryland, was established in 1773. The Delaware
State line binds it on the east, Dorchester County on the south, the
Choptank and Tuckahoe rivers on the west, and Queen Anne's County
on the north. It was named in honor of Lady Caroline Eden, and its
first seat of government was at Melvin's wharf, just north of the site
of Denton, the present county seat. It is the only county except Wi-
comico on the Eastern Shore that has no extensive Bay front.
The area of Caroline is about 320 square miles, and its population
nearly 17,000, and the increase in this population during the past decade
has been upwards of sixteen per cent. The county tax rate for 1903
is ninety-five cents.
STATIS'IMCS AND \ N I'OUM A'l'lOK. I 85
COUNTY vSEAT AND OTHER TOWNvS.
Denton, with a population of nearly 1,500, is the county scat, and is
growing in manufacturing importance.
Among the other live towns of Caroline County can be named
Ridgely, Greensboro, Federalsburg, Preston, Hillsboro, Burrsville and
Choptank.
TRANSPORTATION AND EDUCATIONAI^ FACILITIES.
Caroline has as good transportation facilities as any county in the
State, and in some respects much better. The Delaware & Chesapeake
Railway, the Queen Anne's Railroad, the B., C. & A. Railway, the Cam-
bridge & Seaford Railroad, and the steamboat lines on the Choptank
and Tuckahoe rivers afTord excellent shipping conveniences, and make
it possible to place the crops of the county in the best markets in the
country in less than a day.
The educational facilities of Caroline County are most excellent and
include, in addition to the public school system, with its high school
and manual training school, several private institutions.
LAND, AGRICULTURE, Etc.
The lands are level, but well drained, and the soil is more diversified
than that of most counties in the State, ranging from heavy clay to
sandy loam, being in some sections very light and producing many
kinds of profitable crops. The heavy lands have been known to yield
fifty bushels of wheat per acre, while from lighter soils over one hun-
dred bushels of corn per acre have been repeatedly gathered.
In recent years Caroline agriculturists have devoted much of their
farms, while growing cereals and hay, to fruits, and in this way chiefly
have distinguished themselves and the county. They have been remark-
ably successful. A large per cent, of intelligent tillers of the soil have
made small fortunes in the past decade. Twenty-four years ago
there was not a bank in the county; now there are five, which show
heavy deposits subject to check. As they derive their support prin-
cipally from the business of the county, which is chiefly agricultural,
this fact is cited as a trustworthy index of the prosperity which the
county has attained in recent years in the varied lines of farming.
It is often said, and the fact is proven, that each of many of Caroline,
acres pays for itself annually when tilled and managed by the more
progressive farmers. Indeed, there are scores of industries where the
net returns each year have been more than double the price paid for the
land less than a dozen years ago. These instances are pointed out most
frequently among the strawberry, blackberry, raspberry and tomato-
growing lands. There are a large number of well-established packing-
1 86 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
houses to take at fair prices all the tomatoes grown in the county, an
the facilities of transportation are most favorable conditions to the
growers. The remarkable success of the Caroline farmers has, of course,
been heralded abroad, and several hundred substantial agriculturists
from the North, principally from Pennsylvania, have purchased tracts
in this county.
The price of real estate has doubled in ten years, but is still quite
low considering the prolits and the attractions ofifered by the soil,
climate and productions.
THE PACKING INDUSTRY.
Caroline was a pioneer county in the packing of fruits and vegetables.
Early in the seveftties the late Andrew B. Roe had a well-equipped
establishment at Greensboro, which point is still a packing centre. Not
until the latter part of the eighties, however, did the industry reach
large proportions. It has grown very rapidly in the last few years and
is now a chief industry. This year the advance has been greater than
in any preceding year, last year's high prices inducing a general expan-
sion. About a dozen additional houses of large capacity were erected
and the number of small concerns was increased. Quite a number of
farmers profitably operate small plants on their own land, growing
their own supply of fruits. Several of the long established plants were
enlarged and supplied with better machinery, in some cases almost
doubling their capacity. Growers generally, in this county, accepted,
for tomatoes the price of $8.00 per tori, which is considered here a fairly
remunerative price, but in some instances higher figures were obtained.
In most sections the yield of tomatoes was surprisingly heavy.
There were no peaches to pack in Caroline this year, and only two
or three of the houses put up peas. A careful estimate of the year's
work shows that Caroline occupies first place in the list of tomato
packing counties in the State. The business, while it is thought to tem-
porarily disorganize to a considerable extent farm and household
labor, attracting it to the canning centres of Denton, Ridgely, Preston,
Greensboro, Federalsburg, Choptank and elsewhere, has on the whole
vastly benefited the county. It distributes generally among the
people, particularly the farmers and working class, several hundred
thousand dollars annually.
The following is a trustworthy estimate of the operations of the
year 1903 :
Number of Canning Houses 58
Capital Invested $454,000
Number of Employes, (men, women and children) . .3,710
Wages Paid $150,000
Tomato Acreage Contracted for 8,260
Cases Packed 1,000,000
Value of Product $1,500,000
STATISTICS AND INI'ORMATJON. 1 87
The following is a fairly complete list of the packers and growers of
Caroline :
W. M. Wright & Company, W. J. Wright & vSon, O. C. Blades &
Son, Choptank; Dennis & Carroll, Preston Canning Company, J. F.
Lednum Company, Alexander Noble, Williamson & Rieck, Thos. Tay-
lor, J. P. Patchett, Preston; R. M. Messick, R. I. I,ednum & Company,
Bethlehem; Wm. H. Dean, Chas. H. Todd, Fowling Creek; O. M.
Hignutt, John McKee, W. C. Todd, Williston ; H. T. Nuttle, Ander-
sontown ; Robt. Patton, T. V. Redman & Son, American Corners ; W.
R. Breeding, Thos. H. Chambers & Company, H. B. Messenger, Feder-
alsburg; Brown & Peters, Hickman; H. C. Hobbs, Hobbs; H. A. Roe
& Brother, Geo. T. Redden & Company, Denton Canning Company, B.
W. Parker, Gary & Company, Denton ; D. K. Crouse, Griffin ; Stewart
& Jarrell, Thos. W. Jones, Hillsboro ; Alliance Preserving Company,
Saulsbury Brothers, T. L. Day, Swing & Company, Euker & Company,
Swann & Herr, T. W. Smith, Holsinger Brothers, Ridgely; Roe
Brothers, T. L. Day, Greensboro; Robt. Jarrell, Alex. McKnatt, Golds-
boro ; J. H. Geiger & Company, Marydel ; W. H. Jacobs, Henderson ;
Wesley Porter, Burrsville; J. Olan Clark, Oakland.
FISH.
The taking and shipping of fish, while not a large industry, might be
made profitable and much larger if some restrictions were placed on the
use of pound nets and fikes in the rivers and creeks, where the fish go
to spawn, and wherefrom they are kept by these contrivances. At least
100 persons are employed in the business, which amounts to about
$20,000 annually, and in which $8,000 capital is invested, and wages
to the amount of about $4,500 are paid annually.
TIN AND CAN MAKING.
Of course, the manufacture of cans progresses with the packing in-
dustry, and in Caroline five firms are manufacturing a large number of
these for their own packing houses and for sale to other packers. These
firms are Geo. T. Redden, Denton; T. L. Day, Swing & Company,
Saulsbury Brothers, Ridgely, and Robert Jarrell, Goldsboro. They
manufacture $90,000 worth of cans a year with an investment of $15,000,
and pay wages to the amount annually of $5,000 to about sixty men.
OTHER INDUSTRIES.
Caroline County has, in addition to the packing of fruits and vege-
tables, some other manufacturing interests worthy of mention in this
report. There are sixteen rather small, but well-equipped flour mills,
1 88 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
driven principally by water power, with turbine wheels, and operating
quite profitably to their owners, who make for the home and outside
market over one hundred thousand dollars' worth of flour annually,
and give steady employment to about fifty men and boys who have
knowledge of the business. These employes receive wages aggregating
$14,000. The mills some years ago were equipped with the roller pro-
cess machinery.
BRICK AND TILE.
There are five small brick and tile plants, the products of which
amount to about $12,000, and which afford employment for about forty
days in the year to thirty men, who altogether for this work receive
$2,000 or thereabout. This little business is likely to grow steadily,
nearly all the farmers recognizing the value of the use of tile in drain-
ing and reclaiming wet lands, and bricks being used more and more
for building purposes.
CHARCOAL.
Charcoal burning is also worthy of notice. The output of the Caro-
line kilns brings to the county from the New York and other markets
over $6,000 annually. The burners and laborers employed for about
two months in the year, numbering twenty-five, receive in wages about
$1,500 for the season.
WAGONS AND OTHER VEHICLES.
Wagon making as now conducted is a profitable business at Denton
and other points. One company, at Denton, recently established, gives
steady employment to a number of skilled mechanics, paying in salaries
and wages about $6,000 annually, and putting more than $12,000 worth
of vehicles on the market. The demand for the manufactures of this
company is far beyond the capacity of its plant, necessitating extension.
Four other small firms are engaged in cart and wagon building.
NEW ENTERPRISES.
With a plant valued at $8,000 a Ridgely firm, J. H. & R. E. Smith,
patentees and manufacturers, are, with a small force of workmen, put-
ting about $6,000 worth of corn harvesters on the market each season.
They, too, are unable to make the machines fast enough, and greater
facilities must be provided. Their present annual paj'-roU amounts to
more than $2,500. Labor conditions are such that all labor-saving
machinery is likely to grow in demand.
STATISTICS AND I N I'OK \I ATION. 189
Still another noteworthy enterprise with a promising future, recently
started at Denton by four young men, is the preserving and packing
establishment known as the K. N. llardcastle Company. Its specialties
are mincemeat, English plum puddings, brandied fruits, pickles, marma-
lades, jams, etc., tastefully put up according to the recipes obtained
from Mrs. K. N. Hardcastle. The company has a large and substan-
tial new building and has a growing business through leading grocers
with many first-class hotels, whose tables it supplies.
FRUIT PACKAGES, LUMBER, ETC.
There are twenty-three lumber mills (five of good size) in Caroline
County. These include saw and planing plants, basket and fruit pack-
age factories, established at a cost of about|75,ooo. Their total products
yield nearly $200,000 a year, and the 150 employes receive over $50,000
in. wages annually. The largest of these plants, owned and operated by
Day, Swing & Company, is located at Ridgely. It has an extensive
trade on the peninsula and in the State of New Jersey and elsewhere.
At Denton, Federalsburg, Hobbs and Henderson there are also fac-
tories engaged for a considerable part of the year in the making of
fruit packages.
Veneer works are to be opened at Greensboro in the near future.
THE PRINTING BUSINESS.
There are five printing establishments in the county, those of the
Denton Journal at Denton, the J. W. Stowell Printery at Federalsburg,
and the Caroline Sun at Ridgely, having steam power. .The Greens-
boro Free Press and the American Union use hand power machinery.
SHIRT FACTORIES.
There are three shirt factories in the county, employing about 100
operators, with an output of about $30,000 in shirts and other garments
annually. Wages aggregate $18,000.
A MANUFACTURING COUNTY.
In the foregoing enterprises, not including the regular packing busi-
ness, the investments amount to nearly $200,000 and the output yields
are about $500,000 a year, wages paid being over $100,000. Taken to-
gether with the packing industry, of which special mention has been
made in this article, it is seen that Caroline must be considered one of
the important manufacturing counties of Maryland. The facilities for
shipping which favor Caroline's varied fruit and general farming in-
terests assist greatly in the maintenance and growth of the manufac-
turing business.
igo REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
The following list of manufactures, while not entirely complete, gives
a clear idea of the progressive industry and business thrift in Caroline
Lumber — B. W. Parker, Hughes Lumber & Coal Company, Roe &
Redden, Denton ; W. H. Cheezem, J. G. Rittenhouse, Bethlehem ; W.
J. Wright, Choptank ; Thos. E. Blades, A. L- Fishell, Wright & Foster,
Federalsburg ; Alex. McKnatt, Goldsboro ; Gottwalls & Hutson, Geo.
H. Russell, Greensboro ; W. H. Casho, Henderson ; A. B. Pitman, Hyn-
son; Gootee S. Liden, Oliver S. Reese, Smithville; George K. Wright,
Phillips & Douglas, Preston; Chas. E. Carroll, Two Johns; Fred. H.
Johnson, Andesontown ; Day, Swing & Company, Ridgely; W. P.
Willis, Fowling Creek — Number of employees, 141 ; value of total
product, $168,000; capital invested, $55,500; amount paid annually in
wages, $49,900.
Printing — Melvin & Johnson, Union Publishing Company, Denton;
J. W. Stowell, Federalsburg; Henry Wilkinson, Ridgely; Free Press
Publishing Company, Greensboro — Number of employees, 14; value of
total product, $21,000; capital invested, $16,000; amount paid annually
in wages, $3,150. -
Shirts— W. M. Wright & Company, Choptank; Nuttle & Elliott, Fed-
eralsburg; Denton Shirt Company, Denton — Number of employees, 90.;
value of total product, $30,000; capital invested, $9,000; amount paid
annually in wages, $18,000.
Sugar Refining — T. H. Everngam, Concord; Gottwalls & Hutson,
Greensboro; Slaughter Brothers, Hobbs— Number of employees, 6;
value of total product, $1,500; capital invested, $900; amount paid an-
nually in wages, $240,
Tin, Copper and Iron Shops — A. T. Reichman, H. A. Rowe, G. T.
Redden, Denton ; J. W. Boardly, SauLsbury Brothers, T. L. Day,
Swing & Company, Ridgely — Number of employees, 34; value of total
product, $15,500; capital invested, $7,000; amount paid annually in.,
wages, $5,400. ■
Vinegar and Cider— Amos & Fishell, Federalsburg; A. Detwiler,
Ridgely — Number of employees, 3 ; A'alue of total product, $800 ; capital
invested, $600; amount paid annually in wages, $120.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — Edward Roe, Henry Medford, M.
J. Cohee, Denton ; H. B. Messenger, Phillips & White, J. F. Disharoon,
Federalsburg ; W. H. Deen & Son, Fowling Creek ; W. T. Sewell, D.
J. Zacharius' Sons, Greensboro ; Ernest Downes, Hillsboro ; Beauchamp
& Brother, Linchester; Stephen Fluharty, Newton; Jacob D. Bowers,
James D. Wilson, Ridgely ; John P. Wilson, Smithville ; W. C. Todd,
Williston; Saunders Brothers, Goldsboro — Number of employees, 48;
value of total product, $162,000; capital invested, $57,000; amount paid
annually in wages, $14,400.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. I9I
Brick and Tile— Nichols & Still, Fedcralsburg; Bilbrough Brothers,
Greensboro; Edward Ilalbcrt, Hynson; David S. Stayer, T. W. Smith,
Ridgely — Number of employees, 30; value of total product, $12,500;
capital invested, $3,000; amount paid annually in wages, $2,000.
Carriages and Wagons — Wm. II. Collins, Fowling Creek ; Chas. S.
Roop, Hobbs; J. Wesley Bradley, Linchester; Anklam Manufacturing
Company, Denton; J. E. Williamson, Smithville — Number of employees,
18; value of total product, $16,000; capital invested, $7,900; amount
paid annually in wages, $6,100.
Charcoal— H. F. Trice, T. Williams, Fedcralsburg; A. W. Sisk, Pres-
ton— Value of total product, $6,500; capital invested, $800; amount
paid annually in wages, $1,450.
John T. Blades & Company, carpets, Choptank; J. H. & R. E. Smith,
agricultural implements, Ridgely; The K. N. Hardcastle Company,
food preparations; L. B. Towers, ice, Denton; W. H. Davis, pho-
tography, Fedcralsburg — Number of employees, 27; value of total pro-
duct, $39,000; capital invested, $22,800; amount paid annually in wages,
$6,660.
Carriages and Wagons — Frank H. Thomas, Bethlehem ; Jos. H. Price,
Tan Yard.
Charcoal — Robert M. Meads, Concord; Richard Porter, Denton; H,
B. Messenger, Fedcralsburg.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products— J. M. Anthony, Spring Mills,
Denton; Eagle Mills, Fedcralsburg; Hog Creek Grist Mill, Newton.
Lumber and Timber Products — E. W. Parker, American Corners;
W. H. Brown, W. J. Downing, Smithville ; Martin Griffith, Fowling
Creek.
CARROLL.
Carroll County was formed from Baltimore and Frederick Counties
in 1857, and was named in honor of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the
last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The
county government was organized on April 11, 1837. In the territory
now embraced in the county the first patent for land was issued in
1724. The earlier settlers were Scotch-Irish, Germans and the de-
scendants of the English from Southern Maryland. The federal census
of 1840 gave the population at 17,241, and that of 1900 at 33,860. The
tax rate for 1903 is 45 cents, with road tax added.
^ AREA, FARMS, ETC.
The area of Carroll is 426 square miles, and the number of farms
is 3)352. It is located in Middle Northern Maryland, adjoining Penn-
sylvania on the north, with Baltimore County on the east, Frederick on
the west and Howard on the south. It is a fine agricultural and graz-
192 REPORT OF THlt BUREAU OF
iiig county, the principal farm crops being wheat, corn, rye, potatoes
and hay, though buckwheat and oats are grown to some extent and
the southern section is well adapted to growing tobacco. In one sec-
tion sonsiderable wormseed oil is made. Fruits of all kinds do well,
and dairy farming and cattle fattening are important industries. Much
pork is also raised. Carroll is adapted to all sorts of crops, and the
numerous towns furnish ready markets for butter, eggs, vegetables
and fruit.
The county lies high and is healthy, the annual death rate, being
about 9 to the 1,000. The land is rolling, and is well watered by nu-
merous streams, which also furnish excellent water power for mills
and manufactories. Good land ranges in value from $25 to $100 per
acre and ordinary from $10 to $20. Farm labor is from $10 to $15 per
month, with board.
SOILS.
There is a variety of soils. In Taneytown district the red lands
are found ; in Uniontown district, limestone, slate and flint ; in Myers'
district, gray rock, flint and, loam; in Manchester district, limestone,
yellow slate and rotten rock ; in Middleburg district, red land and
gravel soil; in New Windsor district, slate and limestone; in Union
Bridge district, gray rock and blue and yellow slate. These districts
are all in the northern section of the county. In Woolery's district,
the land is gray rock, flint and loam ; in Freedom district, gray stone,
slate and rotten rock ; in Westminster district, limestone and yellow
and blue slate; in Hampstead, clay and some slate; in Franklin, slate
and clay; in Mt. Airy, gray rock and blue and yellow slate. The upper
part of the county is more hilly than the lower and is more highly
improved. The lower part has much highly improved land also, and
all of it is susceptible of high cultivation.
MINERALS, STONE AND TIMBER.
Iron ore, copper, lead, gold, marble, soapstone, brown stone, blue
and gray limestone are found in the county, and there is much fine
timber of all varieties, principally oak, hickory, chestnut and locust.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
Westminster, the county seat, is located centrally in the county, and
has a population of 3,496. The other incorporated towns are Taney-
town,* population 665; Union Bridge, 663; New Windsor, 430; Man-
chester, 609; Hampstead, 480; Mt. Airy, 532. The unincorporated
villages, ranging in population from 75 to 300, are Sykesville, Union-
town, Union Mills, Silver Run, Frizzellburg, Patapsco, Camber, Finks-
burg, Harney, Melrose, Warfieldsburg and Greenmount.
S'l'ATJSTlCS AND I N I'OK .VI ATION. I93
RAILROAD FACILITIES.
The railroad facilities of Carroll are good. The Western Maryland
Railroad, now a part of the Wabash system, crosses the centre of the
county from east to west; the Baltimore & Ohio cro.sses the extreme
lower part of the county; the Baltimore & Hanover branch of the
Western Maryland runs along the eastern border and the Frederick
branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad runs a'long the western border,
while the Bachman Valley Railroad extends into Carroll about five
miles to the Chestnut Hill iron ore mines, which furnishes the most of
its trafific. Surveys have been made for the Washington, Westminster
and Gettysburg Railroad, from Washington, via Westminster, to Get-
tysburg, and it will cross the centre of the county, from north to south.
COUNTY GOVERNMENT.
The administration of county affairs, by a board of three County
Commissioners, is most excellent. The tax rate is 45 cents on the $ioc
for county purposes, and a special rate of from 8 to 18 cents for roads
and bridges, fixed by district road commissioners. The tax rate is the
lowest in the State and has been for years. Last year $21,134.79 were
spent on roads and small bridges ; $1,660 for outdoor pensioners, and
an excellent home and farm is maintained for the poor. The county
debt is but $8,175.
CHURCHES.
The people of Carroll are generally moral and upright, and a
majority are religious. Churches are numerous, many of them being
large and of handsome architecture. All the leading denominations
are represented — Episcopal, Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed,
Methodist Protestant, Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian. There
are also German Baptists, United Brethren and Church of God houses
of worship.
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
Carrroll County has fine educational facilities, ranging from the
primary school of the strictly rural district to Western Maryland Col-
lege, where the county has twenty-six pupils in addition to the two
State pupils. There are 140 public schools in the county and 180
teachers, and the county owns 130 schoolhouses. The Westminster
High School is at the head of the public school system. To this
school some scholars outside of the school district are admitted. In
addition there is a manual training school in Westminster, and there
are graded schools at Manchester, Hampstead and Union Bridge ; West-
ern Maryland College ; at New Windsor is New Windsor College, the
194 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
successor of Calvert College; Maryland Collegiate Institute, at Union
Bridge; Warfield College, near New Freedom; the Westminster Theo-
logical Seminary, at Westminster, and 140 public schools, a high school,
three graded schools, a manual training school and four colleges
shows that Carroll is well supplied with educational facilities.
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.
No community anywhere is better supplied with banking facilities.
There are three national banks, a savings bank and a trust company
bank in Westminster, a national bank in New Windsor, and two State
banks in Taneytown, one each in Uniontown, Union Bridge, Manches-
ter, Hampstead, Union Mills and Sykesville, besides a private bank in
Westminster and one in Mount Airy. The combined capital of the
banks is $583,000; surplus and undivided profits, $382,606; deposits,
$2,904,968. The deposits with the private bankers would probably
bring the total deposits up to $3,000,000.
MANUFACTURES.
While Carroll is generally known as an agricultural section, numer-
ous industries are carried on and the output is over $2,000,000 in value,
not counting two whiskey distilleries, one of small and the other of large
capacity, and about fifty mills which make flour, cornmeal and feed;
nor the product of saw mills, which turn out lumber and railroad ties
in large quantities ; nor canning establishments. The canning indus-
try in Carroll is getting quite large, and this year a new one has been
established and two that have been idle several years have been put
in operation. The capital invested in plants is probably $225,000, and
the output is about $275,000. The canning season is short and about
1,000 persons are employed in the busy season. About $145,000 are
paid in salaries and wages.
The largest factory in the county is the Oakland Woolen Mills, in
Freedom district, which employs 154 men, twent}'-six women and
thirty-two children, a total of 212 persons, with an annual pay roll of
$70,000. Next comes the railroad shops of the Western Maryland
Railroad, at Union Bridge, with 150 employees and a pay roll of
$156,000. The tannery of England & Bryan, three miles east of
Westminster, comes next in importance. The employees number fifty
men; the capital invested is $200,000, the output is large and the annual
wages $25,000.
Seven steam flour mills have an invested capital of $108,000, employ
fifty-seven men, pay $24,410 in wages, and the value of their products is
$172,500. There are probably fifty more grist mills in the county, in
value $100,000, and whose products perhaps reach $200,000. Butter
and ice cream factories are numerous. Some establishments make both
STATISTICS AND INP'OKMATION. I95
butter and ice cream and others butter alone, while there are numerous
small ice cream factories. Reports from twelve of the larger factories
show a combined capital of $37,600, an output of $97,136, twenty-seven
employees and an annual pay roll of $7,530.
In the .three large fertili/cer factories $51,000 are invested. The
value of the output is $108,000, the employees number eighteen and
$4,240 are paid in wages annually.
The cigar making industry is an extensive one, and the factories
are mostly located in the upper districts. In fourteen of the more
important ones the capital invested is $47,000, the value of the product
is $278,000, and they employ 143 men, eighty-three women and twenty-
nine children, a total of 254, whose wages amount to $47,000. There are
a number of small factories, located in villages or on farms, which
would make the whole number of persons engaged in the business
about 274, and show an additional capital of $3,000 and an output of
$20,000.
Ladies' wrappers are made at Union Bridge and men's shirts at
Westminster. The capital of these establishments is about $18,000, the
■employees number 113, $15,800 are paid out in wages, and the value
of the product is $182,300.
There are lime kilns, stone quarries, harness factories, confectioneries,
bakeries, marble yards, broom factories, brick yards and a great variety
of small industries, and room for many more. The various streams of
the county are capable of turning the wheels of great factories, in addi-
tion to furnishing power to many mills now located on them, and it
is a wonder that the excellent and never-failing power afforded has not
been availed of. There are numerous eligible sites for large mills
on the banks of Patapsco Falls, along which runs the Western Maryland
Railroad, which is now a part of the great Wabash system, and which
will afford excellent shipping facilities.
Among the other industries of Carroll County may be inclbded the
following :
Flour and Feed — C. A. Runkles & Company, Mount Airy; Rein-
dollar & Company, Taneytown ; Roberts, Roop & Company, Nathan G.
Gorsuch, Son & Company, Milling Ice and Cold Storage Company,
Westminster; D. H. Millinder, Hampstead; R. B. Myers, Union
Bridge — Number of employees, 61 ; value of total product, $270,391 ;
capital invested, $96,000; amount paid annually in wages, $21,250.
Ice and Water — Ice and Cold Storage Company, Citizens' Water
Company, Westminster — Number of employes, 7; capital invested,
$57,000; amount paid annually in wages, $3,341.
Canned Goods — Smith, Yingling & Company, B. F. Shriver &
Company, Westminster ; B. F. Shriver & Company, Union Mills ; B. F.
Shriver & Company, New Windsor; Spencer & Baldwin, Hampstead;
Elias B. Arnold, Smallwood ; Lewis Shipley, Gamber ; Miller & Moore,
196 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OP
New Windsor — Number of employees, 900 ; value of total product,
$338,000; capital invested, $227,000; amount paid annually in wages,
$165,350.
Ice Cream and Butter — Pleasant Valley Creamery Company, Pleas-
ant Valley; Lantz Brothers, New Windsor; I. David Crowl, Westmin-
ster; Ivaii H. Sayers, Smallwood; J. U. Beacham, Avondale — Number
of employees, 15; value of total product, $46,000; capital invested,
$10,100; amount paid annually in wages, $3,568.
Butter, Milk and Eggs — Spring Lake Dairy Farm, Greenmount;
Myers & Arthur, Frizzellburg ; Wakefield Creamery, Wakefield Station ;
Clay & Clary, Mt. Airy; C. M. Murray, Hampstead; R. N. Fleagle,
Melrose and Cranberry — Number of employees, 16; value of total
product, $108,000; capital invested, $26,500; amount paid annually
in wages, $3,310.
Cigars — Geo. A. Bixler, Harvey W. Stein, John Leffert, Westminster;
John Esteline, W. H. Shoemaker, Heineman Brothers, Hampstead ;
E. C. Sauerhammer, F. S. Staley, Taneytown; W. D. Hanson, C. E-
Bette & Company, Chas. Brilhart, C. M. Masenheimer, W. L. Hoffman,
W. N. Gettier, Manchester — Number of employees, 254; value of total pro-
duct, $278,050; capital invested, $47,900; amount paid annually in
wages, 146,990.
Carriages and Wagons — J. E. Eckenrode, Herr & Babylon, J. H.
Sullivan, Westminster; Chas. G. Sprecker, Mount Airy; Maisenheimer
& Burgman, G. L. Manrath, Manchester; J. H. Reindollar, Taneyiown;
R. C. Snell, Hampstead — Number of employees, 52 ; value of total
product, $94,500; capital invested, $53,000; amount paid annually in
wages, $21,570.
Tombstones — Amos R. Schultz, Hampstead; John Beaver, Westmift-
ster — Number of employees, 4; value of total product, $28,500; capital
invested, $2,500; amount paid annually in wages, $1,500.
Ladies' Wrappers — L Walderman, Union Bridge; Strauss, Eiseman
& Company, Westminster — Number of employees, 115; value of total
product, $182,300; capital invested, $14,500; amount paid annually in
wages, $15,300.
Bricks — Oursler, Mount Airy; Robt. E. Frizzell, Chas. Graft, West-
minster— Number of employees, 11; value of total product, $4,825;
capital invested, $2,500.
Fertilizers — Farmers' Fertilizer Company, Chas. Schaeffer, Westmin-
ster; Fred. Mering, Bruceville — Number of employees, 17; value of total
product, $107,000; capital invested, $51,000; amount paid annually in
wages, $3,200.
Oakland Manufacturing Company, woolen goods and kerseys, Oakland;
England & Bryan, sole and belting leather; Westminster Hat Com-
pany, hats; Goodwin Lime Company, lime; Westminster Abattoir Com-
STA'I'ISTIC'S AND I NI'fJRM ATIOX. I97
pany, meat; L. A. llallcr, macliim: repair slio[)s ; Atlantic Machine Com-
pany, can labeling? macliinc; Carroll County Electric Light and Power
Company, Westminster Gas Light Company, Westminster; W. H.
Shower, threshers, Manchester; Wakefield Mills and Lime Company,
lime and crushed stone, Wakefield vStation ; W. E. T. Smith & Son,
John H. Klees, harness. Mount Airy — Number of employees, 307;
value of total product, $627,500; capital invested, $641,000; amount
paid annually in wages, $107,350.
Furnishing Water — Westminster Water Company, Westminster.
Plumbing— Heating and Plumbing Company, Westminster.
Freight Cars and Repair Shops, W. M. R. R. Shops, Union Bridge.
Cigar Boxes — Chas. F. Myers, Union Bridge.
Bread and Other Bakery Products — J. T. Koontz, Mrs. Clarinda
Shoemaker, Taneytown ; Morris Mitten, John B. Saylor, J. P. Wohlege-
muth, Westminster.
Lime and Cement — Edwin G. Gilbert, Joseph L- Haines, Linwood ;
Edward Roop, Medford ; Myers Lime Kiln. New Windsor ; E. E.
Roop, Wakefield.
Rag Carpet — H. Faud Lynch, Patapsco.
Whiskey — A. S. Burkholder, Westminster ; Meginnis & Company,
Carrollton Station.
Carriages and Wagons— Elmer S. Koontz, Middleburg; Chas. E.
Simpson, Mount Airy; Edward H. Humbert, Pleasant Valley; Frank
E. Michaels, Union Bridge ; Levi Pliffer, Preston Waltz, Westminster.
Butter, etc. — Basil Gardner, C. C. Wooden, Hampstead ; Walnut
Grove Creamery; Hood's Mills Creamery Company, Hood's Mills;
John M. Nelson, .Mount Airy; Taneytown Creamery Company, Taney-
tOMHi ; Banner & Frizzella, Thomas H. Garther, Union Bridge ; Crouse
& Smeak, Jos. Yingling, Howard Zile, Westminster.
Confectioner}' —Orlando Reese, Westminster.
Fertilizers — Englar & Rhinehardt, Linwood ; David Englar, Medford ;
Jos. A. Stouffer, New Windsor.
Foundry and Machine Shops — John J. Fleming, Geo. Driver, Waters-
ville ; E. H. Sharretts & Brothers, York Road.
Oak Tanning — Schlosser Oak Tanning Company, Westminster.
Flour and Grist Mill Products— Devilbliss & Myerly, S. P. Englar
& Sons, Chas. J. Hibberd, Beard & Shimmel, Campers' Chopping Mill,
New Windsor ; Jas. F. Tracey, Patapsco ; Bradenburg Grist Mill,
Springfield Roller Mills, Sj'kesville; Noah H. Arters, Malvern Mills,
Monocacy Mills, Andrew Stonereifer, Tanej-town; Bollinger Mills,
Jeremiah W. Etzler. L. F. Miller & Sons, Shrinerea Mills, Milton O.
Valentine, John W. Spahr, Union Bridge ; Edward E. Roop, Wake-
field; Wm. Bachman, Elias Bollinger, Cedar Grove Mills, Milton Chew.
198 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Josiah Crowl, Wesley J. Hahn, Noah Hollinger, Klee Milling Company,
Levi F. Lee, John H. Leister, William Lucabaugh, Mrs. Jennie
McKinstry, Meyer's Mill, Pipe Creek Mills, Theo. F. Shearer, B. F.
Shriver, Smith, Yingling & Company, Walnut Grove Mills, Wentz's
Flour and Grist Mill, Pius C. Wolf, Joseph Yingling, John W. Edmond-
son, Joseph Fornwalt, Fridinger Roller Mill, Westminster ; Buckman
Mill, Lewis T. Fout, Woodbine ; Spring Grove Mills, York Road ;
Warren L- Shipley, Deep Run Mill, Abraham Lohn, Wm. E. McKelvey,
Meadows Lawn Mill, Jacob Richards, Hampstead; Drechler's Grist
Mill, Carrollton; Comet Flouring Mill, Finksburg; George Grose,
Greenmount; Hood's Mills Milling Company, Hood's Mills; Big Pipe
Creek Mills, Kump ; John W. Tracey, Linesboro ; John W. Few,
Samuel E. Harris, South Branch Mill, Trevanion Mill, Lucy Weigle,
Linwood ; Oscar Wagner, Medford ; Wilson L. Crouse, New Rochester
Mills, Middleburg; L. H. Gosnell, Morgan; Vernon W. Nicodemus,
Mount Airy.
Lumber and Timber Products — Chas. E. Wamfer, Finksburg; Ben-
jamin F. Bosley, Greenmount; Chas. Ed. MuUinix, Rumpkells & Com-
pany, Mount Airy; H. B. Jones, A. M. Kalbach, New Windsor; Jonas
M. Wagner, Wakefield; Jacob J. Edmondson, Klee & Edmondson
Lumber Company, Edgar McQuay, Ben. F. Poole, Franklin T. Welk,
Westminster; Fleming Brothers, Edgar M. Powers, Woodbine.
Mineral and Soda Waters — C. H. Brown, Westminster.
Monuments and Tombstones — Geo. W. Slonaker, Linwood; Corne-
lius Miller, Westminster.
Paper and Wood Pulp — Gunpowder Mill, Rockdale Mill, Westmin-
ster.
Photography — Theodore J. Myers, Pleasant Valley; J. H. Kuchton,
Westminster; J. A. Haugh, York Road.
Printing and Publishing — Enterprise, Hampstead; Carroll Record,
Taneytown; Banner of Liberty; Union Bridge Pilot, Union Bridge;
American Sentinel, Democratic Advocate, Westminster.
Pumps — Frank Palmer, Linwood.
Saddlery and Harness — G. W. Harbaugh, Linwood; Wm. E. T.
Smith, Mount Airy; Milton D. Reid, New Windsor; John Deckebaugh,
John Harris, Sykesville; Harry A. Heck, Stanley C. Reaver, Taney-
town; Chas. E. H. Schrivner, Daniel C. Derr, C. L Lindsey, Union
Bridge ; J. Walter Shunk, Harry M. Smith, Wm. H. H. Zepp, Westmin-
ster.
Shirts — Strauss, Eiseman & Company, Westminster.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheef Iron Working — John McNeal,
Hampstead; Charles E. Myers, Linwood; L. P. Schultz, Sykesville;
Pius J. Fink, Harry S. Koons & Company, Taneytown; Henry S.
Wagner, Union Bridge; Otto Elder, Gilbert & Gehr, Wm. H. Grum-
bine, Wm. H. Myers, Westminster Hardware Company, Westminster.
STATISTICS AND INliTJUMATlON. I99
Tobacco, Cigars and Cigarettes— vSnyderburK Ci^ar Manufacturing
Company, J. T. Uttcrmahlen, C. V. Wantz, S. J. Wareheim, G. A.
Bixley, J. W. Cunningham, C. C. Dudrcar, A. P. Helwig, Westminster;
William E. Rupp, Greenmount ; Grogg & Crampton, G. W. Ilauck &
Company, Hampstead ; Clara V. Miller, Miller's; J. V. Eckenrode,
Jacob Newcomer, Taneytown ; Progress Cigar Factory, Union Bridge;
Samuel Meant, York Road.
Vinegar and Cider — James C. Hoffman, Hampstead ; Jos. R. Lind,
Mount Airy; T. S. B. Fridinger, Levi T. Lee, Westminster.
Slaughtering and Meat Packing — Isaac M. Stover, Medford.
CHARLES.
Charles County forms the southwestern portion of the western shore
of the State, and is bounded on the west and partly on the south by
the Potomac river, on the east, in part, by the Wicomico and the
Patuxent rivers.
Charles County was one of the earliest settled counties of the State,
being organized in 1658, and given its name by the second Lord Pro-
prieta^J^ Its area is 460 square miles, and it has most important
resources in oysters, fish and water fowl.
It is traversed by the Wicomico river, Nanjemoy, Port Tobacco
and Mattawoman creeks. The county has probably as much, if not
more, water front than any other county in the State.
Historically, Charles County is one of the most important. Port
Tobacco, from colonial times the county seat, is noted in the history
of the Revolution, and Marshall Hall, opposite Mt. Vernon, is closely
connected with the memory of Washington, though it is now an excur-
sion resort. The grave of General William Smallwood on the ances-
tral estate was marked on July 4, 1898, by the Maryland
Society of the Sons of the American Revolution with a massive monu-
ment. The county was also the home of Thomas Stone, a signer of the
Declaration of Independence, and of other distinguished men.
The population of Charles County is 18,316, according to the last
census, and the total value of lands is estimated at $2,775,240, and the
improvements at $1,216,610. The tax rate of the county for 1903 is
$1.05.
The soil is loam, highly productive under cultivation, the land being
mostly favorable to farming, and generally level in the centre of the
county, while on feither side there are small hills and valleys. In
some sections of the county marl is found.
200 REPORT OF THE RUREAU OF
AGRICULTURE, ETC.
There are 1,900 farms, with an acreage of 263,255 acres in the
county, and the important agricuUural productions are tobacco, corn,
wheat, oats, rye, fruits and grasses.
The scarcity of farm labor, the sparse settlement, and the suscepti-
bility of the land to intensive cultivation make Charles a desirable
county for immigrants to settle in.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
Nearly all the steamboat lines that run out of Baltimore and Wash-
ington stop at some pointin Charles County, in addition to which water
transportation facilities the middle section of the county is traversed
by the Pope's Creek branch of the P. B. & VV. R. R., while the eastern
section is traversed by a short line of railroad under the management
of the Washington and Point Lookout Company.
These manifest shipping advantages and numerous water products
make Charles Count}^ a most desirable location for thrifty settlers.
OYSTERS AND FISH.
The oyster and fish industries of Charles County furnish occupation
for about one-tenth of the laboring people. Large quantities of fish
and oysters are annually shipped from the waters of the Potomac,
Wicomico and Patuxent rivers, there being nearly 200 vessels and boats
engaged in this industry, with upwards of 450 people employed therein.
INCORPORATED TOWN.
The only incorporated town in Charles County is La Plata, now the
county seat, the change having been made some time since, when La Plata
succeeded Port Tobacco. It has a population of 450, and is the busi-
ness centre of the county.
The Government Naval Proving Ground and Powder Factory furnish
employment for about 350 laborers and mechanics and twenty clerks,
and necessitates an annual expenditure by the Government in this
county of upwards of $140,000.
The Government Reservation at Indian Head aggregates 2,200 acres.
BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING INTERESTS.
Charles County is manifestly not a manufacturing county, there
being only forty such in the county, with an invested capital of $105,000.
The principal business interests of the county are represented in the
following lists, which includes manufacturing, financial and other
institutions :
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 20I
Bread and Other Bakery Products — Luther Dement, La Plata.
Flour and Grist Mill Products— Chapel Point Flour Mill, Charles
F. Hayden, Bel Alton; La Plata Milling Company, La Plata; Hancock
& Cooksey, Dentsville; Adrian Posey, Faulkner; Lemuel B. Owen,
McConchie; Edward E. Milliard, Mason Springs; Geo. T. C. Gray,
Nanjemoy; Pomonkey Milling Company, Pomonkey; C. A. Wright,
Wayside; Bryantown Flour Mills, Bryantown; Hughesville Milling
Company, Hughesville; A. M. Gates, Waldorf.
Lumber and Timber Products — Chas. T. Hayden, Bel Alton ; Fred-
erick Croft, Cross Roads ; Marcellus Bowie, Pisgah ; J. Preston Tip-
pett, Newport; Hawkins & Digges, C. Malcolm Berry, J. Benj. Mat-
tingly. La Plata; Pomonkey Milling Company, Pomonkey; C. A.
Wright, Wayside ; Bryantown Flour Mills, Bryantown ; A. M. Gates,
Waldorf; Charles M. Phillips, Nanjemoy; Jabez Wright, Cross Roads;
Thos. L. Twiford, Port Tobacco.
Printing and Publishing — Maryland Independent, The Times-
Crescent, La Plata.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheet Iron Working — John S.
Button & Company, J. R. Nevitt, La Plata.
Tobacco Packing and Rehandling — J. W. Albrittain, T. R. Farrall,
La Plata; H. M. Thomas, J. W. Waring, Pomonkey; G. E. Lyon,
McConchie; Robt. D. Wills, Bel Alton; Hamilton Brothers, Port To-
bacco; Geo. W. Carroll, Gallant Green; C. Posey Herbert, Hughesville;
J. L Naylor, Waldorf.
Banking and Financial— Southern Maryland Savings Bank, La
Plata.
Canning and Packing — R. H. Pollock, La Plata ; Roberts, Moore &
Company, Benedict.
Oyster Shucking and Shipping — Benj. F. Henderson, Benedict.
Painters and Paperhangers — Wm. T. Maurice, La Plata; Downs
Brothers, Pomonkey.
CECIL.
Cecil County, the most northeastern county in the State, was first
settled in 1658, near the mouth of Principio creek, and the county was
organized in 1674. Capt. John Smith and his companions were the
first white men to visit the territory. Capt. William Clayborne erected
a trading post on Watson's Island, in the Susquehanna, just prior to
1634.
Cecil is bounded on the east by Delaware, on the north by Pennsyl-
vania, on the west by the Susquehanna river and on the south by the
.Sassafras river, separating it from Kent County.
202 REPORT OP THE BUREAU OF
It has an area of 375 square miles, and is a prosperous, growing
county in agriculture and manufactures. The population of Cecil
County at the last census was 24,662, and its tax rate for 1903 is 90
cents.
Cecil County was named in honor of the second Lord Baron of
Baltimore, and was the tenth county in order of formation.
EDUCATION.
This county was one of the first to engage in school work. In 1723
the Legislature appointed a committee to open free schools. St.
Stephen's Church opened a public school in 1734 and the Friends'
Meeting House at Calvert, which was organized by William Penn
in 1702, shortly afterward opened a school. It was not until 1859,
however, that the system of free public schools was organized in the
county, antedating the public school system of the State by six years.
Among the prominent private schools in the county are the West
Nottingham Academy, opened in 1741, and the Tome Institute at
Port Deposit, endowed by the late Jacob Tome with several millions
of dollars.
LAND.
Cecil is one of the smaller counties, much of which, however, is
under water, being intersected by the North East, Elk and Bohemia
rivers. The surface throughout is rolling, and towards the Pennsyl-
vania line very hilly, thus giving considerable water power, which is
utilized very largely in manufactures.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
Elkton is the county seat and the other incorporated towns are Port
Deposit, Chesapeake City, Perryville, Rising Sun, Cecilton, North East
and Charleston, while those not incorporated include Warwick, Fred-
erick, Earleville, Cherry Hill, Baldwin, Providence, Colora, Farmington,
Sylmar, Zion, Calvert, Principio, Leeds, Mechanics' Valley, Singerly,
Blithedale, Leslie, Furnace, Woodlawn, Oakwood, Conowingo, Bay
View, St. Augustine, Pilot, Childs, Fair Hill, Barksdale and Cowan-
town.
NATURAL ADVANTAGES.
The natural advantages of Cecil County are generally good soil,
adapted to farming, trucking and fruit growing, with considerable min-
eral resources in stone, clays, fair timber supply, very good water
power, and navigable streams, with a great shad and herring fishery.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 203
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
The transportation facilities are exceptionally good, consisting of the
P. B. & W. R. R., the Baltimore & Philadelphia, the Philadelphia &
Baltimore, the Central, and the Columbia & Port Deposit Railroads,
while the Susquehanna, Sassafras, Bohemia, North East and Elk
rivers, with the Delaware^ and Chesapeake Canal afford constant rail
and water transportation, with a considerable mileage of main and
minor public roads.
AGRICULTURE.
There are 1,633 farms, with an acreage of 200,629 acres reported
in the census for 1900 for Cecil County, and no doubt these figures
have been augmented considerably within the past four years.
The soil generally is fertile, varying from a yellow clay to a disin-
tegrated rock, and wheat, corn, hay, tomatoes and potatoes are largely
produced, in addition to which creamery products in great quantities
find their way to the markets of Philadelphia and Baltimore, the amount
of these being estimated at about $275,000 per annum. The hay crop
of Cecil County is noted as the highest grade in America, and is large
and remunerative.
MANUFACTURES.
The excellent water power of the county has been an incentive to
the establishmentjof numerous factories, including the third largest pulp
and paper mill in the United States, located at Elkton. The Principle
Company's Iron furnaces were at one time among the largest in
America. The water power is utilized by large cotton, flour, phosphate,
kaolin, paper, pulp, and other mills.
The stone quarried at Port Deposit is considerable, and make excel-
lent building material when polished, and is really excelled by no other
stone in the country.
According to an estimate made by one well versed in the condition
of the county and its products, the following figures, showing the value
of the yearly manufactures of the county, may be taken as nearly
correct :
Barge and Boatbuilding $150,000
Brick, Fire Brick, Clay, Minerals 300,000
Canned Goods 360,000
Cotton Cloths 75,000
Creamery Products 275,000
Fertilizers 325,000
Flour, Feed and Meal 500,000
I
204 REPORT oe THE BUREAU OF
I Iron Forgings and Castings 450,000
'' Lumber and Timber 300,000
Paper 600,000
Pulp 225,000
Quarried Stone 500,000
Miscellaneous ; 250,000
Total $4,310,000
Iron Castings, etc. — The Jas. F. Powers Foundry Companj'-, Elkton;
The B. C. Bibb Stove Company, Port Deposit — Number of employees,
80; value of total product, $100,000; capital invested, $119,200; amount
paid annually in wages, $43,237,
Flour, Feed and Meal — Geo. M. Christie, Rowlandville; Jethers,
Johnson & Company, Bay View; Armstrong, Squire & Company,
North East — Number of employees, 8; value of total product, $69,000;
capital invested, $23,000; amount paid annually in wages, $4,500.
Butter and Creamery Products — S. England & Son, Rising Sun;
Middleton Farms, Cecilton; Harmony Creamery, Sylmar — Number
of employees, 17; value of total product, $86,000; capital invested,
$17,000; amount paid annually in wages, $7,400.
Canned Goods — Wilson & Merritt, Warwick ; A. H. Owens &
Brothers, Perryville ; Ulary & McNamee, Elkneck ; Logan & Brothers,
W. T. Fryer, Colora — Number of employees, 240; value of total pro-
duct, $89,500; capital invested, $32,800; amount paid annually in
wages, $12,286.
Fertilizers — The Scott Fertilizer Company, Elkton ; The Eureka
Fertilizer Company, Perryville — Number of employees, 85 ; value of
total product, $250,000; capital invested, $175,000; amount paid annually
in wages, $28,000.
Paper, Pulp, etc. — Wm. T. West & Company, Rowlandville; C. S.
Garrett & Son Company, Childs — Number of employees, 170; value
of total product, $280,000; capital invested, $95,000; amount paid annu-
ally in wages, $33,000.
E. T. B. Day, oak and bamboo and baskets, Green Hill Fire Brick
Company, stove linings. North East ; Chas. L. Carter, binders and
boards, Singerly; Deibert & Wilson, turkey red and table damask,
Elkton; The Rowland Manufacturing Company, flooring and ceiling,
Port Deposit; Jos. S. Payne, Sons & Company, buggies and carriages,
Rising Sun — Number of employees, 122; value of total product,
$155,365; capital invested, $83,600; amount paid annually in wages,
$35,740.
Cheese, Butter, etc. — D. Evelin, Cherry Hill ; Chas. A. Kirk, Ches-
apeake City ; Elwood Balderston, Colora ; John H. Groves, Elkton.
STATISTICS AND INl'ORM ATION. 205
Cottbn Goods — Baldwin Manufacturing Company, Alfred Kershaw
& Company, Bank.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products— Whittaker Mill, Blythedale;
Eureka Flour Mills, Friendship Roller Mills, Calvert; Clayton Roller
.Mills, Chesapeake City; Wilna Roller Mills, Childs; E. A. Clendinen
& Brother, Colora; Cecil Roller Mills, Cowantown; William Freeman,
Barleville; Little Elk Mills, Rickett's Mill, Davis & Vinsinger,
Elkton; J. P. Kirk, Liberty Grove; Chas. S. F. Mearns, North East;
Rock Run Mills, Port Deposit; E. J. Jackson & Son, Principio; Rock
Valley Mills, Walnut Valley Mills, Providence; Jos. R Coates,
Richard's Mere; John A. Hunter, Stone Run Mill, Sycamore Mills,
Rising Sun ; Eureka Mills, Zion.
Brick and Tile — John Gilpin, Elkton.
Carriages and Wagons — James F. Rutter, Woodlawn.
Foundry and Machine Shop Products — Enterprise Machine Works,
Elkton; Armstrong Stove and Manufacturing Company, Perryville.
Canned Fruits and Vegetables — Baker & Arthur, Stanley Brothers,
Elkton ; John Futty, Jr., Elkneck ; Henry Deckman, W. Scott Hanby,
North East; John Whelan, Oakland; W. C. Andrews, Conowingo;
E. E. Dawson, Rockasprings ; W. A. Canaday, Iron Hill.
Lumber and Timber Products — Albert R. Strahorn, Appleton ; Thos.
H. Warburton, Bay View; A. Stanley & Brother, Elkton; Ed. H.
Strahorn, Fairhill ; Hardwood Lumber Company, North East ; Phillip
T. Bell, Oakwood; Locustdale Mills, Iven W. Richards, Octoraro;
Wm. T. West & Company, Rowlandsville ; Wm. P. Chubbs, Zion.
Marble and Stone Works — Wm. Gray & Sons, Aikin; McClanuahan
Granite Company, Port Deposit.
Monuments and Tombstones — Jos. PL Sloan, Elkton.
Paper and Wood Pulp — Jas. B- Ramsey & Son, Rising Sun ; Southern
Pulp Company, Kenmore Pulp and Paper Company, Elkton; Harlan's
New Leeds Mill, Leeds.
Potter}^, Terra Cotta and Fire Clay Products — Cecil Fire Brick Com-
pany, Wakefield Fire Brick Company, The United Fire Brick Company,
North East.
Illuminating and Heating Gas — Elkton Gaslight Company, Elkton.
Iron and Steel — Principio Forge Company, Principio Furnace.
Kaolin and other Earth Grindings — Harford County Flint Company,
Conowingo ; Maryland Clay Company, North East.
Printing and Publishing — Cecil County News, Cecil Democrat. Cecil
Whig, Elkton Appeal, Elkton; Cecil Star, North East; Port Deposit
Press, Port Deposit; Midland Journal, Rising Sun.
Saddlery and Harness — John W. Perkins & Company Wm. H. Cole,
Elkton.
2o6 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
Boat and Shipbuilding — Ed. Deibert & Brother, Henry Deibert,
Elkton.
Stationery Goods — J. H. White & Company, North East.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheet Iron Working — ^J. E. Alex-
ander & Son, H. R. Boulden, Elkton ; Richard B. Conrey, J. W.
Johnson & Son, Chesapeake City ; Stephenson & Reynolds, Port Deposit ;
Scott Wilson, Rising Sun.
Vinegar and Cider — Z. Gray & Son, Colora.
Woolen Goods — Providence Mills, Johnson & Son, Bay View.
DORCHESTER.
In the year 1669 Anthony LeCompte, a distinguished Frenchman, is
said to have entered the Choptank river with a few friends and settled
on the southern shores of the river at a place now known as Horn
Point. He is supposed to have been the first settler in Dorchester
County. A few years later he was followed by others, and so on until
the northern part soon became thickly populated.
There is very little known of the early history of the county prior to
the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, at which time local feeling
was divided between sympathy with the idea of the new republic and
allegiance to the mother country. However, many men from Dor-
chester County- enlisted in the American Army, as will appear from
the records now in possession of the Maryland Historical Society, and
gave of their lives and property to the cause. Since then the young men
of the county have time and again enlisted as soldiers in the country's
wars, and in many instances have been of signal service to the republic.
AREA, SOIL, ETC.
Dorchester County covers an area of 610 square miles, has a popula-
tion of 28,000 and a tax rate of $1.03 for 1903.
The surface of the county is slightly undulating, with but little ele-
vation, the highest point in the county being but thirty feet above the
sea level. That part bordering on the Chesapeake Bay and the inland
rivers and creeks is very low and marshy and is rapidly decreasing in
value. Small rivers and creeks penetrate far into the interior of the
county.
Wheat, corn, tomatoes, hay, melons, fruits and berries are the princi-
pal products of agriculture. Agriculture is the principal business of
the people, to which the advantages of the county are naturally adapted.
This is also true with the oyster business. There are many square
miles of river and bay bottoms close at hand, which the people work
during certain months of the year, and from which a large number of
people derive their living.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 207
The soil is heavy in some portions, and light in others, the county
being well adapted to the raising of small fruits, berries, tomatoes, etc.
FARM STATISTICS.
The number of farms in this county is 2,074, the principal products
of which are cereals, hay, vegetables, fruits and melons. The esti-
mated value of these products amounted during the year of 1903 to
$1,347,650. The number of hands employed on said farms is 5,122 —
classing the tenants and employees, since it is now necessary that the
tenant must do a great deal of his own work, besides managing the
property.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
The incorporated towns in this county are Cambridge, East New
Market, Hurlock and Secretary.
The other towns that are not incorporated are Vienna, Church Creek,
Madison, Taylor's Island, Linkwood, Williamsburg, Airey's, Reid's
Grove, Brookview, Eldorado, Drawbridge, Wingates.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
The transportation facilities through Dorchester County for reaching
the markets of the East, as well as Baltimore, are excellent, and in-
clude the Cambridge & Seaford Branch of the P., B. & W. Railroad,
B., C. & A. Railway, Eastern Shore Transportation Company, and other
packet vessels, with ample freight and passenger facilities.
INDUSTRIES.
Oyster taking, marketing and shipping enters largely into the daily
life of the people of this county, and makes one of its most important
industries. The number of persons engaged in catching, marketing,
shucking and planting of oysters is 5,541, including 925 men engaged
in shucking. 650 licenses were issued to dredgers, averaging five men
to each boat, and 1,266 tongers were reported as taking oysters during
the past season.
As far as ascertainable the total,, oyster pack for the season of 1902-3
was 477,843 bushels, the value of which was $248,843.
The following firms were engaged in packing oysters in Dorchester
County during the season: G. W. Woolford & Company, W. G. Win-
terbottom & Company, Tubman, Mills & Company, John H. Phillips,
I. L. Leonard & Company, J. C. Leonard & Company, H. L. Harris &
Company, Cambridge Packing Company, J. J. Phillips, Geo. M. Phillips
& Company, L. B. Phillips & Company, J. F. Adams, Wm. Price, W. E.
Blades, D. J. Murphy & Son, Eastside Packing Company.
2o8 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
FISH BUSINESS.
While the people of Dorchester County have been for years inter-
ested in the shipping of fish, yet not until recently have many given
the business the best of their time and attention. To-day this business
is a more important one than heretofore and is rapidly grov^^ing in pro-
portion.
A conservative estimate of the number of barrels of different kinds of
fish shipped annually from different points in this county puts it at
1,220 barrels, at a value of $11.00 per barrel, which makes a total of
$13,420. H. L. Harris & Company, J. H. Phillips & Company, C. Lee
Seward and C. H. Seward and Lewis Kemp are about the only firms
who make a business of buying and shipping fish, but there are at least
six hundred men engaged in the business, many of whom ship to the
markets their individual catch. There is no way to compute the ex-
tent of what this amounts to during a year. On account of the fact that
the men engaged in the business are otherwise employed in various
pursuits, there is no way of estimating the number of hours per day
each man works or the amount paid annually in wages.
TOMATO CANNING BUSINESS.
The number of cases of tomatoes, each containing two dozen cans,
packed in this county during the season of 1903 is reported as about
695,874, which is the largest amount that has ever been packed in this
county. The average value per dozen will amount to about 69 cents,
or 1960,106.12 for the whole output. The value of canning houses, fix-
tures and real estate in the county is $I33>257- The duration of the
"season varies from 50 to 55 days. The amount paid annually in wages
is about $62,820. The number of men, women and children engaged in
the business of packing the output — not counting the proprietors of
the different establishments — is 3,493.
The different firms engaged in the business are: James Wallace
Packing Company, T. M. Bramble & Company, Phillips Packing Com-
pany, W. W. Roberts & Company, the Hearn Company, Johnson &
Radcliffe, P. W. Moore & Son, all of Cambridge ; Carmine & Shermari,
Thompsons; Weight & Willey, Aireys; R. E. Roberts & Company,
Linkwood; Charles Webster, and East New Market Packing Company,
of East New Market ; J. B. Andrews & Son, F. W. Carroll, Harper &
Company, Wright & Carter, Hurlock; Noble & Kennedy, Williams-
burg; Hubbert & Conway, Williamsburg; Harrington Brothers, Madi-
son; B. E. Plarrington & Company, Taylor's Island; George C, Insley,
Crapo ; Moore & LeCompte, J. W. T. Webb & Son, Vienna ; Howard P.
Spedden, James; Toddville Canning Company, Toddville; J. Frank
Hearn, Bishop Head; Bradley & Wheatley, Jordan & Spencer, Secre-
tary; Messick & Dolby, Hurlock; W. T. Andrews & Son, Crapo; Draw-
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 209
bridge Canning Company, Drawbridge; Z. H. Brinsfield & Son, El-
dorado ; Josiah T. Whcatley, Finchville ; Phillips & Douglas, Elwood ;
Galestown Canning Company, Galestown ; L. A. Insley & Brother,
Wingates; Ralph Brothers, Vienna; Seward & Company, Sewards.
FUR BUSINESS,
The fur business is rather an important industry and a growing one
in this county. Those engaged in it are W. T. Willis, Church Creek ;
W. F. Applegarth, Golden Hill; A. G. Robbins, Lakesville; Jesse Wall,
Bespitch ; C. L. Seward, Sewards.
During the year about $65,000 worth of furs have been handled in
the county and the number of people engaged in the business is 450.
LUMBER BUSINESS.
The firms in Dorchester County engaged in the manufacture of tim-
ber products are: Cambridge Manufacturing Company, J. H. Neal,
W. H. Radcliffe, R. T. Wright, Wright & Smith, James N. Sherman,
E. M. Skinner & Brother, all of Cambridge; S. R. Linthicum, Corners-
ville; B. J. Linthicum, W. A. Linthicum, J. W. Brooks & Son, Church
Creek; Smith & Harrington, Madison; L. D. Travers, Taylor's Island;
Joseph W. Bradshaw, Wm. F. Applegarth, R. L. Simmons, J. R. Rit-
tenhouse. Mills Brothers, Golden Hill; Wm. H. Kirwan, Lakesville;
Sullivan & Ellis, Sewards ; J. Holliday Murphy, Drawbridge ; Windsor
*& Mowbray, Aireys; Thos. Higgins & Son, Vienna; Wright & An-
drews, J. W. Blake, S. S. Andrews, Geo. A. Thompson & Son, Benj.
F. Carroll, F. W. Carroll, J. B. Andrews, Hurlock; J. R. Coulbourne,
W. R. Hurst, Secretary; J. W. Blake, Williamsburg; Z. H. Brinsfield,
Eldorado.
The value of the mills, including real estate and fixtures, is f 422, 000 •
The number of men and boys employed in the business as employes is
203. The amount paid annually in wages is $40,600. Estimated value
of product will be about $197,000.
COUNTY'S GREATEST NEEDS.
Better roads are the most important needs of Dorchester County,
and our correspondent says some method to show the people of the
lower districts of the county that oysters and the oyster business is
having a demoralizing effect on the industry in the State will do much
to change the sentiments of the county in favor of some practical sys-
tem for State aid in making better roads.
PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES.
The principal manufactures of the county are as follows :
Shirts — Cambridge Shirt Company, Strauss, Eiseman & Company.
Cables & Kohn, Cambridge; Jasper Harper, Hurlock; Wm. E. Seward,
2IO rh;port of the bureau oe
Hills Point; Chas. Webster, East New Market; James A. Conkel, Sec-
retary— Number of employees, 373; value of total product, $360,940;
capital invested, $56,316; amount paid annually in wages, $49,134.
Bricks — James C. Leonard, Robinson & Barnett, Cambridge; Enoch
W. Wilson, Vienna — Number of employees, 45 ; value of total product,
$16,212; capital invested, $29,525; amount paid annually in wages, $5,042.
Butter and Ice Cream — Cambridge Creamery Company, Cambridge;
East New Market Creamery Company, East New Market; Enterprise
Creamery Company, Hurlock — Number of employees, 5 ; value of total
product, $7,120; capital invested, $4,575; amount paid annually in wages,
$1,356.
Creamery Products — S. L. Webster & Company, East New Market;
S. L. Webster & Company, Beulah — Number of employees, 3; value of
total product, $4,284; capital invested, $2,900; amount paid annually
in wages, $840.
Flour, Feed, etc. — R. W. Randall, Cambridge Manufacturing Com-
pany, L. K. Warren, Cambridge ; S. Merrick & Son, Hurlock Milling
Company, Benjamin Merrick, Hurlock; Walter Beckwith, Vienna; F.
P. Cockran, Henry Hubbert, Williamsburg — Number of employees, 44;
value of total product, $276,825; capital invested, $113,113; amount
paid annually in wages, $15,402.
Shipbuilding — Richardson & Davis, Cambridge Manufacturing Com-
pany, Cambridge; James W. Brooks & Sons, Madison; Cannon &
Simmons, Golden Hill — Number of employees, 51; value of totaf
product, $140,300; capital invested, $74,460; amount paid annually in
wages, $18,465.
Harness — A. J. Hitch, Vienna; J. E. Sewell, Cambridge — Value of
total product, $2,025; capital invested, $500.
Printing and Publishing — Democrat and News, Dorchester Standard,
Item, Daily Banner and Cambridge Chronicle, Dorchester Era, Cam-
bridge; Advance, Plurlock — Number of employees, 18; value of total
product, $25,000; capital invested, $12,000; amount paid annually in
wages, $4,433-
Machinery, etc. — Edgar Shackleford, T. Hudson, Cambridge; Barber
& Maxwell, Hurlock — Number of employees, 5 ; value of total product,
$10,990; capital invested, $5,290; amount paid annually in wages, $225.
Barrels and Baskets — Cambridge Manufacturing Company, J. E.
Wright, Cambridge — Number of employees, 11; value of total product,
$2,880; capital invested, $3,495; amount paid annually in wages, $1,555.
Weatherboarding and Boxing— R. T. Wright, W. H. Radcliffe, Cam-
bridge Manufacturing Co., Cambridge; S. W. Linthicum, Comersville —
Number of employees, 20; value of total product, $13,551; capital in-
vested, $64,500; amount paid annually in wages, $2,228.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 211
Among other industries may be grouped : Perry & Eskridge, sails
and awnings; Cambridge Gas Company, illuminating gas; S. L. Web-
ster & Son, fertilizer ; W. T. Stevens, painter, Cambridge— Number of
employees, 14; value of total product, $42,376; capital invested, $43,250;
amount paid annually in wages, $3,462.
Canned Fruits and Vegetables — I. J. Leonard Packing Company,
James Wallace & Son, Cambridge ; Wilbur F. Jones & Company, Church
Creek; Zora H. Brinsfield, East New Market; Phillips & Douglass,
Ellwood; Josiah T. Wheatley, Finchville; Jos. B. Andrews, Fred. W.
Carroll, Hurlock; Howard P. Spedden, James; Jos. H. Conkle, Secre-
tary; Chesapeake Canning Company, Benj. E. Harrington & Company,
Taylor's Island; Percy & Phillips, Ralph Brothers, J. W. T. Webb,
Vienna; Alex. Noble, Williamsburg.
Lumber and Timber Products — Windsor & Mobray, Aireys; James
M. Sherman, Bucktown; Wooten Brothers, Cambridge; Linthicum &
Baker, Church Creek; G. S. Thompson & Son, East New Market;
Wm. F. Applegarth, Jos. H. Bradshaw, Hastings Brothers, Geo. W.
Miller, Golden Hill; Benj. F. Carroll, Benj. Conway, Plurlock; Clarence
Eaker, Lakesville; Keys, Layton & Company, Lloyds; Benjamin W.
Brooks, W. W. Harrington, Madison; C. G. Jackson & Company,
Reedsgrove; John W. Gordy, Rhoadsville; J. J. Bennett, Joseph Batte,
Thos. Higgins & Sons, Annie C. Taylor, Robert A. Vane, Vienna;
Samuel F. Poole, Williamsburg.
Lumber Products, Sash, Doors and Blinds — Jas. H. Hubbard.
Oysters, Canning and Preserving — T. M. Bramble Company, Cam-
bridge.
Bricks — Lynn W. Rea, Cambridge.
Fertilizers — Cambridge Manufacturing Company, H. Gaston, Louis
K. Warren, Cambridge.
Flour Mills — Wm. F. Williamson, Hurlock.
Shipbuilders — Wilford Tyler, Fishing Creek.
Shirts— Andrew J. Foble, Cambridge; Thomas L. M. Payne, East
New Market.
Butter Dishes — Dorchester Butter Dish Manufacturing Company, Cam-
bridge.
FREDERICK.
Frederick County is one of the most populous and prosperous sec-
tions of the State of Maryland by reason of its geographical position,
and the thrift and enterprise of its inhabitants. It was formed in the
jrear 1748. There are 633 square miles in Frederick County, of which
three-fourths are under cultivation. According to the census of 1900
it had a population of 51,920, and the tax rate of the county for 1903
.is 87 cents.
212 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
Its chief town, Frederick, was laid out by one Patrick Dulaney, in
1745, and the first house erected in 1746 by Thomas Schley. Prior to
that time it was a part of Prince George's County, which was formed
in 1695. Frederick County was peopled by sturdy Germans and Scotch-
Irish, who came down from Pennsylvania, and since then it has had
a solid and substantial, if not rapid, growth.
The historical possessions of Frederick County are rich and price-
less, and there is nothing its people prize higher than the stirring deeds
of their ancestors in the Colonial days, the Revolutionary period, during
the terrible strife of the war of the States, and as late as the war with
Spain.
In 1765 the first official protest against the British Stamp Act came
from the Frederick County Court. In 1775 Governor Schoope, Gen.
Braddock and Colonel George Washington had a conference in Freder-
ick City, prior to the fatal expedition against the Indians, in which
Braddock lost his life; Benjamin Franklin came here to confer with
Col. Washington, and in 1818 General Lafayette was welcomed by the
people on his triumphal tour of the country, after the war of the
Revolution had been won by the American people, through his aid.
Frederick City was a theatre of action during the Civil War, and its
citizens took part in that momentous struggle, either on the one or
the other side.
Frederick numbers among her illustrous men Francis Scott Key, the
author of the "Star Spangled Banner," Thomas Johnson, the first
governor of the State of Maryland, William Cost Johnson, Roger Nel-
son, John Hanson, John Hanson Thomas, who figured in the early
period of our government as members of Congress and the State Leg-
islatures, and who were in touch with the weighty matters during the
times in which they lived. Later during the Civil War Frederick had
Bradley T. Johnson, a fearless and intrepid Southern soldier, and in
more modern times. Admiral Winfield Scott Schley, who conquered
Admiral Cevera's fleet at Santiago during the war with Spain, and
Gen. Otis, who was the head of the army in the Phillippines.
The first railroad ever built connected Baltimore and Frederick, and
developed into the great Baltimore & Ohio system.
These and many more interesting personages and incidents, which
could be narrated if space permitted, show why the people of Frederick
County hold dear the memories of the past.
But it is with the modern Frederick County that we are to deal.
Frederick County to-day ranks as one of the first in the United States
in the quality and quantity of its agricultural products, and until the
great wheat and corn raising sections of the Middle West made such
rapid strides in cultivation and the adoption of modern methods, was
a leader in the production of the two aforementioned products.
.STATISTICS AND INI'ORM AYION. 213
COUNTY SEAT AND OTHER TOWNS.
Frederick City, with its ten thousand inhabitants, is situated in a
beautiful valley behind the Cotoctin spur of the Blue Ridge Moun-
tains and the picturesque Linganore Hills, and is the natural market
for these products, and many thriving industries add their share to the
prosperity of its people. The city has an up-to-date government, a
medium rate of taxation, and although burdened with a war debt of
$200,000, which the Federal Government has refused to take off its
shoulders, annually pays interest on the same, and has enough left for
internal improvements, such as smooth streets, sewers, etc. With better
railroad faciliti-es, Frederick would easily become one of the most im-
portant manufacturing cities in the State, but with this handicap it
has a number of very successful concerns of a varied nature that earn
profitable dividends for the owners.
Frederick County in 1900 had 353 manufacturing industries, of which
Frederick City contained about 200, with a total capitalization of
$2,386,538. Only one other county had more industries and only four
surpassed it in the amount of money invested.
The banks of Frederick City, of which there are five National and
two savings institutions, are of the most substantial character. In
the five National banks in Frederick, according to the' last state-
ments in June, there was $3,261,394.92 on deposit, subject to check, and
in the two savings institutions the sum of $1,039,261.29. The surplus
and undivided profits of the above institutions are $614,427.43.
Frederick, being the chief town in the county, is the seat of the Cir-
cuit Court, the county offices and the trading place for the agricultural
community surrounding it, but of later years several of the more im-
portant towns in the county, such as Emmitsburg, Middletown, Bruns-
wick, Thurmont and Walkersville, vie with Frederick in offering in-
ducements to the country people for their trade. Towns along the rail-
roads have established elevators and grain depots, thus saving farmers
long hauls to Frederick with their produce, and incidentally taking
much of their trade away. These towns have coal and lumber yards
and handle all sorts of building materials, besides having good retail
stores.
Frederick County has kept pace with the electric railroad develop-
ment of the country and boasts of one of the first ^ssenger and freight
trolley lines, traversing a mountainous section where grades are met of
seven and eight per cent. This road, the Frederick & Middletown
Electric Railway, taps the rich Middletown valley as far as Myersville,
fifteen miles from Frederick, and is in a prosperous condition. It has
developed Braddock Heights, a summer resort on the mountain, and
enjoys a large and growing commuters' patronage.
A trolley line from Frederick to Baltimore is projected, and may
yet be built.
214 RKPORT OF THE BUREAU OP
The incorporated towns of Frederick County are Middletown, Thur-
mont, Brunswick and Emmitsburg. There are about eighty towns
that are not incorporated in the county, ranging from a handful of peo-
ple to populations of from five hundred to over a thousand.
CLIMATE, ETC.
The climate of Frederick is healthful and invigorating. The sum-
mers are at times warm, but there are generally refreshing breezes at
night to make sleep comfortable. Rains are variable. The winters
are pleasant, except some severe spells, that rarely last but a few days
at a time. Farmers usually get a good supply of ice in. December and
January.
THE COUNTY LEADS IN WHEAT AND CORN PRODUCTS.
A report of the United States Census Department recently shows
that in 1899 the acreage, bushels and percentage of yield of corn in
Frederick County was greater than any county in the State. From
57,484 acres was grown 2,279,040 bushels of corn.
The census report on wheat the same year shows that Frederick was
the banner county in the State in the acreage, amount and percentage
of yield of wheat. From 92,620 acres was grown 1,314,280 bushels, or
1 1. 4 per cent, of total yield of the State.
This year's crop is rather of an uncertain quality on account of the
terrible weather during harvest, and the corn has been damaged
much by rainy weather.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
The transportation facilities of Frederick County are ample. The
Northern Central, the Frederick & Middletown, and the Baltimore &
Ohio, also the Western Maryland Railroads traverse various parts
of the county and give easyaccess to the markets of the East and West,
in addition to which there is one trolley line running and one contem-
plated.
There are several fine streams of water running through the county,
the Potomac river being part of its southern boundary.
WHAT FREDERICK COUNTY NEEDS.
Coal, timber and excellent water power are at hand for develop-
ment, and while there are many good roads in the county, its greatest
need is a better road system. Much complaint is made of the wagon
roads throughout the county and there is a great need for improvement
in this respect.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 215
WHAT FREDERICK COUNTY NEEDS.
Coal, timber and excellent water power are at hand for development,
and while there are many good roads in the county its greatest need
is a better road system. Much complaint is made of the wagon roads
throughout the county and there is a great need for improvement in
this respect.
With all the natural and artificial advantages in and surrounding
Frederick, there is room here for many industries that could occupy
almost an exclusive field and find ready encouragement from the city
and its citizens.
But recently a large iron and machine works accepted the advan-
tageous offer of the Business Men's Association, and workmen are now
engaged in erecting commodious buildings for its occupancy.
Among the industries that we call to mind, that would find raw
material in abundance in this fertile country, are : Woolen mills, iron
and foundry shops, fruit and canning companies, shoe factories, broom
factories, implement and wagon factories, cake and cracker factories,
pickling factories, silk mills, truck gardens, the culture of grape and
fruit along our mountain sides, and the development of natural ore
beds of copper and iron. The Cotoctin Furnace was at one time one
of the most flourishing industries of the county.
Dairies and creameries thrive in Frederick County, and many farmers
now sell all their milk to these concerns, doing away with the trouble
and expense of making butter and getting the same to market.
Canning factories for corn, tomatoes, beans, peas, etc., are extending
their operations in the county, and no more profitable industry can be
found. The raising of sugar corn has greatly increased since the start-
ing of these factories. This year quite an acreage is out in this much-
in-demand cereal.
There are five active canning factories in operation, three in the
city and two in the county. There is room for more in the outlying
districts, where the crop could be utilized at the farmers' doors with-
out long hauls, as now, to market.
The stone and lime industry is a thriving one in this county and
much capital in invested in this line. There are five large concerns
and a number of smaller ones engaged in the business, and all are
doing well. The limestone deposits in this county are of considerable
quantity and excellent quality, and some of the best building and
agricultural lime in the State is made here. Stone crushing is also
taking on an impetus of late years.
MANUFACTURES.
The principal manufactures of Frederick County, which follow, are
probably more varied and more extensive than those of any other
agricultural county in the State, and give evidence of enterprise and
thrift in their business.
2l6 REPORT OF^ THE BUREAU OE
In the list that follows we have estimated the value of their annual
product, and add to these a list of the various business firms of the
county according to the last census, and corrected up to date.
Canned Goods — C. Ruland, Monocacy Valley Canning Company,
Frederick — Number of employees, 317; value of total product, $73,000;
capital invested, $45,000; amount paid annually in wages, $9,400.
Printing, etc. — Marken & Biefeld, Baughman Brothers, Frederick —
Number of employees, 27; value of total product, 129,500; capital in-
vested, $30,000; amount paid annually in wages, $7,500.
Lumber Products — Wilcoxon & Brown, Bowers Lumber Company,
Frederick; Maryland Excelsior Company, Thurmont — Number of em-
ployees, 75; value of total product, $166,000; capital invested, $93,000;
amount paid annually in wages, $22,500.
Whiskey — Pure Rye Distilling Company, The Outerbridge Horsey
Company, Twenty-second Election District — Number of employees, 17;
value of total product, $40,000; capital invested, $110,000; amount paid
annually in wages, $6,500.
Lime and Crushed Stone — Samuel W. Barrick & Sons, The John
W. Tabler Lime and Stone Company, Frederick ; Le Gore Combination
Lime Company, Woodsboro; M. J. Grove Lime Company, Lime Kiln
and Frederick — Number of employees, 282 ; value of total product,
$126,000; capital invested, $230,500; amount paid annually in wages,
$59,600.
Among other industries may be grouped the following: Brunswick
furniture Company, bedroom suits and sideboards, Brunswick; G. F.
S. Zimmerman, shutter fasteners ; Palmetto Fibre Company, palmetto
brushes ; Frederick Starch and Manufacturing Company, starch, salt
and brick plant; Ramsburg Fertilizer Company, fertilizers; Hygeia Ice
Company, ice; Union Manufacturing Company, hosiery, Frederick —
Number of employees, 466; value of total product, $484,000; capital
invested, $434,000; amount paid annually in wages, $101,953.
Ink — Frederick Manufacturing Company, Frederick.
Gloves and Mittens — Daniel G. Eissler, Frederick.
Gas — Isabella Gas Works, Frederick.
Baskets, Rattan and Willow Ware— John W. Younkins, Middle-
town; Gelsey Brothers, Woodsboro.
Bottling — Wm. A. Shipley, James R. Warfield, Frederick.
Cigar Boxes — Chas. M. Engler, Rock Ridge.
Bread and Other Bakery Products — James A. Slagle, Emmitsburg;
John Hershberger, E. J. Hudson, Adolph A. Neidhart, Chas. F.
Schvodel, Henry G. Shell, Frederick; Sylvanus M. Posts, H. S.
Wisotzkey, Woodsboro.
.STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 21 7
Brick and Tile — John M. Stouter, Emmitsburg; Peter Brookey,
Frederick Brick Works of Frederick County, Frederick; D. W. Zcntz,
Thurmont.
Brooms and Brushcs^Wincgardncr & Hawk, Emmitsburg.
Carriage and Wagon Materials— Marshall Font, Frederick.
Carriages and Wagons— Dukehart & Chismer, James M. Kenigan,
Jacob L. Topper, Emmitsl)urg; David A. Castle, Geo, C. Crum,
Augustus H. Erab, Hagcn Brothers, D. Chester Kemp, Frederick; T.
A. Stevens, Monrovia; Isaac M. Fisher, Motters; Chas. J. Bittle,
Myersville; David Dc Gruchy, Perry Hall; John A. Gesey, Chas. W.
Gilbert, Walkersville ; Excelsior Carriage Works, Woodsboro.
Cheese, Butter and Condensed Milk, Factory Products — W. F. Burns,
Bartholows ; A. W. Nicodemus & Sons, Buckeystown ; Isaac S. Armon,
Emmitsburg; Walter B. Stevens, C. E. Zimmerman & Company, Fred-
erick; Blue Ridge Creamery Company, Knoxville; Chas. M. & Martin
Iv. Shank, Middletown; I^ewis C. Frizzell, B. O. Frizzell, Monrovia;
Rocky Ridge Creamery, Rocky Ridge; Chas. P. E. Smith, Chas. E.
Zimmerman & Company, Thurmont; J. L. McMaster, Chas. M. Myers,
Geo. M. Oyster, Jr., Walkersville.
Women's Clothing — Walderman & Maxell, Emmitsburg.
Confectionery — Joseph D. Caldwell, Christian T. Zacharias, Emmits-
burg; S. C. Beckley, Oscar M. Burucker, R. S. J. Dutrow, Frederick.
Cars and General Shop Construction and Repairs — Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad Repair Shop (incorporated) Brunswick.
Foundry and Machine Shop Products — Fraily Brothers, Emmitsburg;
J. H. Abbott & Son, John Comber, H. H. Hoke, The Montrose Iron
Works, Frederick; Blue Mountain Iron and Steel Company, Thurmont.
Canned Fruits and Vegetables — -Louis McMurray Packing Company,
Bartholows ; Buckeystown Packing Company, Buckeystown ; Frederick
City Packing Company, Louis McMurray Packing Company, Frederick.
Furniture and Factory Products C. H. Fette & Brother, Bruns-
wick.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — E. A. Shriner Milling Company,
Willow Glen Mills, Newton M. Zentz, Carroll Creek Mills, Ballanger
Creek Mills, Thos. L. Miller, Mountain City Milling Company, Fred-
erick; Allen D. Hoover, Graceham; Franklin's Grist Mill, Harmony
Grove; William H. Turner, Ijamsville; W. D. Bell, Wm. F. Steiner,
Willow Grove Mills, Lander ; S. E. Kinney, Lantz ; Catoctin Roller
Mills, National Steam Mills, George W. Slifer, Middletown; Jacob
Shaw'baker, South Star Mills, Monrovia; Marcellus Duvall, Myers-
ville; Hunting Creek Mills, Myrtle Roller Mills, Rocky Ridge; Eutaw
D. Neighbors, John W. Rhine, Daniel R. Rouzer, Sugar Camp Mills,
A. S. Zentz, Thurmont ; Fountain Rock Mill, Walkersville ; Andrew H.
21 8 REPORT 0]? the; bureau OjF
Etzler, Woodsboro; Jesse Kraig, F. Lightner, Three Springs Mill,
Adamstown ; B. P. Crampton & Company, Brunswick ; Monocacy Mills,
Buckeystown ; Four Points Flouring Mill, Daniel A. Hartman, Locust
Grove Mills, Emmitsburg.
Leather, Tanned, Curried and Finished — Geo. K. Birely, Eclipse
Tannery,' Frederick; W. D. Byron, Williamsport.
Lime and Cement — Chas. F. Crawford, Adamstown ; O. J. Keller
Lime Company, Buckeystown; Ceresville Lime Kiln, Frederick City
Lime Company, Gilmor Schley, Frederick; David K. Cramer, Mt.
Pleasant ; Daniel F. Roddy, Mt. St. Mary's, Fountain Rock Kiln, Glade
Valley Lime Kilns, Walkersville; Chas. L. Hill, Isaac E. Strine, Woods-
boro.
Liquors Distilled — Mountain Spring Distillery, Gapland.
Looking Glass and Picture Frames H. F. Knock & Son, Frederick.
Lumber and Timber Products — Geo. F. Springer, John M. Stonter,
Samuel Waggeman, Emmitsburg; Jefferson Keller, Ijamsville; Jacob
H. Ahalt, Wm. H. Leatherman, Middletown; Broadhurst & Brother,
Walker & Grubbs, John L. Watkins, Monrovia ; Geo. W. Rumpkells,
Plane No. 4; A. J. Colbert, Point of Rocks; James G. Stevens, Rocky
Ridge ; J. W. Creeger, Thurmont.
Lumber and Planing Mill Products — Hardt & Keefer, Frederick.
Mineral and Soda Waters — Frank J. Schrader, Frederick.
Monuments and Tombstones — Hoke & Anon, Emmitsburg; Excel-
sior Monument Works, Thos. W. Eyler, Frank S. Suman, Frederick;
Wm. G. Boileau, Middletown.
Patent Medicines and Compounds — Victor Remedies Company, Fred-
erick.
Paving and Paving Materials — Willard C. Keller, Frederick.
Perfumery and Cosmetics — Rose Jelly Manufacturing Company, New
Midway; Rosebud Company, Woodsboro.
Photography — Maxwell Dixon, Emmitsburg; W. C. Bell, W. A.
Burger, Chas. W. Byrely, John F. Greh, Frederick.
Printing and Publishing — City Printing Works, Examiner Publishing
Company, Great Southern Printing and Manufacturing Company, Fred-
erick; Chronicle, Emmitsburg; Valley Register, Middletown; Monitor
Publishing Company, Myersville; Catocton Clarion, Thurmont; Ad-
vance, Woodsboro.
Roofing and Roofing Material — John M. Hartman, Frederick.
Saddlery and Harness — John H. Stokes, Emmitsburg; C. A. Castle,
L. S. Clingan, C. E. Houck, John E. Schell, Chas. L. Stokes, Fred-
erick ; A. T. Doty & Son, Lander ; Chas. E. Moberly, Alex. T. Weaver,
Middletown.
vSTATlSTlCS AND INI-ORMATION. 2I9
Wholesale Slaughtering and Meat Packing — Patterson Brothers, Em-
mitsburg; Abraham Hemp, Jr., Lander.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheet Iron Working — E. A. Adcls-
berger, Jas. T. Hays & Son, Emmitsburg; Excelsior Stove House,
Henry K. C. Fox, T. F. Kennedy, C. P. Smith & Son, S. D. Thomas
& Company, Wm. J. Thomas, Frederick ; Thos. G. Davis, Valley Stove
House, Middletown; Clemence J. Willhide, Myersville; V. B. Osier,
Thurmont.
Tobacco, etc. — Climax Cigar Factory, Chas. W. Miller, Emmitsburg;
T. G. Buckey, E. J. Elkins, H. T. Kline, Kussmaul, S. L. Lilly, N. M.
Nusz, F. K. Schmidt, John E. Shipley, Wertheimer Brothers, Fred-
crick; East End Cigar Factory, Walkersville.
Toys and Games — Zimmerman Flying Machine Company, Frederick,
Vinegar and Cider — Gideon Bussard, Ijamsville.
GARRETT.
Garrett is the westernmost county of Maryland, and vi^as created by
an Act of the General Assembly in 1872, which divided Allegany County
into two sections, naming the western end Garrett, after John W.
Garrett, the well-known President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
and contained a population of 17,701 in 1900. There are 681 square
miles of area in the county, but with little, if any, water surface.
It will be thus seen that Garrett is one of our youngest counties,
and needs much development. The tax rate of Garrett for 1903 is 90
cents.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
Oakland is the county seat, with a population of 1,170; Deer Park,
Mountain Lake Park, Grantsville and Loch Lynn are other incor-
porated towns.
Other towns in the county not incorporated are Accident, New
Germany, Bittinger, Friendsville, Swanton, Bloomington, Altamont,
Hutton, Crellin, Thayerville, Avilton, Sunnyside, Kitzmillersville,
Jennings, Beckman, Finzel, Hoyes, Grug and McHenry.
These numerous towns indicate rapid settlement of the county in
the brief period that the county has been actually in existence, and is
also an indication of great natural wealth, which lies to hand for
development.
GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION.
Garrett is bounded on the north by the Mason and Dixon LiiTe, which
separates it from Pennsylvania; on the west by West Virginia; on the
south and southwest by West Virginia, and on the east by Allegany
220 . REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
County. The geographical survey divides the county into the Potomac
Vallej' District, the Savage Valley District, the Glades Valley District,
the Castleman Valley District and the Youghiogheny Valley District.
Along the western boundary of the county there is an elevation of
over 3,000 feet above sea level. This includes the crest line of the Great
Backbone and Big Savage Mountains. Between these mountains lie
a range of broad, flat-topped or gently arching hills.
The eutire count)' is niountaiuous, but everywhere over the surface,
covering hill and valley alike, is found a coating of soil varying in
depth and grading imperceptibly into the underlying or resting directly
upon the surface of the rocks. In the valleys the soil is usually deep and
productive, and on the mountain slope it is shallow and stony. In
some places the soil is stained a deep red, not altogether unlike the
underlying beds of shale and sandstone. In other places the produc-
tive clays seem to bear no relation whatever to the deeply buried lime-
stone, while on the mountain tops the soils seem but a mass of
broken gray sandstone, mixed with small amounts of sand and clay.
It is this soil covering with which the farmer has to deal.
This description is partially taken from the volume on Garrett County
issued by the Geological Survey:
Mr. Clarence W. Dorsey, in his article on Garrett County, says :
"Its surface is that of a broad, rolling plateau. * * The greater
part of the county is well drained, but there are several areas of
considerable size in the central portion which is swampy; these are
known as glades. * * * a large portion of the county is included
within farm boundaries, and more than half of the farm area is not
improved. The average sized farm is about 150 acres, but there are
many which are over 1,000 acres. * * * I'j^g soils consists mostly
of sandy loams."
Taken as a whole, the soils of Garrett County, in the valleys, yield
easily to cultivation; and the principal products of agriculture are
buckwheat, oats, hay and potatoes, and a fair yield in some sections of
wheat, rye and corn.
The principal manufactures of the county emanate from the forests,
which are plentiful, and consists of lumber, shingles, staves and the
mining of coal and shale.
CHIEF SOURCE OF WEALTH.
One of Garrett's chief sources of wealth is her minerals, coal, fire-clay
and limestone. The George's Creek coal fields lie along the boundary
line between Garrett and Allegany Counties, the major portion being
in the l&tter county, but considerable of the coal being in Garrett.
The George's Creek coal is known all over the United States as being
STATISTICS AND INl'OkMATfON. 221
of a superior quality. Along the Potomac River, the southeastern
boundary of Garrett, lies another field of coal, which is just being
developed, it may be said.
While practically throughout the entire county coal may be found,
as yet it is undeveloped, it being the smaller veins, and only being
worked where it lies near to railroads. It can be said Garrett's
resources are inexhaustible. It is only within the past few years that
the small seams of coal are being worked, and as the years pass and the
large veins become exhausted, it naturally follows that the small veins
will be opened up more extensively.
Fire-clay is found in abundance in some portions of the county,
notably the northeastern section. Limestone is plentiful.
FARMS.
According to the census of 1900 there were 1,788 farms in the county,
the estimated value of which, in 1903, is about $4,671,500, and the
total assessed value of property in the county amounts to $7,612,488.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
Garrett is favored by good facilities for reaching the markets of the
East and West, being traversed by the main line of the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad from east to west. The West Virginia Central and
Pennsylvania Railroad follows the Potomac River along the south-
eastern boundary of the county. The Confluence and Oakland Railroad
runs from Confluence, Pa., to Krug, and Jennings' Brothers Railroad
from the Baltimore and Ohio, at West Salisbury, up to Castleman
Valley to a point near Bittinger.
The old National Turnpike traverses the northern part of the
county from east to west, while wagon foads throughout compare favor-
ably with any other section of the State with a like mountainous nature.
THE COUNTY'S GREATEST NEEDS.
Being a new county, the question as to what the county mostly
needs is hard to answ^er. Unquestionably, farmers would add greatly
to its prosperity. It is an agricultural county and its future lies largely
in that direction. While the deposits of mineral are large, they are not
as compact and clean as in other places, while farming can be carried
on even in the mining regions, and much land there is naturally drained
and of a smooth surface. On account of the vast amount of humus
in the soil in the "Glades" the land is of great value for producing such
crops as require a moist and cool climate. There is great opportunity
for truck farming in Garrett County, as well as the raising of stock.
Dairying could be profitably engaged in. Land is plentiful and can be
2 22 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
bought cheap, say from $5 to $40 per acre, and as the county offers
considerable advantages for the raising of fruits, berries and vegetables,
these industries could be profitably engaged in. Oakland, being but
II hours from New York, and less to Baltimore and Washington, the
mountain fruits and vegetables of a vigorous character, by reason of
the pure air of the mountain tops, could be easily transported at
profitable prices to these markets.
MANUFACTURES.
The manufacturing and mining industries comprise the principal
industries of the county, and the following list may be of value for
reference, though meagre in the figures furnished as to the amount of
products :
Lumber and Timber Products — Yough Manor Lumber Company,
North West Corners ; Jennings Brothers, Jennings ; Wilson Lumber
Companj^, Wilson; Preston Lumber and Coal Company, Crellin;
Meadow Mountain Lumber Company, Friendsville — Number of em-
ployees, 915; A^alue of total product, $608,000; capital invested, $926,000;
amount paid annually in wages, $399,200.
Tanneries — Numberof employees, 40; value of total product, |26o,4oo;
capital invested, $150,000; amount paid annually in wages, $21,800.
Cheese, Butter, etc. — Accident Creamery Company, Accident.
Carriages and Wagons — A. D. Naylor, Oakland.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — Henry A. Kaese, Accident;
Noah S. Garlitz, Avilton; Stark & Ouster, Bittinger; Engle Mills,
Cove; Yough Roller Mills, Friendsville; Eli Stanton, Grantsville; Geo.
M. Mason, Rasche Roller Mills, Oakland; May &. Leighton, Swanton.
Liquors, Distilled — M. J. Miller's Sons, Accident.
Lumber and Timber Products — Frederick Hoffman, Accident; Lan-
caster Manufacturing Company, Zachariah McKinzie, Avilton; Louis
Littman, Peter J. Lohr, Murray, Rauch & Condron, Beckman; Durst
& Youmer, Bevansville; Silas C. Beachy, C. J. Breneman, Bittinger;
C. Holliday & Company, Cove; Jos. P. Moores, Cove Point; Solomon
Hoge, Deer Park; Isaac Savage, Fearer; Crowe Brothers' Lumber
Company, Finzel ; Andrew Rhodes, Floyd; Bear Creek Lumber Company,
Friendsville ; P. C. Boucher, Herchberger Lumber Company, Grants-
ville; Frank J. Folk, Keyser; Yough Manor Lumber Company, Krug;
Carney & Pendergast, Hutton; McAndrews & Simpson, Christian Otto,
Bittinger & Wiley, New Germany; John R. Bowman, Brewmaker Com-
pany, Margaret Kerns, D. E. Offutt, Jas. E. Skipper, Oakland;
Chas. C. Wilhelm, Sang Run ; Ed. J. Frantz, Selbyport ; M. D. O'Haver
& Sons, Oss Brothers, West & Mosser, Swanton; North American
Lumber Company, Bond.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 223
Lumber and Planing Mill Products— F. G Fox, Friendsville;
Kinsinger, Grantsville; Clarence W. Rathbun & vSons, Mountain Lake
Park; Oakland Manufacturing Company, Oakland.
Photography — Hoffman, FViendsville; G. H. Prilcliard, Oakland.
Printing and Publishing — Garrett Journal, Mountain Democrat,
Republican, Oakland.
Saddlery and Harness — Henry Schubel, Friendsville; Jas. W.
Leathers, Oakland.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheet Iron Working — A. D. Naylor
& Coinpany, G. A. Shirer, Oakland.
Toys and Games — Hartzell, Cressler & Company, Friendsville.
Tanning — Commonwealth Tanning Company, Hutton.
HARFORD.
Harford County was originally a portion of Baltimore County, where
the old county seat at Joppa was located. This was intended to be a
large city, but in 1768 Baltimore was selected and the old place was
abandoned. This caused great inconvenience to the people of this
section of Maryland, as it required a two days' journey to go and
return to have any legal matter adjusted, so in 1773 a petition was
presented to the Legislature, which resulted in the passage of a law
for a new county, to be known by the name of Harford, so called
after Henry Harford, who was then proprietary of Maryland. He was
the natural son of Frederick, the sixth Lord Baltimore.
The original county seat of Harford was what is now known as
Bush, it was called Harford Town in those days, and being located on
the Philadelphia and Baltimore Turnpike, was a well known place
-during the Revolutionary War, and even up to the time when the
railroad supplanted the ancient highway. Many persons claim that it
was here the first Declaration of Independence was signed, even
antedating the famous Mecklenburg resolutions. As the county became
more populous the inconvenience of the location of the county seat
became more apparent, and efforts were made to have the legal
machinery located in a more central position. The dispute was settled
by a vote, and Belair, the present country seat, was chosen.
Harford is one of the northernmost counties of the State, being
bounded on the north by the State of Pennsylvania, on the east by the
Susquehanna River, and on the west by Baltimore County. The
lower part of the county is level, and is bounded on the south by the
Chesapeake Bay. This part is also traversed by Bush River (named
Willoughby, by Captain John Smith, who explored it during his first
trip to America). It is also bounded on the Western side by Gunpowder
River. The upper portion of the county is rolling, and near the Penn-
sylvania line is rocky.
224 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
The Rocks, situated on Deer Creek, is a large, mountainous forma-
tion, several hundred feet high. Here the Susquehanna, a powerful
Indian Tribe, held their councils of war, and the ancient seats of the
king and queen, hewn out of solid rock, are still to be seen.
The population of Harford County is reported to be about 29,000,
and the county tax rate for 1903 is 95 cents.
COUNTY PRODUCTS.
The people of Harford County have long been noted for their thrift
and prudence, and it is regarded as one of the foremost agricultural
regions in the State.
The number of farms in the county in 1900 was 2,431, with an
acreage of 248,925.
The principal products of the county are corn, wheat, hay, oats,
rye and tomatoes, the total value of which, canned and sold in the raw
state, for the year 1903, will approximate $3,500,000.
In the past thirty years canning has been engaged in more and
more, until now it forms one of the chief industries of the county.
The value of the finished product in this industry alone approximates
from 111,500,000 to $2,000,000, according to the conditions of the market.
The number of canning establishments in this county is largely in
excess of those of any other county in the State.
The county is also rich in other agricultural products, and a large
number of beef cattle are raised for the market. This is of a high
grade in quality, and finds a ready sale for export purposes.
Tobacco raising was followed some years back to a limited degree,
but has been abandoned for the more profitable crop of potatoes.
Considerable slate and serpentine rock are found near the Pennsyl-
vania line, and the demand for the slate is always greater than the
supply, though the serpentine rock has not been heretofore marketed
at a profit.
Deposits of chrome have also been found in the upper parts of the
county, but the demand for the same having fallen off, the quarries
are not now worked.
Throughout different parts of the county thei'e is an excellent grade
of building stone.
DUCKS AND FISH.
In the history of Harford County the famous Susquehanna flats
should not be forgotten. Here congregate annually millionaires from
all parts of the country in quest of the famous canvasback ducks
The hunting of this wild fowl gives subsistence to a number of people
and is supposed in one way and another, together with the fishing
industries in the spring at Havre de Grace and Lapidum, to yield
$150,000 annually.
STATISTICS AND INI'ORMATION, 225
INCORPORATED TOWNS.
The incorporated towns of the county are Belair and Aberdeen.
Havre de Grace is a city situated at the mouth of the Susquehanna
River. It failed from being the capital of the United States by the
lack of ten votes in Congress, which chose Washington in its stead.
Other towns in the county not incorporated are Abingdon, Church-
ville, Harford Furnace, Ferryman, Forest Hill, Fallston, Darlington,
Jarrettsville.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
The Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad, the Baltimore
and Ohio, and the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroads traverse the
county and make excellent facilities in reaching the market with the
products of the farm and the factory.
NEEDS OF THE COUNTY.
At the present time Harford County is particularly prominent because
of the foremost part that her citizens have taken in the movement
for good roads, which are so much needed, not only here, but in all
portions of the State of Maryland.
Through the munificence of the late William Woolsey, the County
Commissioners have constructed a modern highway from Belair to
Churchville, a distance of five and one-half miles. It is equal to any
boulevard of any of the larger cities, and is now being greatly patronized
by modern travelers who use automobiles as a means of transit.
MANUFACTURES.
The manufactures of Harford County number upwards of 300, in
which are invested over $2,300,000. It is impossible to give accurate
details as to these industries, but the following list of canners and
other manufactures will prove of value of reference, and will indicate
the variety of industries growing in the county.
Bread and Other Bakery Products — Frederick W. Kiefber, Fred-
erick Rauscherk, Havre de Grace.
Brick and Tile— Whiteford & Silver, Whiteford.
Carriages and Wagons — Burns Brothers' Carriage Factory, Havre
de Grace ; Enterprise Carriage Company, Wiley J. Waters, Belair ;
Oliver R. Thomas, Berkley; A. D. Grafton, Forest Hill; E. L. Grier,
Mclntyre ; August Bechtold, Harry F. Carroll, Frederick W. Hoppe,
Havre de Grace.
Boots and Shoes, Factory Products — Havre de Grace Shoe ^Manufac-
turing Company, Havre de Grace.
226 . REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
Cheese, Butter and Condensed Milk, Factory Products— Thos. Hoopes
& Price, Churchville ; Daniel P. Hollingsworth, Fallston ; H. E. Harkins,
Forest Hill; Jarrettsville Creamery Company, Jarrettsville ; Jos. T.
Hoopes, Street ; Geo. H. Ehlen, Shawsville ; Charles C. Schuster, Taylor.
Cotton Goods — Gambrill & Melville Cotton Mills, Havre de Grace.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — Swansbury Flour Mill, Aberdeen;
Halls Mills, Abingdon; G. B. Moores, Henry Reckord Manufacturing
Company, Belair; W. T. McNut, Berkley; James Webster, Calvary;
Walter Proctor, Cardiff; Isaac Amoss, Carea; Wm. S. Noble, David
E. Wilson, Darlington; Deep Run Grist Mill, Dublin; Meadow Valley
Grist Mill, Dublin; Edgev^^ater Roller Mills, Havre de Grace; W. A.
Wilson, Jerusalem; John M. Maklem, Lapidum; John R. Baldwin,
Level; Broad Creek Roller Mills, John Roberts, Macton; Ivory Mills,
Norrisville; Union Mills, Pleasantville ; Falling' Branch Mills, Pyles-
ville Milling Company, Pylesville ; Eden. Mills, Rocks; Chrome Valley
Mills, Sharon.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — P. D. Clark, Singer; Eli Houck,
Taylor.
Canneries— H. L. Arthur, C. W. Baker, James B. Baker, W. B.
Baker, Baker & Morgan, I. W. Bayless, E. W. Bonnett, E. E. Carsins,
George W. Evans, Ivins & Carr, Thomas Jamison, O. C. Jewens,
E. F. Kirwan & Company, Conrad Krouse, John M. Michael, F. O.
Mitchell, Jr., F. O. Mitchell, Sr., Morgan Mitchell, J. S. Mitchell &
Brother, R. F. & G. H. Mitchell, Charles B. Osborn, W. D. Osborn,
Henry Z. Silver; Strasbaugh, Steckel & Hewitt, A. Thompson, F. Wells,
John Finney Wells, J. A. Wells, Aberdeen; P. D. Clark, Edward H.
Hall, Geo. A. Kimble & Brother, C. K. Sewell & Brother, Abingdon;
A. J. Famous, J. W. Famous, G. W. Walker, Aldino; Alphonso Bagley
Robinson, Ady; J. F. Deckman, C. C. Rouse, C. A. Dietrich, C. A.
Andrew, Belair; G. A. Mitchell, T. P. Mitchell, J. S. Mitchell, Boothby
Hill ; E. M. Kehoe, J. M. Lynch, Bynum ; W. L. Derrickson, George
D. Gorrell, W. S. Hamby, Peter Student, Calvary; I. W. Botts, E. E.
Carsins, R. C. Greenland, A. Smith & Company, Carsins ; P. F. Cole,
W. H. Mahan, Churchville; D. T. Archer, L. M. Archer, George
W. McComas, Clayton; T. Kirby & Sons, T. & F. Mitchell, Cole;
C. A. Andrew, Conowingo; G. F. Burkley, D. T. Callahan, B. T.
Hanway, John McKee, F. W. Smith, J. F. Webster, Creswell ; John
Andrew, C. R. Jourdan, D. E. Price, Darlington; G. E. Silver, Deer
Creek; T. J. McCausland, Dublin; William J. Forsythe, Poole; T.
Gunther, Edgewood; John T. James, Poole; A. Cooley & Brothers, U.
S. Evans, J. G. Evans, J. M. Macklem, T. Miller, E. Thompson, Earlton ;
Bevard Wakeman & Sons, David Callahan, George B. James, J. W.
Spencer, Emmorton ; W. H. Anderson, August Martin, Fallston ; Lemuel
Beall, Federal Hill ; Johnson Brothers, G. H. Johnson, W. F. Scar-
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION, 22.7
borough, Forest Hill; W. 1). ifarward, Mrs. C. A. Wilkinson, T. M.
Wilkinson, C. M. Wilkinson & Company, Fountain Green; C. W.
Ilarward, Fulford; E. L. Wilkinson, Garland; G. A. Wilkinson, Gar-
land; H. L. Cullum, J. J. Cullum, J, Dalton & Sons, J. Eisner & Son,
T. Gordon, D. J. Lynch, Christian Smith, J. O. Sullivan, Harford
Furnace; American Can Company, A. F. Brown, Coulehan & Hogan,
H. A. Osborn, S. J. Seneca, Wm. Z. Silver & Sons, G. A. Baker, J.
H. Ward, Havre de Grace; J. B. Hanway, J. Leight & Sons, Joppa;
Barney Wheeler, Kalmia; A. F. Anderson, H. N. Baldwin, W. S.
Bowman, Jr., J. R. Walker, Level ; J. W. Brown, Hanson & Lantz,
Magnolia; L W. Botts, L Cole, Michaelsville; J. W. Bay & Company,
M. F. Bayless, J. F. Botts, E. V. Stockham, J. F. Towner, Ferryman;
Michael Fisher, Sewell ; C. C. Slee, Stepney; W. E. Robinson, Vale;
Finney & Robinson, Belair; J. T. Norris, Van Bibber, A. F.
Anderson, Webster; T. D. Miller, Webster; J. S. Whiteford, White-
ford; George Archer, Wilna; Joseph W. Archer, Benson.
Gents' Furnishing Goods — Wm. H. Towles, Manufacturing Company,
■Havre de Grace.
Housefurjiishing Goods — C. J. Parker & Son, Havre de Grace.
Kaolin and Other Earth Grinding — Hannah P. Husband, Deer
Creek; S. H. & H. C. Whiteford, Flirtville; Trenton Flint and Spar
Company, Whiteford.
Lumber and Timber Products — Delmar Lumber Company, Havre
de Grace; Billingsley & Brother, Merrick & Pennington, Samuel G.
Peters & Son, Aberdeen; Lee & Finney Company, Churchville; David
Clement, Dublin; E. M. Clement, Lee Cullum, John W. & Juno H.
Mitchell, Level; James M. Baird, John T. Dalton, Geo. Fouble, Upper
Cross Roads.
Lumber and Planing Mill Products — John E. DuBois, Havre de
Grace.
Monuments and Tombstones — Wm. N. Foster, Havre de Grace;
John G. Hawkins, Jesse C. Taylor, Jarrettsville.
Patent Medicines and Compounds — George Bunce, Havre de Grace.
Printing and Publishing — Aberdeen Enterprise, Aberdeen ; Aegis
and Intelligencer; Harford Democrat, Belair; Democrat Ledger, Havre
de Grace Republican, Havre de Grace.
Roofing and Roofing Materials — Proctor Slate Company, Cardiff;
La Berta Everist, John T. Murphy, Havre de Grace; Excelsior Slate
Company, Peerless Slate Company, Pylesville; Peach Bottom Slate
Company, Delta.
Saddlery and Harness — Wm. A. Harkins, Aberdeen; John R. Farley,
Belair; Wm. Chandlee & Son, Darlington; EUwood Anderson, Falls-
ton ; J. W. Bauer, Havre de Grace ; Rubin P. Rogers, Level ; John
Bauer, Belair.
228 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Ship and Boat Building, Wood — James T. Holly, George H. Howlett,
Havre de Grace.
Shirts — George W. Gladden, Cardiff.
Textile Products — Textile Works, Havre de Grace.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheet Iron Working — John G.
Dollman, Darlington; Reynolds Brothers' Can Company, S. J. Seneca,
Havre de Grace.
Vinegar and Cider — D. D. Rogers, Level; Chas. E. Nelson & Son,
Street.
HOWARD.
Howard County ranks among the first in Maryland from a histori-
cal standpoint, her sons having become famous at home and abroad
and her agricultural and mineral industries combine to make good the
claim of yie natives of this county to a position second to none in
the sisterhood of counties. Her history dates from 1692. Early in that
year Sir Lionel Capley, the first Royal Governor of the province, laid
out three parishes, one of which. Queen Caroline, enter%d a part of
what now is Howard County, then a section of Anne Arundel County.
In 1729, when Baltimore was laid out, Elkridge, Howard County, was
a seaport of no mean consideration. Up to the Revolution tobacco was
the principal, almost the exclusive, product of agriculture. The coming
of the Ellicotts, however, changed that. These brothers, who played
such an important part in settling and improving Howard County,
came from Pennsylvania in 1734. They stopped at Elkridge Landing.
By 1774 they had spacious buildings built and were ready to grind
wheat. The planters were, however, reluctant to raise anything except
tobacco. They looked upon the enterprising Ellicotts as visionary men,
and refused to raise wheat for their mill. Nothing daunted, these
untiring men built roads at their own expense for the transportation
of grain to their mill, and then began a gradual change. Tobacco
was given up and wheat grown. This may be considered to have
produced important changes in the county, and since that time Howard
County has been a wheat-raising instead of a tobacco-raising county.
Up to 1840 all legal business of the county had to be transacted at
Annapolis, Howard being a part of Anne Arundel. Dr. William
W. Watkins introduced a bill in the session of the Legislature of
1839 for the creation of the Howard District of Anne Arundel County,
with judicial powers, county commissioners, sheriff, and other regular
officers, though without representation as a county. The convention
of 1851 made this district a distinct county, naming it Howard county,
after Col. John Eager Howard, whom the Revolution, and especially
the battle of the Cowpens, have made everlastingly famous.
From that time until 1868 Howard County history is one of uninter-
rupted and continuous progress and prosperity.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 229
The county is triangular in shape, being the heart of the western
sliorc of the State, l)etween Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, Mont-
gomery, Prince George's and Anne Arundel Counties. The Patapsco
river forms its northern border, and it is partly traversed by two small
branches of the Patuxent river, which, in 1851, flooded the county and
caused great loss. Another branch of the same river separates the
county from Montgomery. The area of Howard County is about 250
square miles, and its topography is hilly and broken, with forests and
fertile hillsides. The land of the county is especially adapted to raising
wheat, corn and hay.
The population of the county was 16,715 in 1900. There are 1,214
farms in the county, embracing 147,000 acres in round numbers. Very
little tobacco is now raised in Howard, the principal products being
as heretofore stated, wheat, corn, hay and dairy products.
The county tax rate for 1903 is 75 cents.
MINERALS, STONE, ETC.
As far back as 1800 iron ore deposits were profitably worked in
Howard, leading to the building of the Avalon Iron Works, and it is
still profitably mined.
But it is in granite, marble, and building stones and feldspar that
Howard is especially rich. The granite deposits are of importance
and deserve special mention. Immense quantities of this stone are being
quarried annually from Ellicott City, Guilford and other localities.
The stone varies in texture; that quarried at Ellicott City and Guilford
being suited for building purposes, while the quarries of Atholton
produce a fine, white stone suited for monumental uses. Several well-
known buildings in and out of this State are constructed of Howard
County granite. The Cathedral in Baltimore, the new Custom House,
and in parts of the Baltimore Court House this stone is used. The steps
of the Capitol in Washington were cut from Atholton granite. This
stone has competed successfully in our national expositions and won
enviable distinctions. Geologists say a large proportion of parts of this
county is a solid mass of granite, showing that the valuable deposits
are practically inexhaustible.
A new industry, and one of growing value and importance, is the
development of the deposits of feldspar. Five quarries are now in
operation between Ellicott City and Alberton, and large quantities
of this stone are being turned out with considerable profit to the pro-
moters. New companies are being capitalized, and it is possible that
this industry will rival in importance the granite works. Thousands
of dollars are being invested, and the work of increasing facilities for
working up this valuable mineral is being pushed forward rapidly.
230 REPORT 01? THE BUREAU O'P
MANUFACTURES.
The value and number of manufactures of various kinds in Howard
are considerable, when these quarries, etc., are considered. An esti-
mate of these, made by a careful citizen of Howard, is as follows:
Cotton Goods — Capitalization, $350,000 ; employees, 700 ; amount
annually paid in wages, $160,000.
Granite Quarries — Capitalization, $200,000; employees, 500; annual
wage payment, $200,000, the men earning $2.50 per day.
Feldspar Works — Capitalization, $100,000; employees, 500; annual
wages paid, $50,000.
While the above are the largest industries of the county other than
farming, there are a number of flour and grain mills scattered through-
out the county, the mill of the C. A. Gambrill Manufacturing Company,
at Ellicott City and Orange Grove, being considered the most important,
though they are really geographically not situated in Howard, though
of Howard County origin, and supplied largely with wheat from this
county.
The business and manufacturing industries of the county are mainly
as follows :
Brick and Tile— Charles T. Neepier, Ellicott City.
Cheese, Butter, etc. — Peddicord & Townsend, Gary; Day & Sharp,
Glenelg; J. N. Purvis, Highland.
Cooperage — Frank C. Higginbotham, Ellicott City.
Cotton Goods — Gary Manufacturing Company, Alberton ; Savage
Manufacturing Company, Savage.
Electrical Apparatus and Supplies — Viaduct Manufacturing Company,
Elkridge.
Brooms and Brushes— Joseph Flynn, Marriottsville.
Canned Fruits and Vegetables — John N. Gurney, John H. Herbert,
Victor Iglehart, Ellicott City.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products^Valley Mills, Daisey; Samuel
F. Burgess, Ellicott City; Vine Rock Mill, Florence; Samuel K.Johnson,
Highland; Joseph J. Brunsman, C. A. Gambrill & Company, Ilchester;
Pleasant Valley Mills, Lisbon; Hobbs Mill, Rover; Stephen A. Brad-
enburg, Roxbury Mills ; Charles R. Simpson, Simpsonville ; Hayfield
Mill, West Friendship.
Lumber and Timber Products — Thomas D. Bazzell, Gooksville ;
John L. Carroll, Hamilton Oldfield, Wernor Brothers, Ellicott City;
Howard C. Selby, Lisbon ; Elizabeth Fleming, Mayfield.
Patent Medicines and Compounds — P. S. Powell & Company, Annap-
olis Junction.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 231
Printing and Publishing — Ellicott City Dcmc^crat, Progress, Times
Publishing Company, Ellicott City.
Saddlery and Harness — John W. Bell, Lisbon.
Shirts — Oppcnheim, Obcrndorf & Company, Ellicott City; Browning
& Company, Jessups.
Silk and Silk Goods — Thistle Mills Company, Ilchestcr.
Wholesale Slaughtering— Mrs. D. Craft, Ellicott City.
Tinsmithing, Coppcrsmithing and Sheet Iron Working — J. C. Fisher,
Ellicott City.
KENT.
Kent County occupies an area of 315 square miles, of which about
sixty-five miles are water surface, which include excellent mill creeks
and small streams. It is located in the northern portion of the Eastern
Shore of Maryland, and named after the English shire from whence
came many of its early settlers. Many claim it is the oldest county on
the Eastern Shore. The first settlement within the present limits of
Maryland was made on Kent Island in 1628 by Protestants from Vir-
ginia, under the leadership of William Clayborne. Calvert claimed
the island as part of his grant, and the contention was not ended until
1647, when Clayborne was dispossessed. The Maryland Proprietary,
having established his authority over the island, in 1650 organized Kent
Counter, it then embracing the upper Eastern Shore. In the Assembly
of 1649 Robert Vauglian was the only one who resided in Kent. He
was one of the six privy councilors. In 1648 the county was supposed
to have 135 persons. It now has a population of 19,000. The county
town, Chestertown, was laid out in 1706 by Act of Maryland, and named
"New Town." Its charter was revised in 1780, and the name Chester-
town given to it.
During the anti-Revolutionary period, Kent was active in opposition
to the oppressive measures of Parliament. Chestertown, then a port
of entry, had a "tea party." A vessel, the "Geddes," brought a cargo
of tea into the Chester river for the neighboring counties, and was
seized and the cargo thrown overboard by the indignant citizens.
In the war of 1812 the British, under Sir Peter Parker, landed a
force in Kent for an important operation. They were nobly met by
the local militia, under Col. Philip Reed, and driven back to their
ships with heavy loss, Parker being among the killed.
The county tax rate for 1903 is $i,3S.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
The only incorporated towns of Kent County are Chestertown, with
three thousand inhabitants ; Galena, with five hundred, and Millington,
with seven hundred. Other towns (not incorporated) are Rock
Hall, Still Pond, Kennedyville, Chesterville, Batterton, Lankford,
Pomona, Worton Station, Lynch, Massey, Fairlee, Melitota, Edesville
and Golts.
232 • REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION.
Kent County occupies an area of beautiful farming country, located
in the northern portion of the Eastern Shore of Maryland. The
count}' is separated from Delaware on the east by a line run by Mason
and Dixon, and marked by mile posts set in the latter half of the
eighteenth century. The western boundary of the county is formed by
the upper portion of the Chesapeake Bay, while the Sassafras river sepa-
rates it from Cecil County, and the Chester river divides it from
Queen x\nne's County.
The county is located between the parallels of 39 degrees and 39
degrees 22 minutes north latitude, and between the meridians of 75
degrees 45 miuutes and 76 degrees 16 minutes west longitude.
AGRICULTURE.
While wheat and corn are the staple crops, the county is well set in
peach and pear trees, and nearly every farmer has five or more acres
in tomatoes. Asparagus beds are found on many farms, while dairying,
stock raising and sheep raising enter largely into the industries of the
county.
The natural advantages of the county consist in lands that answer
promptly to CA^ery effort, of a situation more than eligible, of waters
that teem with fish, oysters, crabs, terrapin and turtle, and of transpor-
tation facilities equal to every demand.
The number of farms in Kent County is estimated to be 956, of an
average acreage of 179 acres. The value of these farms is from
$25 to $60 per acre. The number of hands will average four to a farm.
CRABS, FISH AND OYSTERS.
The crab, fish and oyster industry supply a means of livelihood
for many persons. There are no oyster or fish packing factories in the
county. There are over a thousand persons engaged in this industry,
besides 160 persons employed on transporting vessels, of which there
are forty-eight. The oyster catch is estimated at 800,000 bushels.
The cull law has been of great benefit to the oyster beds, and if
strictly enforced will be the solution, in part, of the perpetuation of the
industry.
NEEDS OF THE COUNTY.
The county's greatest needs are better labor and improved roads.
Many of Kent's farmers have been driven to quit the business because
of inferior and unreliable labor. The negroes are the principal labor,
and they demand high wages and give in return poor service. Some
are trying foreign labor, but owing to their isolation from their fellow-
countrymen these hesitate to make their homes in the country.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 233
The county's roads need a master hand, but until these are divorce;d
from politics there is little hope of improvement. The roads in Kent
cost about $60 per mile every year.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
Kent County is well situated with respect to transportation facilities,
both for internal communication and for egress to the centres of com-
merce and trade along the Atlantic seaboard. The county is bounded
by over eighty miles of coast line. The head of navigation on both
the Sassafras and Chester rivers is not reached until near the Delaware
line, and the entire western limit of the county is formed by the
Chesapeake Bay.
Five or six steamboat lines carry freight and passengers to Baltimore
and Philadelphia, and during the grain and fruit seasons, extra freight
steamers are provided. Ice only interferes with navigation during
periods of excessive cold. In addition to the opportunities for navi-
gation, two railroads cross the county, one having its terminals at
Chestertown and at Townsend, while the other connects Centreville,
Queen Anne's County, with the trunk lines farther north, entering
Kent County at Millington, and crossing the Delaware line at Golts.
The railroads cross each other at Massey, and together furnish rail
communication with trunk lines.
MANUFACTURES.
The manufactures of Kent County are numerous, if not exceptionally
large, and are of diversified character. Of course the canning of
fruits and vegetables is the main industry of the county, but there
are several large establishments manufacturing crates and baskets,
straw boards, etc., the latter being one of the largest establishments of
its kind in the State.
The following list and attached figures give some idea of these
industries, and give evidence of promise of growth on these lines in
Kent, otherwise a most prosperous and enterprising county:
Canned Goods — Canning & Mercantile Company, Still Pond, Hebron
and Chestertown; Geo. Nunisen, Chestertown; C. S. Hurlock, Massey;
H. H. Baldwin & Company, Kennedyville ; Ivins & Carr, Lynch's and
Worton's Station ; W. S. Armstrong & Brother, Millington ; Swing &
Company, Black's Station — Number of employees, 785 ; total value of
product, $180,500; capital invested, $35,Soo; amount paid annually
in wages, $48,250.
Boots and Shoes — Wm. Robinson, Wm. A. Burke, Chestertown —
Number of employees, 3; value of total product, $8,000; capital invested,
$3,000; amount paid annually in wages, $2,500.
234 REPORT Olf THE BUREAU OE
Fertilizers — Beck, Walker & Brown, W. N. Hubbard, Chestertown —
Number of employees, 9; value of total product, $50,000; capital
invested, $30,500; amount paid annually in wages, $6,000.
Bread — Geo. Haberlander, Chas. S. Smith, Chestertown — Number of
emplo3'ees, 3; value of total product, $7,000; capital invested, $4,500;
amount paid annually in wages, $2,250.
Clothing — H. Kaplan, J. I. Evans, Chestertown — Number of em-
ployees, 5 ; capital invested, $450 ; amount paid annually in wages,
$3,500.
Ice Cream — W. H. Haddaway, Edesville ; J. C. Loud, Chestertown —
Number of employees, 10; value of total product, $3,500; capital
invested, $1,500; amount paid annually in wages, $450.
Carriages and Wagons — Adam H. Huey, Massey; Chapman &
Lambert, Henry S. Deford, Chestertown — Number of employees, 15 ;
value of total product, $75,000; capital invested, $20,000; amount paid
annually in wages, $9,000.
Baskets, Crates, etc. — Crane, Hynson & Valliant, Chestertown; Elmer
E. Leary, Rock Hall — Number of employees, 84; value of total product,
$90,000; capital invested, $30,000; amount paid annually in wages,
$14,000.
Butter — Middletown Creamery Company, Massey ; T. Shafer, Ken-
nedyville; Still Pond Creamery Company, Still Pond — Number of
employees, 5 ; value of total product, $8,000 ; capital invested, $4,000 ;
amount paid annually in wages, $2,500.
Flour and Meal — Thomas H. Topping, Chestertown; Harry Moore,
Edesville; Perry Price, Melitota; J. E. Spear, Millington — Number
of employees, 9; value of total product, $48,500; capital invested,
$15,000; amount paid annually in wages, $6,500.
Harness — Wm. Parr, Still Pond; J. H. Howard, Chestertown —
Number of employees, 2 ; value of total product, $5,500 ; capital invested,
$1,000; amount paid annually in wages, |i,5oo.
Among other industries may be grouped : The A. J. Hynson Marble
Company, tombstones, Chestertown; W. K. Judefind, brooms, Edesville;
American Strawboard Company, strawboard, Chestertown; S. Hicks,
wheelwrighting, Chestertown; R. S. Nicholson, ice, Chestertown;
Wm. Green, laundry, Chestertown; H. S. Barnett, bricks, Chestertown;
W. S. & A. M. Culp, doors and frames, Chestertown; J. K. Aldridge,
tin cans, etc., Chestertown — Number of employees, 85 ; value of total
product, $195,200; capital invested, $137,500; amount paid annually in
wages, $31,825.
Butter, etc. — Keyser & Staats, Fairlee ; Shafer, Tilghman & Company,
Kennedyville ; George N. Cooper, Worton ; S. J. & A. Johnson, Massey ;
Middletown Creamery Company, Galena.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 235
Cotton Goods — Geo. II. Todd & Company, Millington.
Flour and Grist Mill Products — Sparks Grist Mill, Galena; Henry
Trinks, Galena ; W. W. McKnatt, Kennedyville ; Edwin W. Spear,
Millington; L. H. Dreka, Sassafras; Benj. C. Plummer, Still Pond.
Boxes — Crane & Trenchard Brothers, Chestertown.
Bread and Other Bakery Products — Gold Medal Bakery, Chestertown.
Brick and Tile— H. S. Barnett.
Carriages and Wagons — S. Hicks, Galena; Galena Machine Shop,
Galena ; John Meddcrs, Kennedyville ; Wm. H. Kelley, Locust Grove ;
A. J. Hackett, Still Pond.
Lumber and Timber Products — Wm. E. Jarrell, Chestertown ; Wm.
B. Usilton's Sons, Tolchester; J. R. Wilson, Galena; Geo. V. Pever-
ley, Massey; Phillip Trimble, Millington; Ploward Johnson, Wharton;
Walter Sparks, Fairlee.
Monuments and Tombstones — Chestertown Marble and Granite
Works, Chestertown.
Photography — John M. South, Chestertown.
Printing and Publishing — Chestertown Transcript, Kent News, Enter-
prise Publishing Company, Chestertown.
Saddlery and Harness — E. Razewski, Millington; Henry Hardesty,
Rock Hall.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheet Iron Working — Medders &
Company, Still Pond.
nONTGOAERY.
Montgomery is one of the five counties of Western Maryland that
form the Sixth Congressional District. It was named in honor of
Gen. Richard Montgomery, American patriot and hero, who fell while
leading an attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775. It has an area of
508 square miles. It is bounded on the southwest by the State of
Virginia, from which it is separated by the Potomac; on the north-
west by Frederick County, the line between the two counties running
from the mouth of the Monocacy to Parr's Spring; on the northeast
by Howard County, from which it is separated by the Patuxent, and
on the southeast and south by Prince George's County and the District
of Columbia.
As the jurisdiction of Maryland extends to high water mark on
the Virginia side of the Potomac, the main water surface of Mont-
gomery County is that portion of the Potomac from the mouth of the
Monocacy to Little Falls.
The population of the county, according to the Federal Census of
1900, was 30,451, and the tax rate for 1903 is 86 cents. Montgomery
236 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
was erected into an independent county in 1776. Prince George's
County in 1748 embraced all the territory lying between the northern
boundary of Charles County and thei Patuxent on the east, and the
Potomac on the west; in that year the county was divided, and the
land lying west of a line drawn from the mouth of Rock Creek through
a portion of the District of Columbia to the Patuxent became Fred-
erick County. In 1776 the population of Frederick County had so in-
creased that it was determined to divide the county into three distinct
districts, viz., the upper, the middle and the lower. Thus were formed
three distinct municipalities, Washington County constituting the upper,
Frederick County the middle and Montgomery County the lower.
The ordinance for the division of Frederick County into these three
distinct districts was introduced in the State Convention of that year
by Dr. Thomas Sprigg Wootton, a representative from Montgomery,
in that convention. On the sixth of September, 1776, the ordinance
was passed; and thus the lower district was erected into the new
County of Montgomery.
COUNTY SEAT AND OTHER TOWNS.
The present site of Rockville was selected as the county seat, and
at that time consisted of Hungerford's Tavern and a few other houses.
The old court house was built shortly thereafter, and the first court
was held therein in the year 1779. About 1784 the land around the
court house was laid off into town lots and streets, and named
Williamsburg. In 1801, by Act of the General Assembly of the State,
a town was erected and called Rockville.
In 1798 an Act was passed to divide the county into five election
districts ; and in 1799 commissioners were appointed who marked out
the divisions forming the five original districts, viz. : Berry, Cracklin,
Rockville, Medley and Clarksburg. In 1878 the county was divided
into eight districts; Darnestown, Bethesda and Mechanicsville were the
new districts thus formed.
The county now has the following thirteen districts : Laytonsville,
Clarksburg, Poolesville, Rockville, Colesville, Darnestown, Bethesda,
Onley, Gaithersburg, Potomac, Barnesville, Damascus, Wheaton.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
Rockville, Gaithersburg, Kensington, Poolesville, Laytonsville, Gar-
rett Park, Brookeville, Damascus, Hyattstown and Takoma Park are
incorporated and growing towns.
The following towns are not incorporated, and all except Clagetts-
ville are post offices : Ashton, Aspen, Avenel, Avery, Barnesville,
Beallsville, Beane, Bethesda, Boyds, Brighton, Brink, Brinklow, Buck
Lodge, Burdette, Burnt Mills, Cabin John, Cedar Grove, Chevy Chase,
STATISTICS AND INI-ORMATION. 237
Clarksburg, Cloppers, Clovcrly, Coles villc, Comus, Croplcy, Darnes-
town, Dawsonvillc, Derwood, Dickcrson, Eflnor, Edwards' Kerry, Elmer,
Etchison, Fairland, Forest Glen, Gcrmantown, Glen Echo, Goshen, Great
Falls, Grifton, Hunting Iliil, Kingsley, Kings Valley, Lay Hill, Linden,
Martinsburg, Middlcbrook, Monocacy, Montrose, MuUinix, Northbeck,
Norwood, Oakdale, Onlcy, Plyer, Potomac, Purdum, Quince Orciiard,
Randolph, Rcdland, Sandy Spring, Sellman, Seneca, Silver Spring,
Slidell, Sligo, Spencerville, Sugarland, Travilah, Unity, Washington
Grove, Watkins, Wheaton, White's Ferry, Woodficld, Woodside and
Claggettsville.
EDUCATION.
For some years subsequent to the erection of Montgomery County
schools were sparse and only the rudiments were taught in the common
schools then existing. Soon, however, private tutors were employed in
a few families ; and thus, instruction in the higher branches of educa-
tion was secured. But the county was not indifferent to the educa-
tional interests of her youth. Rockville Academy was chartered in
1809, and Brookville Academy in 1814, each being liberally endowed
by the State. At present the public school system has been so improved
and perfected that every neighborhood has excellent educational advan-
tages. Among the principal educational institutions are the following:
Rockville High School, Rockville Academy, Brookeville Academy,
Rockville Institution for Young Ladies, Rockville Kindergarten;
Briarly Hall for Young Ladies, Poolesville ; Andrew Small Academy,
Darnestown; Fair View Seminary, Oakmont.
ROADS.
In 1790 there were but few roads in Montgomery County; the first
public roads were the road from Frederick to Georgetown, and that
from the mouth of Watt's branch to Georgetown. There was also
a road from Georgetown to the mouth of Monocacy, and one from
mouth of Monocacy to "Montgomery Court House," the original name
of Rockville. After this period, however, roads multiplied rapidly.
A paved road from Rockville to Georgetown was chartered in 1806,
although not completed until 1818. The Union Turnpike, from Wash-
ington to Brookville, was chartered in 1849, and since that time several
branch roads have been constructed. In 1870 the Washington, Coles-
ville and Ashton Turnpike was chartered. In 1875 the conduit road,
from Great Falls of the Potomac to Georgetown, was completed ; it
follows the line of the Washington Aqueduct, and crosses Cabin John
branch on "Cabin John Bridge," a single arch of the longest span in
the world, excepting one. In 1784 the old Potomac Canal Company
238 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
was chartered, the object being to render the upper Potomac navigable
by means of locks, dams and short canals. The project failed, though
Washington was its first president and assisted in the survey.
TRANSPORTATION.
The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which succeeded the old Potomac
Canal, was projected in 1823 by the States of Virginia, Maryland and
Pennsylvania and the National Government. It was chartered by
Virginia in 1824, but its organization was not completed until 1828.
In 1827 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the pioneer of all the
great railroad systems of the world, was chartered.
In 1865 the Metropolitan branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
was chartered ; in 1873 it was completed. This branch passes diagon-
ally through Montgomery County, from northwest to southeast. Over
this branch now passes all fast passenger trains of the Baltimore and
Ohio.
Electric roads extend into the county from Washington to Cabin
John Bridge, Great Falls of the Potomac, Rockville, Kensington, Sligo
and Forest Glen.
The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, along the entire western border
of the county, furnishes transportation for the products of that prosper-
ous section.
AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER PRODUCTS AND FARMS.
Corn and tobacco constituted for many years the staple products of
Montgomery. As a result of continued cultivation and the consequent
exhaustion of the soil, the land became impoverished. For this cause
many of the enterprising citizens moved West and Northwest in
quest of new lands. The introduction of Peruvian guano about 1845
furnished a fertilizer whose effects were magical, and the lands pro-
duced large crops of grass and grain. Within the past three decades
lime and bone phosphates have brought the worn-out lands to the
highest productive state.
Corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, cloverseed, grass seed,
hay, tobacco, potatoes, sweet potatoes, onions, miscellaneous vegetables,
orchard fruits, small fruits, grapes, flowers and plants and nursery
products are the principal farm products of the county. Besides these
Montgomery furnishes in large quantities milk, butter, eggs, poultry,
slaughtered animals and live animals.
Montgomery County embraces a strictly agricultural section, having
2,085 farms, containing 283,469 acres, valued at $9,491,930, exclusive of
buildings, worth $3,525,170.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 239
MINERALS.
Sandstone, marble and slate are quarried in upper Montgomery;
chrome is found in several localities, and gold mines along the Potomac
have been successfully worked.
DEVELOPMENT AND NEEDS.
The Great Falls of the Potomac, the "Niagara" of Montgomery, is
one of the largest available water-powers in the world. The develop-
ment and utilization of this mighty agency for manufacturing purposes,
already undertaken by an organization of business men with large
capital, must promote, and vastly, too, the material prosperity of the
whole county.
A climate as favorable as that of any other State, a generous soil
responding bountifully to careful cultivation, educational advantages
unsurpassed by any other section, transportation facilities of unusual
excellence, a citizenship industrious, energetic and patriotic, and a
position in close proximity to the capital of the greatest and mightiest
government upon the globe, combine to offer to the home-seeker a most
attractive and inviting place of settlement.
With nature's blessings so lavishly dispensed, and with the hardy
husbandman's labors so remunerative, the county still has some great
needs.
Manufacturers will find here a profitable opening !
Smaller farms and more thorough and intelligent cultivation will
return far larger profits to the skillful toiler !
A better system of roads will create an amelioration as marvelous as
it will be real and permanent !
BANKS, MANUFACTURES, ETC.
There are five banks and saving institutions in the county, with a
combined capital of $225,000, and the savings institution at Sandy
Spring has deposits of $690,000, the combined deposits of all of them
being $1,709,000. They are the Montgomery County National Bank,
at Rockville ; First National Bank of Gaithersburg; Farmers' Banking
and Trust Company of Rockville ; First National Bank of Sandy Spring,
and Savings Institution of Sandy Spring.
The Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Montgomery County, with
office at Sandy Spring, Maryland, was chartered and commenced opera-
tions in the year 1848. During these fifty-five years it has had four
presidents: Edward Stabler (1848-1853), Richard T. Bentley (1853-
1889), Joseph T. Moore (1889-1895), and Edward P. Thomas (1895).
Two persons have held the office of secretary and treasurer — Robert
R. Moore (1848--1894), and Allan Farquhar (1895).
240 REPORT OP THE BUREAU OE
Among the manufacturing industries of Montgomery the following
can be enumerated :
Cheese, Butter and Milk — Broad Run Creamery, Poolesville ; Tarlton
B. Stabler, Sandy Spring; Walter Dorsey, Brookeville — Number of
emploj^ees, 12; value of total product, $11,000; capital invested, $4,500;
amount paid annually in wages, $2,400.
Flour and Grist Mill Products — Bowman Brothers, Germantown;
James W. Darby, Buck Lodge ; Gaithersburg Milling and Manufactur-
ing Company, Gaithersburg; Gaithersburg Manufacturing Company,
Derwood; M. M. Haviland, Ashton; Luther G. King, King's Valley;
William E. Mannakee, Burnt Mills ; Lucy J. Pumphrey, Potomac ;
Charles H. Shaw, Brookeville ; Wilson B. Tschiffely, Seneca ; George
E. White, Norbeck; Levi L. Watkins, Middlebrook; James T. Hender-
son, Sandy Spring; Geo. A. Darby, Hyattsville — Number of employees,
55; value of total product, $503,000; capital invested, $170,250; amount
paid annually in wages, $13,125.
Distilled Liquors — Luther G. King, King's Valley ; Levi Price, Hyatts-
town — Number of employees, 8; value of total product, $30,000; capital
invested, $36,500; amount paid annually in wages, $1,750.
Newspapers, etc. — Montgomery Advocate, Montgomery Sentinel,
Rockville; Temperance Sentinel, Gaithersburg; Montgomery Press,
Kensington — Number of employees, 17; value of total product, $26,500;
capital invested, $18,500; amount paid annually in wages, $4,000.
Saddlery and Harness — Edwin D. Cruitt & Son, Poolesville ; John
H. Nicholls, Gaithersburg; John W.Whiteside, Brookeville — Number of
employees, 4; value of total product, $6,800; capital invested, $5,200;
amount paid annually in wages, $950.
Tin and Sheet Iron — Gustav Buliver, Ashton; Richard W. Murphy,
Gaithersburg; Chas. V. Morrison, Poolesville; Albert Viett, Kensing-
ton; C. H. Viett, Rockville — Number of employees, 10; value of total
product, $28,500; capital invested, $15,700; amount paid annually in
wages, $2,250.
Lumber and Timber — Jos. T. Moore, Jr., Sandy Springs ; James M.
Mount, Damascus ; Hiram J. Slottmyer, Burdette ; Geo. R. Bell,
Potomac; Austin K. Black Spencerville — Number of employees, 15;
value of total product, $39,000; capital invested, $6,000; amount paid
annually in wages, $4,100.
Among other industries may be grouped : John M. Heagy, marble
and granite ; Henry Reisinger, bakery products, Rockville ; James H.
Norris, carriages and wagons, Boyds ; Chas. E. Bond, fertilizers,
Spencerville — Number of employees, 18; value of total product, $26,000;
capital invested, $23,500; amount paid annually in wages, $1,500.
Butter, etc. — John L. Burch, Burdette ; Chas. F. Hawkins, Etchison ;
A. W. Nicodemus & Sons, Hyattstc.vn.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 24 1
Confectionery — Geo. W. Bradensburg, Unity.
Flour and Grist Mill Products— Woodland Farm Mill, Cloppers;
Chas. h. Lichleider, Colesville; Spring Mills, Dickcrson ; Valley Mills,
Fairland; Maurice M. Browning, Laytonsville ; John J. Mullinix,
Mullinix; Geo. R. Bell, Potomac; Lindsay R. Hickcrson, Rockville;
Brooke Grove Mills, Sandy Spring; Wm. A. Baker, Unity.
Bakery Products — Christian Hurlcbau, Sandy Springs.
Carpets — Wm. A. Iddings, Brighton.
Wagons, etc. — Wm. H. Kimble, Laytonsville; J. Jacobs & Sons,
Browningsville; G. W. Rcddick, Poolesville.
Harness, etc. — James H. King, Bealsville ; Uriah Brown, Gaithers-
burg.
Tinsmithing, etc. — Chas. D. Morgan, Rockville; M.J. Murphy, Olney;
Chas. Mcintosh, Poolesville.
PRINCE GEORGE'S.
Prince George's County became officially known April 23, 1696, and
was named in honor of Prince George of Denmark, husband of Queen
Anne, having been originally a part of Charles County.
The county is bounded on the west by the Potomac river, on the
east by the Patuxent. Montgomery, Howard, Anne Arundel, Charles
and Calvert Counties and the District of Columbia surround it ; and
formerly within its limits were the present counties of Montgomery
and Frederick. Its proximity to the National Capitol has been con-
ducive to its growth and prosperity.
The county has an area of 480 square miles, of which fifty are water
surface, and its population is 29,898, according to the last census.
The county tax rate for 1903 is 95 cents.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
The seat of county government was first established at Mount Cal-
vert, on the Patuxent river, but was subsequently removed to Upper
Marlboro.
The incorporated towns in the county are Laurel, Hyattsville,
Bladensburg, Upper Marlboro, and Tacoma Park, while those that are
not incorporated consist of Bowie, Berwj^n, Clinton, Brandywine, For-
estville and Woodville.
The surface of the county is diversified and is traversed by numer-
ous streams, which make agriculture the principal industry of the
county, the soil being particularly favorable to the cultivation of tobacco,
corn and wheat.
Iron and cotton goods are the principal manufactured products of the
count}^
242 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
AGRICULTURE.
There are 2,374 farms in the county producing tobacco, corn, wheat
and vegetables, the estimated vahie of the crops for 1903 being $1,400,-
000, and giving employment to (including owners and tenants) at
least "5,000 persons.
MANUFACTURES.
The total number of manufacturing establishments in the county is
estimated at sixty, the greater number of them being small, employing
only one or two men, though it is estimated that the total manufactured
products of the county are worth about $573,000, including custom work
and repairs.
In 1830, or thereabouts, the Patuxent Manufacturing Company was
incorporated and started the present cotton mills at Laurel, known as
the Laurel factory. This industry has continued ever since and is the
principal manufacturing establishment of the county, the Laurel cotton
goods being known all over the world.
The only iron works now in operation in rural Maryland is the
Muirkirk Furnace, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at Muirkirk
in this county. It was erected in 1847, and modeled after a famous
furnace at Muirkirk, Scotland.
The following brief list includes other manufactures in Prince
George's County:
Printing and Publishing — The Laurel Democrat, Laurel ; The Hyatts-
ville Independent, Hyattsville — Number of employees, 7; value of
total product, $7,000; capital invested, $6,000.
Iron — Muirkirk Furnace, Muirkirk; Montrose Iron Works, Laurel —
Number of employees, 60; value of total product, 195,000; capital in-
vested, $60,000; amount paid annually in wages, $16,000. .
Flour and Grist Mill Products — Gibbons & Duvaughn, Croom ;
Avondale Mills, Laurel — Number of employees, 4; value of total
product, $10,400; capital invested, $12,300; amount paid annually in
wages, $1,200.
Laurel Cotton Mills, cotton goods, E. Rosenfeld & Company, night
robes. Laurel ; Simms Brothers, cigars, Beltsville ; Gustav H. Dahler,
cigars, Bladensburg — Number of employees, 216 ; value of total product,
$274,500; capital invested, $22,000; amount paid annually in wages,
$78,440.
Carriages and Wagons — John H. Wooten, Laurel.
Brick and Tile — Gilbert Moyers, Bladensburg; Rauser Brothers,
Friendly; Benj. F. Stephen, River dale.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — H. Morton Bowen. Aquasco ;
Mrs. Georgia Boswell, Brandywine ; John Charles, Charleston ; Mrs.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 243
Sallie Marburg, Croom; John C. Dixon, Friendly; Griffith Mill, Laurel;
Chas. W. Randall, Foustvillc; Chas. fl. Walker, Bright Seat; James
T. Sedgwick, Upper Marlboro.
Lumber and Timber Products — John W. Beale, Accokeck ; J. C. &
J. A. Trueman, John W. Young, Aquasco; Turner & Orme, Baden;
Benj. C. Hicks, James M. Knowles, J, B. Knowles & Brother, Bowie;
Rubin F. Soper, Cheltenham; Clarence Hawkins, Tee Bee; Gibbons
& Duvaughn, Croom ; Miller & Sons, Tippett ; Jenkins & Butler, R. H.
Perrie, Westwood; Chas. H. Walker, Bright Seat.
Photography — Ray Peckham, Upper Marlboro.
Printing and Publishing — Marlboro Gazette, Marlboro Times, Prince
George's Enquirer, Upper Marlboro.
Saddlery and Harness — John H. Trcband, Upper Marlboro ; F. M.
Baker, Laurel.
QUEEN ANNE'S.
This county was created by Act of Assembly in 1706, and was
partly taken from Talbot and partly from Kent Counties, both of
which were then moderately settled.
The county is bounded on the north by the Chester river and
Delaware; on the east by Delaware and Caroline County; on the south
by Talbot and Caroline Counties, and on the west by the Chesapeake
Bay.
The county has a population of nearly 19,000, and an area of 422
square miles, of which 46 are water surface. The tax rate in the
county for 1903 is 90 cents.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
Centreville, Sudlersville, Church Hill, Crumpton, Queenstown,
Stevensville and Queen Anne are among the incorporated towns,
while Templeville, Winchester, Chester and Ruthsburg are among
those not incorporated. Centreville is the county seat of Queen Anne's
County, having succeeded Queenstown as the seat of government.
AGRICULTURE.
The county is highly favored agriculturally, the soil being fertile
and the surface rolling, and although it has been cultivated for two
and a half centuries, the island is still the delight of agriculturists,
it^ rich soil producing in profusion all the staple crops, while oysters,
fish, crabs and water fowl are plentiful in the waters of the county.
Wheat, corn, hay, fruit and vegetables constitute the principal
products of agriculture, which emanate from the excellent soil, the
climate and the water advantages.
There are 1,475 farms in the county, employing 4,725 hands, and
the value of the crops in 1903 is estimated at $1,760,075.
244 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
OYSTERS AND PACKING INDUSTRY.
Oysters and fish are plentiful in Queen Anne's County, and during
the season of 1902-03 upwards of 400,000 bushels of oysters were taken
from its waters, and 1,500 to 2,000 persons find employment in the
industry; It is estimated that the catch was worth $150,000 in 1903.
The packing industry of Queen Anne's is also a growing one, at least
75,000 cases of tomatoes, fruits and vegetables having been packed in
the county last year.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
The Queen Anne's Railroad, the Queen Anne's and Kent Railroad,,
of the Pennsylvania system, offer excellent transportation facilities,
and are supplemented by the various steamboat lines, which make
daily trips to and from the markets of Baltimore. Practically fruits
and vegetables may be shipped daily to the great markets of the East
and North in time to be received fresh and ready for use at those-
points the next morning.
MANUFACTURES.
The following list of manufacturing industries of the county will
prove of interest, and will give some idea of the progress being made
all over this section of the State :
Bread and Other Bakery Products — C. V. Snyder, R. F. Eaton,
Centreville — Number of employees, 4; capital invested, $1,500; value of"
total product, $6,000; amount paid annually in wages, $700.
Carriages and Wagons — James H. McFarland, Taylor & Furbush, W.
C. Orrell, D. G. Connelly, Centreville; W. S. Delahay, Queenstown —
Number of employees, 10; value of total product, $10,700; capital in-
vested, $4,900 ; amount paid annually in wages, $2,900.
Butter and Creamery Products — J. W. Paynter, Sudlersville; Middle-
ton Farms, Centreville — Number of employees, 5 ; value of total'
product, $13,000; capital invested, $3,000; amount paid annually ini
wages, $1,800.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — W. C. Palmatory, Centreville;
W. C. Palmatory, Church Hill ; Chas. M. Lloyd, Crumpton ; James-
Sewell, Queen Anne — Number of employees, 10; value of total product,.
$55,000 ; capital invested, $22,500 ; amount paid annually in wages, $4,300.
Canned Fruits and Vegetables — George Anderson & Walls, Sudlers-
ville ; J. H. Jones, Queen Anne's ; Wilson & Merrick, Ingleside ; J.
Langrall & Brother, Centreville; Baylus & Brother, Barclay; Edward
K. Kirby, Queenstown; Hanley & Anthony, Ford's Store — Number of
employees, 635; value of total product, $251,000; capital invested,.
$38,500.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 245
Lumber and Timber Products — B. B. Brown, Queen Anne; S. C.
Coursey, Quecnstown; Geo. M. D. Hart, Hope; Walter Dolby, Car-
michael ; Henry Andric, Wrn. Waldron, Stnrr; John Bricrly, Roberts —
Number of employees, 29; value of total product, $78,500; capital in-
vested, $13,400; amount paid annually in wages, $7,750.
Tinsmithing — F. H. Phillips, C. A. Ringgold, Centreville — Value of
total product, $5,000; capital invested, $600; amount paid annually in
wages, $1,600.
Printing and Publishing — W. S. Roberts, Wm. J. Price, Jr., Centre-
ville; M. W. Aker, Queenstown — Number of employees, 12; value of
total product, $15,000; capital invested, $23,000; amount paid annually
in wages, $6,000.
Bread and Other Bakery Products — John M. Aker, Queenstown.
Carriages and Wagons — R. Hopper Smith, Centreville.
Cheese, Butter, etc. — A. Sidney Gadd, Centreville; Thomas Davis,
Church Hill; I. B. Harrington, Queen Anne.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — Forman & Emory, J. R. Hollings-
worth, David D. Taylor, Centreville ; Chapel Mill, Edward M. Garey,
Queen Anne; Roberts' Roller Flouring Mill, Sudlersville.
Canned Fruits and Vegetables — Crumpton Packing Company, Crump-
ton; Baker & Arthur, Sudlersville.
Ice — W. M. Armstrong, Centreville.
Lumber and Timber Products — Louis E. Jester, Louis E. Lane,
Centreville ; Wm. H. Cecil, Hayden ; Samuel C. Coursey, Queenstown ;
John Bierly & Son, Roberts.
Shirts— Chas. W. Burgess, Centreville; J. T. Wright, Ford's Store.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheet Iron Working — Chas. L.
Roe, Church Hill; Bordley & Moore, Queen Anne.
Tobacco, Cigars and Cigarettes — Samuel C. Allen, Centreville.
SOAERSET.
Somerset, one of the oldest counties on the Eastern Shore, was settled
in 1666 and has an area of 365 square miles. The first commissioners
were Stephen Horsey, William Stevens, William Thorne, James Jones,
John Winder, Henry Boston, George Johnson and John White, nearly
all of whom have numerous descendants in the county to-day.
Somerset is the most southern county on the Eastern Shore and heads
the list of what are known as the oyster counties of Maryland. It is
washed on the west by the waters of Tangier Sound and on the south
by the waters of Pocomoke Sound, both of which are famous for pro-
ducing the finest oysters in the world.
246 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
INCORPORATED TOWNS.
Princess Anne and Crisfield are the only incorporated towns in the
county, Princess Anne being the county seat. Besides these are the
following villages with population ranging from fifty to 500: Deal's
Island, Mt. Vernon, Dame's Quarter, Chance, Jason, Oriole, Eden,
Loretto, Arden, Costen Station, Rehoboth, Marumsco, Shelltown, TuU's
Corner, King's Creek, Westover, Kingston, Fairmount, Landonville,
Marion, Hopewell, Bedsworth, Lawsonia and Ewell.
Somerset has a population of about 26,000, one-half of which is
engaged in the oyster, crab and fish business, and the county tax rate
for 1903 is $1.07.
OYSTERS, CRABS AND FISH.
Somerset County is noted for being one of the largest markets and
shipping points in the country for 0}'sters, crabs and fish, particularly
is this the case with reference to crabs, both hard and soft ; and nowhere
in the State or country is more delectable sea fruit found than in the
waters surrounding Somerset County.
Crisfield, the largest town in the county, has a population of nearly
4,000, and a suburban population within two miles of the town limits
of 3,000, and consequently there is plenty of cheap labor. It also has
one of the deepest and finest harbors on the Chesapeake Bay.
Crisfield, in the southwestern part of the county is a large 03^ster
shipping point in winter, and in summer is the largest crab shipping
point in the world. The oyster pack for the winter of 1902- 1903 was
396,400 bushels, worth about $300,000. The soft crab business, which
has been so largely developed in recent years, has been better this
year than ever and a conservative estimate places the quantity shipped
at 1,500,000 dozen, worth at least $400,000. During the past two years
the shipping of crab meat has been added to that of shipping soft
crabs and oysters. Hard crabs are cooked in large steam vats and the
meat picked out by women. The meat is then placed in gallon cans
and shipped all over the country. About 50,000 gallons were shipped
from Crisfield this year and sold for between $40,000 and $50,000.
From early in March until October i, shad, blue fish, trout and a few
other varieties are caught and about 100 barrels shipped a week. The
amount realized from these is anywhere between $4,000 and $7,000,
a great deal depending upon the state of the market. This does not
include the amount consumed at home, which is quite considerable.
SOIL AND AGRICULTURE.
The soil of Somerset is adapted particularly to the raising of vege-
tables of all kinds, and especially has the production of tomatoes rapidly
increased during the past two years to supply the two dozen canning
STATISTICS AND INl'ORMATION. 247
houses which have sprung up during that time. This soil in parts has
a good substrata of clay and readily responds to intensive cultivation,
with the result that some of the finest strawberries in the country are
produced here, and the crop of this fruit is always large. Corn, wheat
and potatoes are also largely produced, though strawberry and tomato
crops have become the principal ones, and arc worth from $150,000
to $250,000 each.
The value of these farming lands are readily becoming recognized,
and settlement by Western and foreign persons is progressing.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
The transportation facilities of the county are fair, the New York,
Philadelphia & Norfolk Railroad running through the county, and hav-
ing a twenty mile branch in the county, while Crisfield has a steam-
boat both to and from Baltimore every day. Both the steamboat and
railroad companies have all they can do to handle the traffic, and
another railroad and an electric railroad would prove highly profitable,
the electric railroad to run from Crisfield to Princess Anne, and pass
through ten or twelve villages between the two points.
The principal other needs of the county are a good oyster planting
system, the present output being scarcely one-tenth of what it was
twenty years ago, and more manufactories.
MANUFACTURES.
The manufacturing establishments of Somerset are not extensive,
but the canning and shipping industry is large, but no really authentic
data can be secured of the amount of business done in the community
by individual firms, yet we are safe in saying that the taking, catching,
packing and shipping of oysters, combined with the canning, is the
largest of any in the State.
The following is a list of the business concerns of the county :
Awnings and Sails — S. F. Hastings, John W. Lewis, J. E. Richard-
son, W. H. Norwood, Crisfield; Henry Brown, Wenona.
Boxes, Wooden, Packing— A. B. Cochrane & Company, Crisfield
Lumber & Manufacturing Company, Crisfield; Scott Brothers, Welling-
ton. '
Bread and Other Bakery Products— M. E. Sterling, G. T. Mears,
Crisfield.
Bricks and Tile— George M. Collins, Crisfield; Daniel Collins, Sr.,
Princess Anne.
Carriages and Wagons — Chas. W. Bozman, Eden; John W. Nock,
R. J. Adams, James F. Loreman, Crisfield.
Fish Phosphate Factory — L. E. P. Dennis & Son, Crisfield.
248 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Crabs and Oysters, Canning and Preserving, and Steaming Crab
Meat — J. J. Tull & Company, Tangier Packing Company, A. P. Ford
Company, S. S. Coston, E. R. Lowe & Company, Kelly, Noah & Com-
pany, J. H. Riggin & Company, Crisfield.
Flouring and Grist Mills — Crisfield Milling Company, Crisfield;
S. H." Lockerman, Francis & Robertson, Fairmount; Manokin Roller
Flour Mill (Cohn & Bock), Princess Anne; Wm. F. Ruark & Son,
Westover.
Fruits and Vegetables, Canning — S. F. Dashiell, Dames Quarter; W.
J. Shores, Chance; Green & Roberts, Loretto; Pusey & White (2
places), Princess Anne; Lankford & Scott, Arden; Cooley & Company,
Kings Creek ; Lankford & Brother, Jones & Cox, Fairmount ; Whistler
& Wilson, Costen Station ; Cooley & Company, R. P. Whittington, Mar-
ion Station ; J. C. Carver & Company, Marumsco ; E. Robinson, Hope-
well; Hudson Brothers, Kingston; C. M. Dashiell (2 places), Prin-
cess Anne; Farmers' Canning Company, L. M. Milbourne, Kingston;
W. V. Matthews, Shelltown ; Westover Packing Company, Westover ;
Crisfield Canning & Packing Company, Crisfield Milling Company,
Crisfield; Richard L. Fitzgerald, Habnab; J. E. Dashiell & Company,
Mt. Vernon.
Ice, Manufactured — Crisfield Ice Manufacturing Company, Crisfield.
Ice Cream — Crisfield Ice Cream Company, Carroll Crockett, man-
ager, Sterling Steam Ice Cream Works, Crisfield.
Lumber and Timber Products — John W. Cox, Crisfield; Wm. Jack-
son & Son, Eden Lumber Company, Eden; P. O. Hudson & Brother,
Kingston; Wm. J. Hall Manufacturing Company, E. W. McGrath &
Brother, Marion Station ; Holland & Williams, Mt. Vernon ; Oriole
Milling Company, Oriole; Robert J. Kelley, Princess Anne Milling
Company, Princess Anne; Ogden H. Wilkens, Rehoboth; Scott Bros,.
Wellington; A. Retzell, Westover;- S. J. Marshall, Crisfield.
Printing and Publishing — Leader Publishing Company, Crisfield
Times, Crisfield ; Marylander & Herald, Somerset Journal, Princess
Anne.
Boat and Shipbuilding — W. A. Meredith, W. S. Smith, Fairmount;
W. H. Muir, John Branford (Fishing Island), Upper Fairmount;
McCready & Nelson, David Byrd, S. W. .Dana, Crisfield.
Shirt Factories — Asbury Shirt Manufacturing Company, Baptist
Shirt Company, Crisfield Shirt Factory, Crisfield.
Tinsmithing — Crisfield Hardware Company, Peoples' Hardware Com-
pany, Crisfield; Hiram C. Waller, Princess Anne.
STATISTICS AND INI^ORMATION. 249
ST. MARY'S.
St. Mary's, the Tirst county orji^anizcd in the State, is the southern-
most county in Maryland on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay.
The county is almost an island, being bounded on the south by the
Potomac, on the east by the Chesapeake, on the north by the Patuxent,
and on the west by the Wicomico River, and an imaginary line, 4^4
miles long, from the head waters of Budd's Creek, an arm of the
Wicomico, to the head waters of Indian Creek, a branch of the Patuxent.
The waters that almost surround St. Mary's, and many of their
numerous branches, called creeks or bays, that indent the county, are
navigable and important water courses, and because of them no resi-
dent can be more than six miles from navigable water.
Along the rivers the land is generally flat and rises gently towards
the interior, but the elevation attained is slight. Numerous small
sti-eams, locally known as runs, fed by clear cold springs, flow through
the lands, and furnish man and beast with a constant and abundant
supply of pure, wholesome water.
AREA, SOILS, CROPS, ETC.
The county is long and narrow and has an area of 360 square miles.
According to the census there were 1292 farms in St. Mary's County
in 1900, with a total of 192,503 acres therein, and the population of
the county at the same time was 18,136. The tax rate of St. Mary's
for 1903 is 96 cents on the hundred.
Near the water courses the soil is generally dark, heavy loam,
becoming lighter and sandier towards the interior, and if judiciously
farmed is kind and productive.
Usually the lands are naturally drained, but where resort must be
had to ditching, the draining is easily and cheaply secured on account
of the slope towards the rivers and creeks.
Proximity to large bodies of water has marked effect on the climate.
Oppressively hot summer days are very rare, and the winters are
never very cold. Farmers do out-of-door work the year through.
Ice and snow seldom remain over three weeks and the ice on ponds
rarely forms over four inches thick. The county is uot subject to
destructive storms.
AGRICULTURE AND STOCK RAISING.
St. Mary's is an ideal agricultural section. Here intelligent farming
insures an abundance of creature comforts, and the healthful climate
conduces to long life.
Temperate summers, long autumns and mild winters specially adapt
the county to the raising of stock. The rapid growth of clover and
250 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
grasses makes grazing possible for ten months of the year, and near-
ness to markets and cheap water transportation gives peculiar ad-
vantages to this industry.
Corn, wheat and tobacco are the staple crops of the section. Fine
vegetables of all kinds are easily produced, and clover and hay grasses
thrive. ' Small fruits produce plentifully, with little care, and apples,
pears and peaches are remunerative crops.
Farms may be purchased here at reasonable figures and on good
terms. The inland farms can usually be bought cheap, while the lands
on the rivers are held at higher prices.
Nearly a fourth of the county is in timber, including pine, oak,
poplar, ash, chestnut, hickory, walnut, beech, gum and birch, which
supply all demands for firewood, fencing and material for building.
OYSTERS AND FISH.
The waters of the county abound in fish and oysters, and the catch-
ing and shipping of them gives employment to a large number of
persons, there being reported upwards of 5,000 persons employed in
various capacities in this industry in 1901, from the taking to the can-
ning and shipping of oysters.
In the spring, fresh Potomac herring sell for from $2.00 to $4.00
per thousand and are very plentifully purchased by farmers, who buy
them and salt them for winter use. Next to farming, the oyster
industry is the most important one in the county. There were 855
licenses for tongers issued in 1902-3.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
Numerous steamers and sailing vessels furnish transportation to the
nearby cities of Baltimore and Washington, but the railroad facilities
are limited to a short line connection with the Pennsylvania system,
which does not reach the larger portion of the county.' Lack of these
railroad facilities is due to the sparse settlement of the county, and
what is needed in St. Mary's is greater population to utilize the mag-
nificent facilities that nature has given for the production of food prod-
ucts and other necessities of civilization.
BANKS AND SCHOOLS.
There is a national bank at Leonardtown, the county seat of St.
Mary's, and the business facilities of the county are first-class.
The public schools are of a high standard and furnish good practical
education. St. Mary's Academy, at Leonardtown, St. Mary's Seminary,
at St. Mary's City, and Charlotte Hall Academy, at Charlotte Hall, are
among the high class institutions of the county, the public school sys-
tem being nearly up to the standard of the entire State.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 25I
MANUFACTURliS AND INDUSTRIES.
There are no large manufactories in St. Mary's County, and grist,
saw and planing mills and canning houses nearly exhaust the list.
The county is a splendid field for tlie canning industry, and is but
beginning to he utilized.
The following comprises a list oi the principal manufactories of the
county and their location :
The Pearson Packing Company, Pearsons ; The St. Mary's Packing
Company, Wynne; The Webster & Ford Packing Company, Drayden;
Greenwell & Hearn, brick manufacturers' P. F. Greenwell, roller mill,
Leonardtown ; George B. Cecil, roller mill, Valley Lee ; John T. Cecil,
roller mill, Great Mills; Joseph F. Neal, planing mill, J. Frank Golds-
borough, lumber, Paul Hayden, lumber and grist mill, Leonardtown ;
Michael Kelly, lumber, Oakville ; Leo M. Wathen, lumber and grist
mill, Compton; John Gray Lilburn, lumber and grist, St. Inigo's; W.
Bernard Guy, lumber and grist, Morganza; Dan. T. Dixon, lumber and
grist, Laurel Grove; H. B. Cawood, lumber and grist; J. C. & S. S.
Reeves, lumber mill, Aubrey Gardiner, roller mill, Chaptico ; Virgil
Parsons, lumber, Piney Point; Callaway Mill Company, Drayden;
William F. Chesley, lumber and grist, R. Smoot, water mill, H. Carrico,
water mill, Charlotte Hall ; Birch Brothers, lumber, St. Inigo's.
TALBOT.
In the year 1706 the bounds of Talbot County were laid out by Act
of Assembly, though it was probably formed in 1660-61.
The county lies on the Eastern Shore, with a considerable portion of
it facing the Chesapeake Bay, and is bounded as follows : on the north
by Queen Anne's, on the east and southeast bj' Caroline, on the south
by the Choptank River, and on the west by Eastern Bay and the
Chesapeake Bay.
Talbot has a population of about 21,000 and an area of 286 square
miles, with a large water surface. It is cut up into peninsulas by the
Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, and is famous for its beautiful
landscapes and water fronts.
The history of Talbot County is rich with records of Colonial events,
being particularly noted for its energy in establishing schools, and its
earnest desire to educate the settlers. Indeed, no other county in the
State has evinced a greater interest in its educational facilities, nor ex-
pended more energy of time upon this subject than have the citizens
of Talbot. The tax rate of the county for 1903 is 88 cents.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
Easton, the county seat of Talbot, is a thriving city of 3,000 inhab-
itants, and is a railroad centre of no mean dimensions. Other pro-
-52 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
gressive villages in the county are St. Michaels, Claiborne, Royal Oak,
Kirkhani, Oxford, Skipton, Wye Mills, Cordova, Tilghman, Belleview
and others. Avalon, on Tilghman's Island in this county, is supposed
to be the place of one of the first settlements in Maryland.
••*. TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
The county has ample facilities for the transportation of agricultural
and fishery products. In addition to the B., C. & A. Railway, the
Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington Railroad, and the Queen Anne's
Railroad and connections, its rivers and bay front are daily touched by
numerous steamboat lines, plying from Baltimore, thus placing the
markets of Baltimore, Washington and New York within a day's
reach of the farmers and fishermen.
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES. " .
The second public school in Maryland was established in Talbot,
under Act of 1723. There are a number of private educational insti-
tutions in the county, and the public school system now is one of the
features of the county of which its citizens are proud.
NATURAL ADVANTAGES.
Agriculture, canning and oyster catching are its principal industries.
The land is a rich loam, light in parts and quickly responds to cultiva-
tion. Small fruits abound throughout the county in great variety,
and vegetables, wheat, corn and potatoes are among its most prominent
products. The canning establishments, which have become quite numer-
ous throughout the county, are putting up large quantities of tomatoes,
peas and fruits, and this is a growing industry. Improved land on the
river side is worth from $10.00 to $100.00 per acre.
OYSTERS AND FISH.
The oyster catch and fisheries of Talbot are well known. In 1903 it
is estimated that 150,000 bushels of oysters were taken by dredge or
tong in the waters of Talbot. There are 884 boats of all kinds engaged
in the industry, and about 3,000 persons find a livelihood in taking and
shipping the oyster.
The following firms are engaged in packing and shipping oysters and
crabs and crab meat, the latter being a growing industry, and the
total of their operations for the year are given :
Jerry Valliant & Company, Valliant & Crockett, Wm. B. McKenzie
& Company, Oxford ; Wm. H. Valliant & Company, Belleview ; Geo. R.
Caulk, J. B. Watkins, Geo. Blades & Company, Edwin H. Burroughs,
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 253
St. Michaels ; Win. Erhardt, Alex. Haddaway, Isaac J .Smith, Clai-
borne; Louis Warner, Sherwood; Geo. B. Taylor, McDanie! ; W.
Camper Harrison & Brother. Wni. S. Covington & Company, Capt.
Jno. B. Harrison, Tilghman's Island — Number of employees, 549; value
of total product, $265,700; capital invested, $73,750; amount paid an-
nually in wages, $48,935.
Fish in the county's waters are plentiful, the Choptank and Tuckahoe
abounding in shad, perch, rock and similar food fish.
industrie:s.
The industries of Talbot are varied, though not extensive, except
in the canning business. A number of small manufactures, principally
flour and grist mills, are established in the various industrial centres
of ■ the county.
The following list gives some idea of the progress that Talbot is
making on industrial lines :
Flour, Meal, etc.— Geo. M. Wilson, John C. Bartlett & Son, Easton;
Wm. M. Bergman & Son, Oxford — Number of employees, 10; value of
total pi'oduct, $95,000; capital invested, $50,000; amount paid annually
in wages, $4,695.
Canned Goods — C. L. Wrightson, Preston Canning Company, Nick-
erson Canning Company, Landoff Packing Company, Easton ; W. D.
Kirby, Trappe; King & Newman, Oxford; Peter Student, Hambleton;
J. C. Nossick, P. Kennedy, Windyhill; Saulsbury Brothers, Sisk & Com-
pany, Cordova; Kennedy & Martin, Barber's; North, Tilghman's;
Bradley, McDanieltown; J. E. Watkins, St. Michael's — Number of
employees, 997 ; value of total product, $388,700 ; capital invested, $392,-
700; amount paid annually in wages, $41,980.
Easton Furniture Manufacturing Company, furniture ; Norfolk Man-
ufacturing Company, shirts; Peninsula Steam Laundry, laundry work;
Mercantile Manufacturing Companj', overalls, Easton; W. H. Tunis
Lumber Company, Tunis Mills ; Jos. H. White & Son, brick and tile ;
W. H. Withcutt & Company, iron foundry; Geo. W. Wiugard, macliin-
ery, Easton — Number of employees, 235 ; value of total product, $330,-
000; capital invested, $172,600; amount paid annually in wages, $92,000.
Canned Goods — Hubbards, Easton Packing Company, Easton.
Carriages and Wagons — N. P. Corkran, Barber; James A .Spence,
Easton; Wm. H. H. Pasterfield, Trappe.
Cheese, Butter, etc. — L B. Harrington, Merchants' Manufacturing
Company, Easton ; J. B. Harrington, Matthews ; La Trappe Creamery
Company, Trappe.
Confectionery — Henry D. Aldrich, Easton.
Tee — Easton Ice Company, Easton.
254 REPORT OP THE BUREAU OF
Illuminating and Heating Gas — Easton Gas & Electric Light Com-
pany, Easton.
Looking Glass and Picture Frames — John R. Treganowan, Easton.
. Lumber and Timber Products— Thos. R. Hunt, Bozman; Wm. P.
Day, Morris, Lowe & Brother, Caleb Sechrist, Cordova; C. C. Stewart
& Sons, Edward Stoops, Chas. P. Warrington, Easton; Porter Saw
Mill, Longwood; Jacob W. Porter, McDaniel; Frick Saw and Lumber
Mill, Oxford^ W. P. Todd, Royal Oak; W. F. Howeth, Sherwood;
Enterprise Saw Mill, Trappe.
Monuments and Tombstones — E. H. Lachmar, Easton.
Photography — Theodore Steinhard, Easton.
Printing and Publishing — Easton Gazette, Easton Ledger, Easton
Star-Democrat, Easton; Comet and Advertiser, St. Michael's; Talbot
Times, Trappe; Wm. F. Roloson, Sherwood.
Saddlery and Harness— Jos. Mules, Easton.
Ship and Boat Building — John H. Branzell, Eastport; Wm. P. P.
Benson, Oxford; Thos. H. Kirby & Sons, St. Michaels.
Shirts — St. Michaels Manufacturing Company, St. Michaels.
Tinsmithing, Coppersmithing and Sheet Iron Working— Hartnett,
Nicholls Brothers, Easton; James R. Sheubrook, Oxford; Geo. W.
Collins, St. Michaels.
Tools — Peerless Machine Shops, Easton.
Umbrellas and Canes — Williams-Adams- White Company, Easton.
Vinegar and Cider — W. A. Walls, Easton.
Turned and Carved Wood — Easton Turning and Enameling Works,
Easton. ^
Fertilizers — American Agricultural Chemical Company, Easton.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — Isaac A. Barber, Easton; Clover
Leaf Mill, Trappe; Skipton Roller Mill, Wye Mills.
WASHINGTON.
Washington is a triangular county in the western part of the State.
It is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, on the east by South
Mountain, which separates it from Frederick; on the south and
southwest by the Potomac river, separating it from Virginia, and on
the west by a creek which separates it from Allegany. It has an
area of 458 square miles, and was created at the same time as Mont-
gomery, being originally a part of Frederick County. Washington has
the lowest county tax rate of all the counties, it being only 37 cents
for 1903, though, of course, it has municipal taxes in Hagerstown and
like places.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 255
Washington County has many claims to interest because of its
history, and a number of her sons have left their impress not only
upon Maryland, but upon other States in the Union. Some of the
bloodiest battles of the war were fought in this vicinity, and the
Antietam National Cemetery contains over 4,000 Confederate dead;
while old Fort Frederick is one of the last remaining visible vestiges
of the French and Indian War.
The population is largely of German, English, Scotch, Swiss and
French descent, and now reaches about 46,000.
Parts of the first steamboat ever built in the United States (1785-86),
the experiment of James Rumsey, were made at the Antietam Iron
Works, March 14, 1786.
INCORPORATED AND OTHER TOWNS.
Hagerstown, the county seat, is one of the most thriving cities in the
State, having a population of about 17,000. The great Hagerstown
Fair, which is held there annually, attracts immense crowds of people.
It is an admirable location as a railroad centre, 86 miles from Balti-
more, and contains a number of educational institutions of the highest
order. Other incorporated towns are Hancock, Boonsboro, Clearspring,
Williamsport, Sharpsburg, Keedysville, Funkstown, Smithsburg and
Leitersburg.
Some of Washington County's thriving towns are Ringgold, Edge-
niont, Robinsville, Brownsville, Sandy Hook, Fairplay, Tilghmantown,
Downsville, Indian Spring, Fairview, Maugansville and Middleburg.
Williamsport is a commercial and industrial centre of no mean propor-
tions.
NATURAL ADVANTAGES AND PRODUCTS.
The soil of Washington County is peculiarly rich, being of a lime-
stone character, and the land is gently rolling and excellently adapted
to farming and stock raising. Probably no other county in the
State excels Washington in its farm products or productiveness. Ac-
cording to the census of 1900 there were 2,393 farms in the county,
with an acreage of 248,221 acres.
Washington County, of course, is largely an agricultural county, and
the values of land run from $25 to $100 an acre. Perhaps no other
county in the State has reached a more intensive state of cultivation
than this county, which ranks second to Frederick in its production of
wheat and corn, and second to none in the production of its peaches and
apples.
Wheat, corn, oats, hay and fruits are the principal agricultural
products of the county, and stock raising and feeding have become great
industries in the county.
256 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
Many of the farms produce from 30 to 40 bushels of wheat to the
acre, and corn has been raised to the extent of from 75 to 100 bushels
an acre. In the mountain districts the cultivation of apples, peaches,
pears, grapes and small fruits has become a great industry.
' Many silos have recently been erected in the county, and the fact
that over 1,000 neat cattle were reported by the last census to be in
the county, gives some idea of the growth in the industry of stock
raising.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.
The Baltimore and Ohio, the Western Maryland, the Norfolk and
Western and the Cumberland Valley Railroads traverse the county,
all passing through Hagerstown, thus affording ample transportation
facilities east and west to the seaboard, or to Chicago, for the
products of the farm and of the factories.
^lANUFACTURES.
The manufactures of Washington are easily the first of all the
counties of the State. According to the census of 1900, 376 establish-
ments were reported, with a total invested capital of upwards of
$3,000,000, and Hagerstown alone reported 203 establishments of various
kinds. Among the products of the county in^ this respect are automo-
biles, gloves, organs, building material, flour, carriages, whiskey, etc.
Among some of the most prom.inent industries in the county may be
mentioned the following:
Furniture — Bower & Miller, Hagerstown Furniture Works, Hagers-
town— Number of employees, 177; value of total product, $225,000;
capital invested, $130,000; amount paid annually in wages, $110,000.
Doors, Sash, etc. — Beek & Delmartin, Geo. C. Snyder & Company,
Danzer Lumber Company, Hagerstown — Number of employees, 70;
value of total product, $142,500; capital invested, $90,000; amount paid
annually in wages, $37,500.
Antietam Paper Company, paper ; Hagerstown Spoke and Bending
Company, spokes and rims ; Hagerstown Book and Binding Company,
books, etc. ; Updegraff's Glove Factory, gloves ; Windsor Knitting Mills,
shirts, hosiery, etc. ; Hagerstown Silk Company, ribbons ; Hagers-
town Saddlery and Leather Company, harness; Mohler Organ Works,
pipe organs; Hagerstown Brewing Company, beer; Pope Manufac-
turing Company, automobiles ; Hagerstown Cooperage Company, staves ;
Moser Heating Company, steam fittings ; Hagerstown Street Railway
Company, street railway, Hagerstown ; Victor Cushaw & Sons, bricks,
Bynn Tannery, leather, Williamsport ; Roxbury Distilling Company,
whiskey, Roxbury — Number of employees, 1,322; value of total product,
$1,141,500; capital invested, $1,512,000; amount paid annually in wages,
$286,000.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 257
Awnings, Tents and vSails — James T. Houston, Ilagerstown.
Bookbinding and Blank Book-making — C. H. Leaman, Ilagerstown.
Bottling — James B. Albert, Bclvidere Brewing Company, W. H.
Dunn, F. D. Harman, Justus Heimel, W. D. Willson, Ilagerstown.
Cigar Boxes — Jolin Lohr, B. C. Scbiidneck, Ilagerstown.
Wooden and Packing Boxes — H. L. Coffnian, Ilagerstown ; Emory A.
Pry, Keedysvillc.
Bread and Other Bakery Products— C. V. Banff & Son, W. A.
Ford, Garfield Harman, J. C. Harman, M. R, Leach, H. D. McLaugUlin,
Geo. C. Norris, Louis J. Orrick, Jacob Roessncr, W. H. Schmidt,
Charles Schotterbeck, Summers & Linasin, John S. Wareham, Hagers-
town; William O. Bowser, Williamsport.
Brick and Tile— Mrs. Mary E. Barr, Alfred Hanson, James E S.
Pryor, Sophia H. S. Semler, F. W. Weibel, William Winter, ' Hagers-
town; Conocheague Brick & Earthenware Company, Williamsport.
Brooms and Brushes — Criswell & Bazell, Joseph I. Kershner, Hagers-
town.
Carpet Rags — M. Bender, Boonsboro; Bovey & Munson, John Brey,
Hagerstown ; Edgar B. Bender, Keedysville.
Carriage and Wagon Materials — Pomeroy Brothers & Company,
Hagerstown.
Carriages and Wagons — Hess Manufacturing Company, Thrush &
Stough Carriage Factory, Hagerstown ; W. L. Shaw, R. M. Wilkinson,
Hancock; M. G. Hoist, Maugansville; Wm. B. Kimbler, Smithsburg.
Cars and General Shop Construction and Repairs — Cumberland Val-
ley Railway, Western Maryland Railroad Company, Hagerstown.
Cheese, Butter, .etc — Harry P. Keyser, Phoenix Manufacturing Com-
pany, Hagerstown.
Confectionery — Clarence Gruben, Hagerstown.
Cooperage — John 1^. Rowland, Hagerstown; R. S. Dillon, Hancock.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — Mrs. Samuel W. Kreps, Ash ;
Eldorado Mills, Beaver Creek; Jonas Bell, Benj. F.Charles, Abraham
& John Kuhn, Big Spring; Avalon Mills, Old Carlton Mills, Bladens-
burg; Razin J. Nunamaker, Boonsboro; Delenire Mills, Breatheds-
ville; Jeremiah H. Gossard, Francis B. Riggs, Thomas H. Spickler,
Broadfording; Willow Gi:ove Flouring and Grist Mill, Chewsville;
Geo. T. Prather, Stafford Mill, Clear Spring; William Avis, Downs-
ville ; Chas. T. Sowers, Dry Run ; Valencia Flour Mills, Funkstown ;
Anchor Mill, Antietam Mill Company, Elias Emmert, Lose Heirs'
Model Mills. Morning Star Mills, Rockland Mills, John E. Rowland,
Saulsbury Mill, Hagerstown; Potomac Roller Mills, Rockdale Mills,
Hancock ; George W. Baker, Aaron C. Pry, Keedysville ; Samuel Strite,
258 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Leitersburg ; David L. Horst, Maugansville ; George H. Bowman Mills,
Martin L. Peck, Pecktonville ; Marsh Mills, Reid; G. G. Barkman,
Rohrersville ; E. B. Miller, Jacob A. Meyers, Sharpsburg; Ingram
Sisters, Smithsburg; Woodside Mills, West Beaver Creek; W. H.
C. Kemp & Company, Undine Milling Company, Williamsport.
Foundry and Machine Shop Products — Harry E. Burton, Domestic
Engine Company, H. C. Foltz, D. F. Hull & Sons, A. T. Zentmyer,
Hagerstown ; W. H. Dodson, John W. Seavolt, Hancock.
Illuminating and Heating Gas — Hagerstown Light and Heat Com-
pany, Hagerstown.
Gloves and Mittens — B. C. Lefever, Williamsport.
Hosiery and Knit Goods — Blue Ridge Knitting Company, R. A.
Knitting Mills, Hagerstown.
Manufactured Ice— Besler Ice Company, Hagerstown Ice Company,
Hagerstown. .
Iron and Steel, Architectural and Ornamental — Corbett Iron and
Wire Fence Company, Hagerstown.
Leather Tanned, Curried and Finished — Wm. H. Bixler, Hagers-
town.
Lime and Cement — J. C. Miller, Boonsboro ; P. G. Zink & Company,
Cavetown ; Alfred S. Henson, Hagerstown ; Roundtop Hydraulic Cement
Works, Hancock ; Frank MuUendor, Rohrersville ; Geo. M. Canogle,
Vernon L. Smith, Daniel Sunday's Lime Kiln, Thurmont.
Liquors, Distilled — Jas. S. Draper, Clearspring.
Looking Glass and Picture Frames — B. W. T. Phreaner, Harry E.
Stover, Homer S. Williams, Hagerstown.
Lumber and Timber Products — S. C. Hanes, Antietam; Lewis A.
Funk, George C. Snyder, Boonsboro ; Jacob G. Stoner, Cascade ; Jesse
Nunaker (heirs of). Grimes; Jacob A. Snively, Hagerstown; J.
Taliaferro Bridges, R. Chaffey, Wm. Exline, Hancock; Hightman &
Stein, Rohrersville; Samuel Diffendall, Smithsburg; Miller Brothers,
Williamsport.
Lumber and Planing Mill Products, etc. — Binham Wolfkill, Han-
cock; Miller Brothers, Williamsport; John H. Wills, Hagerstown.
Mattresses and Spring Beds — Brewer Brothers & Beachley, Hagers-
town Woven Wire Mattress Company, Hagerstown.
Monuments and Tombstones — Geo. W. Jackson, Boonsboro ; Jackson
& Shuford, V. T. Meredith, Myers & Baker, Hagerstown; Jere Mason,
Hancock; Robert McCoy, Rohrersville.
Paving and Paving Materials — John T. Clarkson, Hagerstown ; Frank
P. Little, Hancock.
Photography — F. D. Gruber,W. B. King, C. B. McCune, Hagerstown;
G. M. Belt, Hancock.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 259
Pickles, Preserves and Sauces — Jacolj M. Middlekauf, Fairplay.
Printing and Publishing — Boonsboro Times, Boonsboro; Globe,
Hagerstown Mail, Morning Herald, Hagerstown ; Hancock Times, Star,
Hancock; Record, Sharpsburg; Leader, Williamsport Transcript, Wil-
liamsport; J. W. Biershing, Enterprise Printing Office, Hockman &
•Company, John S. McCardell, Plagerstown.
Pumps — John L. Storm, Boonsboro.
Tinsmithing, Copi^ersmithing and Sheet Iron Wf)rking — Harry H.
Hoffacker, Alesia ; Francis Storm, Boonsboro ; C. S. Goodrich, Harry
E. Toston, Clearspring; Harry E. Mickley, Fairplay; W. H. Brown,
Danzer Metal Works, Godfrey A. Goetz, H. K. Hock, C. S. Hunter,
Wm. R. McCorroy, J. A. Martin, Martin & Stover, John Z. Miller,
E. K. Saum, Charles R. Smith & Son, Harry R. Wagner, Hagerstown;
Chas. E. Blondell, Hancock; Wm. Winebrenner, Highfield; S. P. Miller
& Company, E. E. Richter, Williamsport.
Saddlery and Harness — Chas. E. Ford, Boonsboro ; Howard M.
Huntabarry, Gapland; W. H. Bixler, Elias Cost, D. C. Martin, E.
K. & M. L. Schindel, J. C. Semler, V. C. Young, Hagerstown; F. R.
Beard, Hancock; Chas. M. Biggs, Smithsburg; J. A. Fleming, E. K.
Hetzer, Williamsport.
Shirts — Eugene E. Baker, J. R. Bryan, Hagerstown.
Silk and Silk Goods — Cooling & Nolan Company, Hagerstown.
Tobacco, Cigars and Cigarettes — John Fred. Sponseller, Clearspring;
J. K. Baker, Chas. E. Bowman, Harry J. Brezler, J. A. Cage, Geo. W.
Earnshaw, Geo. Hook, J. E. Musey, J. S. Peterman, T. H. Porter, J.
Harry Schuler, Saniuel E. Smith, C. O. Ward, Hagerstown.
Vinegar and Cider — Chas. Kline, Benevola; Dennis Smith, Hancock;
Chas. C. Zeigler, Leitersburg.
Wood, Turned and Carved — L. H. Weibel, Hagerstown.
WICOMICO.
Wicomico County was formed under the provisions of the Con-
stitution of Maryland adopted in 1867, of parts of Somerset and
Worcester Counties. It is bounded on the north by Delaware, on
the south by Somerset County and Worcester County, on the east
by Worcester County, and on the west by Dorchester County. It
contains 367 square miles, with a large water surface. It lies 130
miles south of Philadelphia, and 85 miles southeast of Baltimore. Its
eastern limit is about 15 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and its
population is 23,000. The tax rate for 1903 is 78 cents.
26o ' REPORT OF the; bureau of
INCORPORATED TOWNS.
Wicomico has three incorporated towns: Salisbury, the metropolis;
Delmar, the well-known railroad town, and Sharptown.
There are thirteen towns and villages of considerable importance,
viz. : Quantico, Mardela Springs, Hebron, Fruitland, Pittsville, Parsons-
burg, Willard, Bivalve, Nanticoke, White Haven, Jesterville, Allen
and Riverton.
COUNTY SEAT.
Salisbury, the county seat, is advantageously situated at the head of
navigation, on the Wicomico river, at the junction of the New York,
Philadelphia and Norfolk and the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic
Railroads. It is about 221 miles from New York, 100 miles from
Wilmington, 140 miles from Washington, 125 miles from Norfolk
and 30 miles from Ocean City, on the Atlantic Ocean. The city is
substantially built and has a population of about 4,300. It has ten
miles of well-graded and paved streets, and has a sewerage system, arc
and incandescent electric lights, and business blocks of handsome brick.
The city is divided by the Wicomico river and has two beautiful fresh
water lakes of large dimensions.
It is governed by a mayor and five councilmen, and has a tax rate
of only 35 cents on the $100. The fire department consists of two
steamers, hose wagons, four horses, and up-to-date appliances.
It has a free library, an excellent telephone system, public hospitals,
free city and county mail delivery, and a splendid system of water
works, obtained from artesian wells, which furnish the purest of water.
The total business of Salisbury in 1902 amounted to upwards of
$3,000,000. There are dozens of large factories and mills, and five
very strong financial institutions.
SOIL, CLIMATE, ETC.
The soil varies in character from a light loam to a red clay loam.
In some places overlying stiff clays, and areas of gum swamp land
and "black loam" are found, the latter, along the edge of Delaware,
being very fertile. Generally the land is well adapted to the growth of
cereals, grass, apples, peaches, pears and small fruits, especially straw-
berries and blackberries, of which immense crops are grown. Straw-
berries commence to ripen from the 5th to the 20th of May, and last
until the first to the middle of July, acording to variety and season.
The climate is mild and healthy, and malarial fevers are noted by
their absence, nor do storms and floods visit or ravage here. The
proximity of the gulf stream and the presence of the bodies of salt
water render its climate pleasant, uniform and healthful throughout
STATISTICS AND INI^ORMATION. 26 1
the year. The season temperatures are as follows : For summer, 74-77
degrees ; for winter, 34-38 degrees ; for year, 54-58 degrees, which
shows that Wicomico escapes the extreme heat of summer and the
extreme cold of winter. Our winters last only three months, and
are often no more severe than the month of November in New York
and New England States. Cattle need scarcely be fed or housed
during this time; farm work, and even plowing, can generally be done
during some part of every month in the year.
The purest of drinking water can be obtained by driven wells, at a
very small expense.
Oak, chestnut, pine and other timbers grow well.
Land can be bought for from $5 to I50 per acre, according to situa-
tion and quality. It is kind and gives large returns for the fertilizers
used.
FISH, OYSTERS AND CRABS—PACKING, ETC.
The Nanticoke and Wicomico rivers and their tributaries supply
the people of the county with shad, rock, perch and other kinds of fish,
as well as an abundance of oysters.
The oyster packing industry in Wicomico is not as large as formerly,
and planting is now being entered into by several of the largest
packers. It is expected that within a few years most of the oyster
bottoms along the rivers will be under artificial propagation.
At present there are but four oyster-packing houses in Wicomico,
and it is estimated that at least $100,000 is invested in said property —
oyster catching machinery and shore property. There are about 300
citizens of Wicomico county employed on boats in the taking of
oysters, but there is an additional large nymber of persons engaged in
the packing and shipping of the bivalves. Much money is also invested
and a number of people employed in the fish industry in the Western
section of the county.
The packing of soft crabs and the shipping of hard crab meat, in
various ways, is one of the new and growing industries of the county.
There is a big revenue in the business and the opportunity for expan-
sion is unlimited.
AGRICULTURE AND CROPS.
As heretofore stated, Wicomico County is well adapted to the growing
of small fruits and truck, prominent among which are strawberries,
blackberries, huckleberries, cantaleupes and watermelons, in addition to
which there is a considerable amount of corn, wheat and tomatoes
raised.
Within the past few years great strides have been made in the
growing of grasses and grains, and the land has been improved for
cattle feeding, which is being engaged in quite extensively.
262 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
By this latter means the farmer has improved his land by feeding-
the short and long feed through his cattle, thereby making much
manure and realizing a better price for his feed than if he had sold it
on the open market.
The strawberry crop is the largest in the county. There are at
present upwards of 3,000 acres of land set in strawberries, yielding
about 3,000 quarts to the acre. It is estimated that in a good year
9,000,000 quarts, salable at an average price of 5 cents net to the
grower, will yield in round numbers $450,000, nearly all of which
is bought by the Northern cities of the country. When it is remembered
that an average of $20,000 will be paid to pickers, it will be readily
understood what a good yield of strawberries means to the county,
where at least 7,500 persons are employed in picking, packing and
shipping the fruit.
The blackberry crop is also large in Wicomico. It is estimated
that there are 1,000 acres set in blackberries, which yield about 2,000
quarts to the acre, making a total crop of 2,000,000 quarts, which it
would take at least 1,000 pickers to gather, and means a net income to
the growers of $150,000.
The huckleberry grows wild in Wicomico, and the fruit belongs to
whoever will pick it. It is mostly found in the swampy and low lands
of the county in large quantities, and as it costs nothing to cultivate, it
is a net revenue to the pickers. The fruit is purchased by the country
stores and shipped to Northern markets, where it brings good prices.
Many estimate that the annual worth of the crop is at least $60,000.
There is also a large acreage in raspberries, and the wild asparagus
crop brings considerable money to the county. This asparagus grows
along the salt water marshes, in the western section of the county,
and is shipped in large quanfities to Baltimore and the West.
Cantaleupes and watermelons are both valuable crops in this county.
About 600 acres are set in cantaleupes and they will average 100 carriers
to the acre. In a good year these carriers will average 75 cents net,
making the crop worth $45,000 to the grower. About the same amount
of acreage is devoted to watermelons, and with a good yield this crop
will net the growers at least $150,000.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
The transportation facilities of Wicomico are good. The New
York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad runs through it from north
to south, and is a trunk line from New York to Richmond and Norfolk.
The B., C. & A. Railway crosses the county from east to west,
running from the Atlantic Ocean to the Chesapeake Bay.
A large fleet of sailing and packet vessels offer cheap transportation
to Baltimore, and steamboats run on the Nanticoke and Wicomico
rivers every day.
STATISTICS AND INI'ORMATION. 263
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
Fifteen thousand dollars per year is appropriated by the county com-
missioners for the system of public schools, and with the State appro-
priation secures ample accommodations and facilities for the educa-
tion of the youth of the county. Separate schools are maintained for
the colored population and graded and lii^h schools abound in the
villages and incorporated towns.
PUBLIC ROADS.
There is plenty of room for improvement of the public roads of the
county, though much has been done for their betterment in the last
few years. Lacking hard material with which to build the roads, much
money has been spent in oyster shells, which make the very best of
hard roads, though expensive material. It is estimated that it costs
about $3,000 per mile to build shell roads, but the county commissioners
look forward to utilizing slag or other hard material, and to continue
with the road building.
MANUFACTURES.
In connection with the large fruit shipment and manufacture of fruit
packages, crates and baskets is a big industry. There are four large
basket, crate and barrel manufactories in this county. Conservative
estimates place the expenditure for fruit packages and barrels of
various kinds at $60,000, all of which are manufactured here, in addi-
tion to the thousands shipped to other counties of the Eastern Shore and
Southern Maryland.
About 1,000 persons, including women and children, are employed
in these factories, and the average wages earned are stated to be about
$5.50 per week, when employed.
The fertilizer factories located in Salisbury, three in number, manufac-
ture at least 12,000,000 tons per year. These factories make a specialty
of manufacturing fertilizers for every separate crop, and are unique in
their way.
In every town and hamlet in Wicomico there is some branch of
manufacturing. All these establishments give employment to many
people at an average weekly salary of from $4.00 to $8.00 per week.
The principal industries in the small places are the shirt factories.
Starting off with Salisbury, where there is a shirt factory which em-
ploys 400 people ; there is one at Hebron with 50 employees ; Mardela
Springs, 50 employees ; Parsonsburg, 40 employees ; Sharptown, 50 em-
ployees ; White Haven, 35 employees. Most of the employees in these
factories are women and girls. Altogether there are about 600 people
who find employment in the shirt factories of Wicomico, who will
average a weekly pay-roll of at least $3,000 per week.
264 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Another lucrative emplo3'ment for girls is the kindling wood mills,
situated at Salisbury, Hebron, Delmar and Parsonsburg. This business
is the bundling of wood for sale in the large cities. In these four
factories about 200 girls find emplo3'ment, and they earn about $5.00
per week each. The work is light and very healthful, as the smell of
the pine wood keeps the girls in excellent working health.
The lumber business has for years been the principal manufacturing
business of Wicomico County. There are in Salisbury eight large
lumber, planing and box mills, two sash and door factories and two
crate and barrel factories. These mills give employment to at least
1,000 men and boys. The average wages earned are for the boys, $3.00
per week; for the men, $6.00 per week. Of course, there is some
skilled labor employed in these mills, especially in the wood-working
departments, who earn from $2.00 to $3.00 per day. It is estimated
that the different mills in Salisbury will cut and use 60,000,000 feet of
lumber each year.
There are also large lumber mills at Sharptown, Fruitland, Mardela
Springs, Willard, Powellville, Parsonsburg and Quantico. It is esti-
mated that in all the mills in Wicomico County there are employed at
least 2,000 people and 500 horses and mules.
There are at present four large brick manufacturing plants in
SSlisbury and one at White Haven, in Wicomico County, and also one
at Delmar, just on the Delaware line, but within this county. The
average output of these plants will reach 8,000,000 bricks each year.
Some very fine bricks are made here, one firm recently having con-
tracted with the government for a large consignment of white bricks
to be used in the Naval Academy at Annapolis. These bricks are sold
as high as $40.00 per thousand. There are about 200 people employed
in these plants at an average salary of $7.50 per week.
Salisbury has two very extensive ice manufacturing plants, and the
average output is about 30 tons per day. The refrigerator cars of
Armour and Swift, which operate on the N. Y., P. & N., and on the
B., C. & A. Railway, have their iceing stations at Salisbury,
The coal and flour business, which is run in connection with these
plants, is quite extensive.
There are two large roller jBour mills in Salisbury, each 50 barrels
capacity per day.
Salisbury is the distributing point on the Peninsula for groceries,
feed and hardware. There are six wholesale firms here who do a
business in this line of about $850,000 per year.
Another large manufacturing business is that of soda waters and soft
drinks, two establishments doing a rushing business the year round.
The B., C. & A. Railway shops, situated at Salisbury, give employ-
ment to a large force of men. Here is where skilled labor is em-
ployed. Besides repairing the engines and cars, large forces of painters
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 265
are employed all the year round painting and decorating the cars of
the company. There are about 100 men employed by this company,
who live in Salisbury, and whose wages average about $50.00 to $75-0O
per month.
There are at present three large machine shops in the city of
Salisbury, employing about 40 hands. The average pay of these men is
about $3.00 per day.
At Sharptown, White Haven and Salisbury there are ship yards,
also at Sharp's Point. The building of gasoline launches is also being
engaged in to a considerable extent. The number of men employed
is estimated at about 150, and their average pay is $2.25 per day. Con-
nected with two of these plants are sail-making establishments, which
give employment to a small number of people.
TOMATO CROP AND CANNERIES.
It is estiinated that there were 50 canneries in operation in Wicomico
County in 1903, most of the concerns making a specialty of tomatoes,
Ijut there was also a big pack of peas, corn, sweet potatoes and peaches.
The total pack of tomatoes for Wicomico last year was estimated
at 350,000 cases, or 8,400,000 cans, to which can be added 1,000 cases
of corn, 5,000 cases of peaches, 25,000 cases of peas and 1,000 cases
of pumpkins and potatoes, making a grand total of about 10,000,000
cans of fruits packed in the county. Without any definite reports from
the canneries, it is estimated that 50 hands were employed by each of
the canneries, making a total of 2,500 hands, at an average of about
75 cents per day for eight weeks, or about $85,000 paid out for labor.
The acreage of tomatoes in 1903 was reported as 1,000, with an
average yield of three tons to the acre, or a crop yield of 30,000 tons.
The average price paid during the year was $8, which would yield the
growers $240,000.
The following is a list of the canneries and their locations, and fol-
lowing it will be found the principal manufactories of Wicomico County,
with a total of their output, altogether making an excellent showing of
this prosperous section of the State :
CANNERIES.
W. F. Messick, Allen. D. J. Elliott, White Haven.
B. F. Messick & Son, Allen, G. M. Catlin, White Haven.
O'Brien & Godell, Allen. W. H. Delby, White Haven.
K. V. White, Powellville. Stephen W. Delby, White Haven.
E. G. Davis, Willard. G. A. Bounds & Company, Hebron.
Phillips & Humphreys, Parsons- M. N. Nelson & Company,
burg. Hebron.
W. K. Leatherbury, Salisbury. Truitt & Phillips, Hebron.
266 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
L. J. Gale, Quantico. Thos. S. Roberts, Jesterville.
T. R. Jones & Brother (3 fac- Tyaskin Packing Company,
tories), Quantico. Tyaskin.
E. A. Denson, Whayland. Jno. W. Willing, Nanticoke.
Denson & Chatham, Whayland. Rockawalking Canning Company,
Enterprise Canning Company, Rockawalking.
Whayland. Guy Crawford, Quantico.
Messick & Cooper, Whayland. Willie Gillis, Quantico.
W. H. Jackson, Salisbury. O. W. Taylor, Quantico.
Frederick Strattner, Salisbury. C. A. Taylor & Son, Quantico.
Jno. H. Tomlinson, Salisbury. W. J. Windsor, Salisbury.
Salisbury Canning Company, Staton & Delby, White Haven.
Salisbury. E. S. S. Turner, Nanticoke.
Messick, Wilson & Company, Hebron Canning Company, Salis-
Delmar. bury.
T. D. Langsdale, Mardela Springs. Pittsville Canning Company (2
I. S. Bennett, Riverton. canneries), Pittsville.
Wm. H. Knowles, Sharptown. Jesse Travers, Nanticoke.
Dulany & Sons, Fruitland. Samuel Shockley, Whoten.
H. W. Roberts, Clara. W. C. Brady, Quantico.
Shirts — Salisbury Shirt Company, Salisbury; Hebron Shirt Fac-
tory, Hebron; Mardela Shirt Company, Mardela Springs; White
Haven Shirt Company, White Haven ; Sharptown Shirt Company,
Sharptown; Parsonsburg Shirt Company, Parsonsburg — Number of
employees, 375 ; value of total product, $225,000 ; capital invested,
$192,000; amount paid annually in wages, $92,500.
Foundry and Machines — Salisbury Machine Shops, Salisbury Ma-
chine Works, L. W. Gunby, B., C. & A. Machine Shops, Salisbury —
Number of employees, 60; value of total product, $195,000; capital
invested, $50,000; amount paid annually in wages, $20,000.
Barrels, Baskets and Crates — A. W. Robinson & Company, Sharp-
town; Powellville Manufacturing Company, Powellville; E. G.
Davis, Willard; J. H. Tomlinson, Salisbury Crate and Barrel Com-
pany, Salisbury; G. A. Bounds & Company, Hebron — Number of
employees, 560; value of total product, $120,000; capital invested,
$60,000; amount paid annually in wages, $52,000.
Lumber and Timber Products — Jackson Brothers' Company,
E. S. Adkins, L. E. Williams & Company, T. H. Mitchell, Salis-
bury; Delmar Manufacturing Company, Delmar — Number of employees,
1,030; value of total product, $1,625,000; capital invested, $750,000;
amount paid annually in wages, $166,000.
Flour, Meal, etc. — Phillips & Brother, Gillis & Company, Locust
Grove Flour Mill, Salisbury — Number of employees, 13; value of
total product, $15,500; capital invested, $25,000; amount paid an-
nually in wages, $5,500.
STATISTICS AND INI'^ORMATION. 267
Kindling Wood — Parsons & Company, Parsonslnirg ; W. B. Miller &
Company, Salisbury and Hebron — Number of emijloyees, 170; value
of total product, $185,000; capital invested, $54,000; amount paid an-
nually in wages, $31,000.
Fertilizers — Farmers and Planters' Company, Wm. B. Tiighman &
Company, Farmers and Truckers' Company, Salisbury — Number of em-
ployees, 23; value of total product, $80,000; capital invested, $50,000;
amount paid annually in wages, $8,500.
Shipbuilding — Sharptown Marine Railway, Sharptown; Salisbury
Marine Railway, Salisbury — Number of employees, 20; value of total
product, $40,000; capital invested, $14,000; amount paid annually in
wages, $10,000.
Boat Repairing — Sharp's Point Railway, Sharp's Point ; White Haven
Marine Railway, White Haven — Number of employees, 14; value of
total product, $17,000; capital invested, $6,500; amount paid annually in
wages, $8,500.
Bricks— Traders' Red Brick Company, Salisbury Brick Company,
Peninsula Brick Company, Wicomico Brick Company, Salisbury — Num-
ber of employees, 90; value of total product, $27,500; capital invested,
$49,000; amount paid annually in wages, $12,500.
Ice — Crystal Ice Company, Salisbury — Number of employees, 25 ;
value of total product, $25,000; capital invested, $30,000; amount paid
annually in wages, $5,000.
Electricity — Salisbury Heat and Power Company, Salisbury — Number
of employees, 5 ; value of total product, $12,000 ; capital invested, $40,-
000 ; amount paid annually in wages, $5,000.
Among other industries may be grouped :
Flouring and Grist Mill Products— ^Henry W. Anderson, Rockawalk-
ing; Wm. T. Banks, J. K. Disharoon & Son, Geo. W. Leonard, Josiah
Fooks, Salisbury; Bailey & Freeny, Wooley & Company, Quantico;
Barren Creek Mills, Double Mills, Mardela Springs; I. H. A. Dulany,
Fruitland ; Emory Dennis, Willard's ; E. H. & S. W. Parsons, Parsons-
burg; Edward White, Whiton.
Ice Manufacturers — Salisbury Ice Manufacturing Company, Salis-
bury.
Fish Canning and Preserving — Geo. D. Insley & Company, Bivalve.
Fertilizers — Elisha E. Truitt, Bivalve.
Bakers — C. V. Kraus, James N. Phillips.
Awnings, Sails and Tents — Benjamin Graveijor, Sharptown.
Shirts — Guy Q. Crawford, Quantico ; Oregon M. Bennett, Riverton
Shirt Factory, Riverton.
Liquors Distilled — ^Wm. R. Gillis, Hebron; Johnson & Company,
Johnson & Wright, Mardela Springs; Elijah J. Adkins, Salisbury.
268 RElPORT OF THE) BUREJAU OF
Printing and Publishing, Newspapers and Periodicals — Courier, Salis-
bury Advertiser, Wicomico News, Salisbury.
Boat and Ship Building— Otis S. Lloyd, W. W. Smith, Salisbury;
W. J. Catlin & Brother, Catlin & Elliott, White Haven.
Lumber and Timber Products — Allen & Colnberg, John S. Cooper
& Companj^ L. H. Cooper & Sons, Downs & Robertson, Horace Greeley
Mills, H. N. Messick & Brother, Mardela Springs; John W. Gordy, A.
G. Malone, Alfred W. Reddish, Chas. E. Williams, Salisbury; Burbage
& Jones, White & Burbage Manufacturing Company, Whiton; L H.
A. Dulany, Thos. H. Hitch, Fruitland ; James Denson, Capitola ; Wm.
PL Dolby, Robert W. Staton, Humphreys & Brother, B. S. Pusey,
Rockawalking ; A. J. Horsey & Company, Wetipquin; Jesse Huflfington,
B. F. Messick & Son, Clayton Parker, E. V. White, Allen; E. D.
Knowles & Brother, Sharptown; Morris, Workman & Garrittson, Peter
Manufacturing Company, James H. West, Pittsville ; J. G. Phillips, W.
S. Phillips & Company, O. W. Taylor, Quantico ; Roaring Point Saw
and Planing Mill, Nanticoke ; John E. Taylor, Riverton ; W. B.
Wilson, Hebron ; F. W. Robinson & Company, Sharptown.
Tinsmithing, etc. — T. R. Jones & Brother, Quantico; Dorman &
Smith Hardware Company, L. W. Gunby Company, Salisbury.
Tobacco, etc. — Wilson & Truitt, Hebron ; Peninsula Cigar Manufac-
turing Company, Salisbury.
Photography — Emma R. W. Havman, George Hitchens, Salisbury.
WORCESTER.
Worcester County was formed from Somerset County in 1742. Its
area is 487 square miles, of which Synepux^nt, Chincoteague, Isle of
Wight, Assowoman and Newport Bays form about one-quarter part.
The whole eastern boundary of the county is the Atlantic Ocean. A
narrow strip of beach, ranging from one quarter of a mile to one
mile in width, forms the coast and is separated from the mainland
by the bays above mentioned. The narrowest part of the water is at
Ocean City, Maryland, a prosperous seaside resort, where it is spanned
by a bridge about one-quarter of a mile in length. The widest part of
the bay is just below Snow Hill, where it is about eight miles from the
east shore of the mainland to the western shore of the beach. Delaware
is the northern, and Virginia the southern boundary.
The population of the county is now over 21,000, and the assessed
valuation of property for the county is $5,769,123, while the tax rate
for 1903 is $1.00.
TOWNS INCORPORATED AND OTHERWISE.
Snow Hill is the county seat, and for the past two or three years
has been forging rapidly ahead, due largely to the growth of its
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 269
manufacturing industry. Pocomokc City is fourteen miles south of
Snow Hill, and is connected therewith by the local packet line, also by
the boats of the B., C. & A. R. R. Company. Berlin, sixteen miles
north of Snow Hill and -eight miles west of Ocean City, is at the
junction of the Delaware, Maryland and Virginia branch of the P., B.
& W. R. R., and the B., C. & A. Railway.
Thriving villages are Stockton and Girdlctree, from each of which
are shipped annually about 40,000 barrels of oysters, and each of which
contains a thriving bank, canning factory and barrel factory, and also
good schools and churches. Other growing villages are Newark, Bishop-
ville, Whaleyville and Showells, each of which contains factories which
are adding rapidly to the prosperity of the people.
The steady growth of Ocean City as a summer resort has made an
excellent local market for truck, and the farmers on the mainland
derive a large revenue therefrom.
SOILS, FARMS AND FARM PRODUCTS.
The soil of Worcester County varies from a light sand to a heavy
clay, the majority being a splendid loam with some clay. The proximity
of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream makes the climate temperate.
There are 1,987 farms in the county, according to the last census.
Agriculture is one of the important industries of the county, which
abounds in the production of small fruits. The principal products of
the farms are grain, wheat and truck.
There are two large and prosperous nurseries in the county, those
of J. G. Harrison & Sons, near Berlin, and W. M. Peters & Sons,
near Wesley and Ironshire. From a modest beginning a few years
ago they have grown to large proportions and their goods are shipped
all over the United States and to many foreign countries.
OYSTERS AND FISH.
From the bays of the county are taken quantities of the finest oys-
ters and the revenue from these add materially to the prosperity of
the county. Fish are also plentiful in the bays and the activity of the
present Fish Commissioner for the Eastern Shore has done much for
the future of the fishing interests throughout the county. At Ocean
City deep sea fishing is an extensive industry. The following firms
are engaged in the business : Ocean City Cold Storage Company, L. P.
Ayres & Company, Ocean City Fish Company, Thomas & Mumford.
The total capital invested in this business amounts to $51,000, em-
ploying 85 men, to whom wages are annually paid amounting to $34,200.
Besides these there are a great many individual fishermen who make
their living by that means.
270 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
BANKS, SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, ETC.
The banks of the county are the First National and the Commercial
at Snow Hill, the Pocomoke City National, the Citizens' National and
E. G. Polk & Company at Pocomoke City ; the Calvin B. Taylor Bank-
ing Company, the private bank of L. L. Dirickson, Jr., the Exchange
and Savings Bank at Berlin, the Stockton Bank at Stockton, and Geo.
L. Barnes & Company at Girdletree. The individual deposits subject
to check as shown by the last published statements aggregate over
$1,300,000.
Snow Hill and Pocomoke City and Ocean City have excellent electric
light and water works systems. The lines of the Diamond State Tele-
phone Company and the Pocomoke Telephone Company cover the
county in every direction and first-class town and county service is
given by both companies, and through the Diamond State Telephone
Company first-class long distance service is also given.
There are five newspapers in the county — the Democrat Messenger
and the Worcester Advocate at Snow Hill, the Worcester Democrat
and the Ledger-Enterprise at Pocomoke City, and the Berlin Herald
at Berlin.
The schools rank among the highest in the State. The religious
denominations represented by churches are the Presbyterian, Protestant
Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, Methodist Protestant, Southern Meth-
odist, Old School Baptist, Disciples of Christ, New School Baptist and
Roman Catholics.
. The County Court House is probably the handsomest on the penin-
sula and was built in 1895 at a cost of about $35,000. The jail was
built at the same time and is thoroughly equipped.
: Below will be found a list of the principal manufacturing industries
in the county: Detailed information is given wherever possible. Aside
from the special ones set out, there are scattered through the county
a number of canning factories and also probably fifteen or twenty
small saw mills which supply lumber to the larger mills.
INDUSTRIES.
Boxes, Shooks, etc. — Smith, Moore & Company, Snow Hill Manu-
facturing Company, Snow Hill — Number of hands employed, 415 ;
capital invested, $225,000.
Lumber — Wm. Whaley & Company, Bishopville; Showell Lumber
Company, Showell; Tilghman & Purnell, Newark; Godfrey Manufac-
turing Company — Total number of employees, 80; capital invested,
$55,000; value of total product, $106,000; annual wage payments, $14,000.
Flour and Meal — Eagle Rolling Mills, Pocomoke City Mills, Poco-
moke City; Berlin Rolling Mills, Berlin; W. H. Jones & Company,
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 271
Selby & Shockley, Snow Hill — Number of employees, 35; total value
of product, $100,000; capital invested, $54,000; amount paid annually
in wages, $8,000.
Nurseries— J. G. Harrison & Son, Berlin ; Wm. Peters & Sons,
Wesley — Number of employees, 205; value of total product, $150,000;
capital invested, $200,000; amount paid annually in wages, $18,000.
Canned Goods — Hanway & Ball, St. Martin's ; Queponce Canning
Company, Newark; Mumford Packing Company, Showell; Derrickson
Brothers, Berlin; Worcester Canning Company, Pocomoke City — Num-
ber of employees, 352; value of total product, $90,000; capital invested,
$32,200; amount paid annually in wages, $10,000.
Crates and Baskets — The Pettey Manufacturing Company, Whaley-
ville; T. M. Jewell, Pocomoke City; Schoolfield, Barnes & Company,
Pocomoke City — Number of employees, 330; value of total product,
$95,000; capital invested, $46,000; wages paid annually, $20,200.
Barrels — Scarborough & Lynch, Wm. Hudson, Girdletree; Oyster-
men's Barrel Company, Thomas P. Whorten, Stockton — Number of
employees, 25 ; capital invested, $8,000.
Ship Building — Charles Crockett, E. James Tull, Pocomoke City —
Number of employees, /"o; value of total product, $50,000; capital
invested, $33,500; amount paid annually in wages, $7,000.
Other industries that are prospering show a total invested capital
of $100,000; value of total product, $87,600; number of employees,
420; and wages paid annually of about $18,000, in which the following
are engaged : J. L. Paradee, brooms ; S. P. Gordy, carriages ; Hugh
McMichael, bricks ; Pocomoke Ice Company, ice ; Pocomoke City.
Larray Manufacturing Company, whips, raw hides ; Snow Hill Rubber,
Dish & Tray Manufacturing Company, rubber dishes; W. B. Miller,
kindling wood. Snow Hill. Derrickson Brothers, shirts ; D. J. Adkins,
planing mills ; Berlin Veneer Works, butter trays and baskets, Berlin.
The Dale Company, keg staves, crates and lumber, Whaleyville. W. A.
Costen Company, toilet goods, perfumes and flavoring extracts, Poco-
moke City.
Bread and Other Bakery Products — R. J. McAUen & Brothers, Snow
Hill.
Carriages and Wagons — James S. Adkins, Newark; Abraham W.
Cranmer, M. H. Dickinson, Pocomoke City.
Cooperage — Gordon B. Jones & Company, Newark.
Flouring and Grist Mill Products — A. G. Strickland, Klej Grange;
Joel Mitchell, Newark; Wm. E. Hall, Pocomoke City; Mrs. Cordelia
Long, Pocomoke City; Burton Stewart, Welbourne.
Kindling Wood— R. S. Powell, Snow Hill.
272 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Lumber and Timber Products — H. D. & R. B. Adams, P. Lambert
Ayers, Bowen Lumber Company, L. C. Dilworth, Thos. G. Hanky's
Sons, Levin T. Hearn, Melson & Bunting, White & Burbage Manu-
facturing Company, Berlin; L T. Hearn & Company, Bishop; Moore
Brothers, Bishopville ; Perry W. Colburne, Coulbourne ; Stansbury
White, Girdletree ; W. C. Farr, Klej Grange ; Gordon B. Jones & Com-
pany, Wm. E. Massey, Newark ; Hall & Cornshill, Jas. K. Riggin, Scho-
field, Barnes & Company, James T. Young, Pocomoke City; B. T.
Davis, Cephas Riggin, Thomas P. Selby, Smith, Moore & Hays, Snow
Hill ; L. J. Houston, Stockton ; Isaac J. Lumberson, Welbourne.
Ice Cream — Showell & Lytle, Berlin.
Mineral and Soda Waters — J. Henry Young & Company, Pocomoke
City.
Photography — G. W. McLain, Snowr Hill.
Printing and Publishing, Newspapers and Periodicals — Berlin
Herald, Berlin; Ledger Enterprise, Worcester Democrat, Pocomoke
City; Democrat Messenger, Worcester Advocate, Snow Hill.
Tinsmithing — James B. Horsey, Berlin.
Shirts — T. Langsdal, Pocomoke City.
Women's Clothing — Holzman Manufacturing Co., Pocomoke City.
274 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
Immigrants Arriving in Baltimore.
Through the courtesy of Mr. Louis T. Weis, Commissioner
of Immigration at Baltimore, we are enabled to present in the
following table a brief summary of the immigration into the
port of Baltimore, with an account of where they came from,
their ages and the total amount of money brought by them into
the country.
Though a brief outline, it presents some interesting facts,
and the great wonder is that out of this vast number, how few
of them find their location in the State of Maryland, where
such excellent opportunities for work are offered. The great
need of Maryland is immigrants, and yet in 1903 we find
69,233 arriving in our port, and to a very large extent going
West or into the Middle West States. If one-half of this large
number of persons could have been induced to settle in our
State on farms and in the localities where their labor is in great
demand, it would have inured to the benefit of the State, as
well as the immigrants themselves. The table shows us that
the largest number came from Austria-Hungary, the next
largest from the Russian Empire, and the next in numbers
from the German Empire.
The month of May shows the largest number of immigrants
arriving, and of those enumerated a very large majority were
between the ages of fourteen and forty-five, just at that age
when they are the most useful and most energetic.
The aliens brought in a total of $848,067, quite a considerable
sum in itself.
The figures tell their own story:
NUMBER OF ALIENS WHO ARRIVED AT THE PORT OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
DURING THE YEAR I903 ; ALSO THE COUNTRIES
FROM WHICH THEY CAME.
Austria-Hungary 47,654
Denmark 3
France , . 3
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 275
German Empire S.78o
Italy 42
Netherlands 4
Norway 21
Roumania 127
Russian Empire I4j543
Servia-Bulgaria 90
Spain 4
Sweden i
Switzerland 27
Turkey in Europe 799
England 59
Ireland 11
Scotland 3
Turkey in Asia 21
South America 4
West Indies Zl
Total 69,233
IMMIGRATION BY MONTHS DURING THE YEAR ENDING I9O3.
January 2,107
February 3,112
March 8,088
April 6,963
May 9.442
June 6,994
July 5,898
August 4,082
September 4,996
October 7,828
November 5,649
December 4,074
Total 69,233
TOTAL IMMIGRATION BY AGES.
Under 14 years 7,126
Between 14 and 45 years 59,470
Forty-five years of age and over 2,637
Total 69,233
New Incorporations in Maryland
for 1903.
Complete List of New Incorporations, by Counties,
and City of Baltimore, with Location
and Capital Stock.
From Jamiary /, /90J, to January /, 1^04.
The total number of new incorporations in the whole State
in 1903 was two less than those of 1902; there being 527 in
1903 and 529 in 1902, though the total capitalization was
much less, both in the counties and in the State.
The total number of all kinds of incorporations in the
counties numbered 167, against 172 last year.
The total capitalization of all new incorporations, both in
the counties and City of Baltimore, including building asso-
ciations, increases of capital stock, etc., in 1903, amounted to
$19,823,589, against $27,704,370 in 1902. The counties fell
ojBf in incorporations j ust five and in amount just $1,159,390.
This decrease in a year, in which new enterprises were
not very prolific, is very encouraging and shows that our
counties continue to progress in business enterprises and
energetic development.
The total capitalization of these new enterprises in the
counties was $8,934,250 in 1903, as against $10,093,640 in
1902.
Of the 167 new incorporations in the counties, Baltimore
County heads the list with 39; Allegany comes next with 34;
Harford, 12; Montgomery, 11; Garrett, 8; Frederick, 7; and
Anne Arundel, Somerset and Washington, 6 each; while the
other counties have five or less.
The following recapitulation of new incorporations and
capital stock in the counties shows at a glance the result in
the various localities. These reports come from the clerks
of the courts of the various counties, to whom the Bureau is
indebted for the information :
278
re;port of the bureau of
County.
Allegany
Anne Arundel ,
Baltimore County
Caroline
Carroll
Cecil
Dorchester
Frederick
Garrett
Harford
Kent
Montgomery
Prince George's ..
Queen Anne's
St. Mary's
Somerset
Talbot ,
Washington
Wicomico
Worcester
Total
Incorporated.
Capital
Stock.
34
11,092,250
6
1,140,000
39
863,600
lO
114,000
5
146,000
3
65,000
3
7
265,000
8
121,000
12
865,300
3
II
3,525,000
2
25,000
2
108,000
2
53.000
6
4,100
4
62,000
6
317,000
I
150,000
2
18,000
167
5,934,250
The following is a complete list by counties of all new in-
corporations in the State, with location, date of incorporation
and ca'pital stock, and not only proves the oft-repeated state-
ment of progress, but is a ready reference of value:
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 279
NEW INCORPORATIONS IN COUNTIES OF MARYLAND
From December, IQ02, to December, ffjoj.
ALLEGANY COUNTY.
Name.
The Brailer Mining Co
Allegany County Inip'm't Co...
The Midland Mining Co.
(amended certificate)
The M a r y la n d Rail Co.
(amended charter)
The Philokalion Club
The Coromandel Coal Co
Tenth German Building Ass'n.
Cumberland Narrows Electric
Railway Co
Clinton Uhl Co
Hydraulic Cement & Mfg. Co.
Real Estate and Securities Co.
Coca Cola Bottling Works
Trustees of Grace M. E. Church
Westeruport and Keyser Trac-
tion Co
Storage Warehouse and Real
Estate Co
I/uke, Westernport and Keyser
Electric Railway Co
lyonaconing People's Band
Cumberland Dry Goods and
Notion Co. (issue of preferred
stock)
Cumberland Granite Brick Co.
The Southern Paper Co
Vestry of St. James P. E. Church
Morrison Land Co
Allegany Investment Co
Queen City Drum and Fife Co.
Frostburg and State Line Elec-
tric Ry., Light and Power Co
Tyler Post No. 5, G. A. R
George's Creek Bald Knob Coal
Co
Brown's African M. E. Church
Tri-State Paper Co
Savage Mountain Fire Br'k Co.
Mt. Union Big Vein Coal Co ...
Potomac Coal Co
Phoenix and George's Creek
Mfg. Co
Cumberland Foundry and Ma-
chine Co. (50 additional
shares at |ioo each)
Total
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Mt. Savage ...
Cumberland .
Lonaconing...
Cumberland ..
Cumberland..
Lonaconing ..
Cumberland..
Cumberland..
Mt. Savage ...
Cumberland..
Cumberland..
Cumberland..
Midland
Westernport
Cumberland .
Frostburg. . .
Lonaconing.
Cumberland..
Cumberland..
Allegany Co..
Westernport .
Cumberland..
Cumberland..
Cumberland .
Cumberland.. July 23, 1903
Cumberland.. July 31, 1903
Cumberland..
Westernport .
Cumberland..
Allegany Co..
Cumberland.
Allegany Co..
Cumberland.
Cumberland.,
Dec. 6, 1902
Dec. 22, 1902
Dec, 1902
Jan. 3, 1903
Jan. 13, 1903
Jan. 16, 1903
Jan. 28, 1903
Jan. 31, 1903
Jan. 31, 1903
Feb. 13, 1903
Mar. 10, 1903
Mar. 12, 1903
Mar. 26, 1903
Mar. 21, 1903
Mar. 27, 1903
Apr. 7, 1903
Apr. 13, 1903
Apr. 27, 1903
May 6, 1903
May 16, 1903
May 18, 1903
June 29, 1903
July 13, 1903
July I, 1903
Aug. 24, 1903
■ Aug. 29, 1903
[ Sept. 8, 1903
Sept. 9, 1903
j Sept. 5, 1903
Sept. 17, 1903
Oct. 3, 1903
Oct. 20, 1903
Capital
Stock.
$20,250
20,000
45,000
None
10,000
390,000
10,000
16,000
25,000
10,000
None
20,000
25,000
25,000
None
30,000
50,000
None
20,000
5,000
120,000
100,000
None
10,000
25,000
1,000
100,000
10,000
5,000
^1,092, 250
28o
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
The Annapolis and Eastport
Building Association
The Colonial Theatre Co
The Annapolis Canning and
Packing Co
Certificate of Consolidation of
South Baltimore Car Works
of Anne Arundel Co., South
Baltimore Foundry of Anne
Arundel Co., and the Ryan-
McDonald Mfg. Co. of Anne
Arundel Co., into South Bal-
timore Steel and Car Foundry
Co
The United Sons and Daughters
of Macedonia
The Co-operate Landing Co
Total
Annapolis
Annapolis.
A. A. Co...
A. A. Co
Camp Parole.
8th District...
Jan. 6, 1903
Jan. 25, 1904
Feb. 7, 1903
$100,000
35,000
4,000
June 5, 1903
Oct. 5, 1903
Oct. 28, 1903
1,000,000
Not stated
1,000
11,140,000
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
BALTIMORE COUNTY.
Name.
Sharon Temple Association
Taylor Circuit Parsonage Board
Amendment of Woodlawn
Cemetery Co. (Increase of
Directors)
Salem Evang. Luth. Church...
Elite Building As.sociation
St. Thomas' Commandry of
Universal Brotherhood
Beaver Dam Marble Co. (Inc.
of capital stock)
Woodlawn Land and Brick Co.
Woodland Land and Brick Co..
Independent Brick Co
Maryland Green Marble Co
Ladies' Aid Society for Feeble
Minded
McKendree M. E. Church
Grace Evang. Luth. Church....'
Andrew Chapel M. E. Church.
Vigilant Fire Co
Standard Fire Alarm Co
Oak Lawn Cemetery Co
Fair View M. E. Church
Clinton Perpetual Loan Ass'n..
Steiner Mantel Co
Mt. Pleasant Baptist Church...
Improvement Association of
Eastern Aveuiie
Grade Flint Co
John Wesley M. E. Church
Woman's Club of Roland Park
Roland Park Women's Bldg.Co.
Melvale Distilling Co
Phoenix Industrial Co
Trinity Church Guild
Allshine Manufacturing Co
M. E. Church of Long Green ..
Young Men's Christian Ass'n..
Gatcli M. E. Church
Certificate of paid-up capital of
Melvale Distilling Co
Green Spring Valley Protec-
tion Association
Lorely M. E. Church
Badenia Masnnerchor .-.
Powhatan M. E. Church
White Hall Grain Supply Co.
(Increase of capital stock)
Location.
Balto. Co.
Balto. Co.
Date of In-
corporation.
Dec. 8, 1902
Dec. 23, 1902
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Balto.
Co.
Co.
Co.
Co.
Co.
Co.
Co.
Co.
Co.
Co.
Co.
Co,
Co.
Co.
Co.
Co.
Mar. 18,
Mar. 23,
Apr. 8,
Apr. II,
Apr. 13,
Apr. 14,
Apr. 25,
May 12,
May 12,
May 15,
May 15,
Co May 21,
Co j June 4,
Co I June 3,
Co June 9,
Co I June 9,
Co I June 27,
Co July 31,
Co July 31,
Co v^ept. 22
Sept. 24
Capital
Stock.
$75,oeo
Jan. 5, 1903
Balto. Co (Jan. 13, 1903!
Balto. Co ! Jan. 20, 19031
Balto. Co Jan. 28, 1903'
Feb. 20, 1903
Feb. 20, 1903
Mar. 9, 1903
Mar. 9. 1903
Mar. 16, 1903 I
Co.
Co ! Sept. 26
Co.
Oct.
Oct.
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
,1903
.1903
,1903
1903
1903
' Oct. 8, 1903
Oct. 3, 1903
Balto. Co [ Oct. 12, 1903
Balto. Co Oct. 20, 1903
Balto. Co Oct. 23, 1903
5,000
100,000
5,000
5,000
50,000
50,000
None
None
None
None
20,000
None
None
2,500
5,000
None
100
500,000
i,oco
10,000
10,000
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
25.000
Total.
$863,600
282
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OP
CAROLINE COUNTY.
Name.
Law Building and Realty Co..
Mrs. K. N. Hardcastle..."
Bible Holiness Union
Baltimore and Eastern Shore ]
Transportation Co
The Denton Lumber and Box
Company
Nanticoke Steam Packet Line
Ridgely Athletic Association..
Neal-Mourse Lumber Co
People'slndustrial Association
Citizens' Light and Fuel Co...
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
Denton Dec. 4. 1902 \ $24,000
Denlon Dec. 16, 1902 25,000
Denton Jan. 10, 1903 None
Denton ^ Mar. 5, 1903 1 10,000
Denton \ Mar. 30, 1903 10,000
Federalsburg; June 30,19031 8,000
Ridgely Sept. 23, 1903 ! 1,000
Denton Jul}' 18, 1903! 15,000
Denton Sept. 29, 1903 1,000
Denton Dec. 4, 1903; 20,000
Total • I |ri4,ooo
CARROLL COUNTY.
Name.
The George W. Albaugh Real
Estate and Brokerage Co ..
The Carroll County Telephone
Company
The Nathan I. Gorsuch Son
Company
The Atlantic Machine Works
The Farmers' Fertilizer Co
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Westminster.
Westminster.
Westminster.
Westminster.
UnionBridge.
Total
Feb. 2, 1903
April 18,1903
June 30, 1903
June 22, 1903
Nov. 7, 1903
Capital
Stock.
Ill.|ioo,ooo
5,000
10,000
15,000
16,000
1:146,000
CECIL COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
Chesapeake City Marine Rail-
way and Construction Co...
Joseph S. Pogue, Sons & Co...
United Fire Brick Co
Ches'pkeCity
Rising Sun...
North East...
Dec. 22, 1902
Jan. 5, 1903
Feb. 27, 1903
fro 000
15,000
40,000
Total
$65,000
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
283
DORCHESTER COUNTY.
Name.
Trustees German Evaiigelical
Church of liast New Market
John Wesley Chapel of M. R.
Church
I.,ocation.
Salem
Cambridge. ..
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital.
Stock.
Feb. 4, 1903 None
Aug. 8, 1903 None
FREDERICK COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
The Patriotic Emancipation
Association
People's Gas Co
Coll & Dixon Packing Co
P'rederick Gas Company
Citizen's Savings Bank
Montrose Iron Works..
Walkersville Savings Bank
PVed'k City...
Fred'k City...
Fred'k City...
Fred'k City...
Thurmont
Fred'k City...
Walkersville..
Dec. 29, 1902
Jan. 10, 1903
Jan. 14, 1903
June 30, 1903
July 24, 1903
Aug. I, 1903
Aug. 24, 1903
I5.000
25,000
to,ooo
150,000
25,000
25,000
25,000
Total
$265,000
GARRETT COUNTY.
Name.
Oakland Manufacturing Co...
Dodson Supply Co
Kearney Mercantile and Mill-
ing Co
The Laboring Men's Store So-
ciety
Oakland Water Compau}^
West Virginia, Maryland and
Pennsylvania Telephone Co
Steyer Supply Co
The Steyer Hotel Co
Total
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Oakland I Jan. 9,1903
Dodson Feb. 2, 1903
Kearney.
Lock Lynn
Heights
Oakland
Feb. 12, 1903
Feb. 23, 1903
Feb. 21, 1903
Friendsville .. May 27, 1903
Steyer | Sept, 14, 1903
Steyer Sept. 14, 1903
Capital
Stock.
510,000
20,000
8,000
8,000
50,000
5,000
10,000
10,000
$121,000
284
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
HARFORD COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
The Stony Point Fishing Co ..
The Belair Suburban Improve-
ment Association
Belair
Feb. 9, 1903
Jan. 7, 1903
Feb. 5, 1903
Feb. 28, 1903
Mar. 7, 1903
April 18, 1903
April 18, 1903
May 19, 1903
April 18, 1903
May 23, 1903
Aug. 3, 1903
Oct. 9. 1903
$12,000
10,000
Belair
The Wright Canning Co
The Silver Canning Co
The Susquehanna Navigation
Co
The Social Improvement Co..
Tovrn Hall Co. of Aberdeen...
The Pylesville Trading Co
The Home Building Ass'n
The Harford Boat Club
The Frederick Packing Co
Havre de Grace Water Co..
(Increase of stock)
Aberdeen
3,000
5,000
2,500
2,000
i,Soo
16,000
Aberdeen
Havre de Grace.
Ferryman
Aberdeen
Pylesville
Cardiff
500,000
3,000
10,000
Harford Co
Belair
Havre de Grace.
300,000
Total
$865,300
KENT COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corpoiation.
Capital
Stock.
Emmanuel Methodist Epis-
copal Church
Pomona
July 28, 1903
None
Lankford Lodge No. 114,
Knights of Pythias
Crosbys
Aug. 27, 1903
None
Golden Leaf Tabernacle No.
I i9,Brothersand Sisters, Sons
and Daughters of Moses
Fairlee
Nov. 5, 1903
None
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
The Somerset Heights Water
and Power Co
SomersetH'ts
Brighton
Mt. Lebanon..
Gaithersburg
Germantown
Forest Glen ..
Beau
Aug. 19, 1902
Dec. I, 1902
Jan. 6, 1903
Feb. 4, 1899
Feb. 14, 1899
Mar. 25, 1899
May II, 1899
May 8, 1899
$5, 000
None
None
None
Central Methodist Episcopal
Church
The Mt. Lebanon Church
Association
The Jefferson Club
The Trustees of Trinity Meth-
odist Episcopal Church
National Park Seminary
The Trustees of Mount Zion
Baptist Church
The Cemetery Association of
Mount Zion Baptist Church.
The Lee African Methodist
Episcopal Church
Potomac Power Co
300,000
None
Beau
None
Montg'm'yCo
Montg'm'yCo
None
Sept. 28, 1903
3,110,000
Total
13,415,000
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
285
PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
Brentwood Citizens' Ass'n
Aquarium B'^isheries' Company
of Maryland
Brentwood....
Lakeland
Au£. 3, 1903
Mar. 26, 1903
None
$25,000
Total
$25,000
QUEEN ANNE'S COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
The Stevensville Savings Bank
Queen Anne's Cotton Co.
(Union Mills.near Millington)
Stevensville ..
Millington...,
Feb. 4, 1903
June 7, 1903
$8,000
100,000
Total
$108,000
ST. MARY'S COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
The Potomac Beach Hotel and
Improvement Co
St. Mary's Telephone Co
Wynne
Oct. 8, 1902
Mar. 12, 1903
$50,000
Leonardtown
3,000
Total
$53,000
SOMERSET COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
Journal Printing Co
Union M. E. Church of Quin-
docqua
Phoenix M. P. Church
Crisfield Flour and Feed Co....
Farmers' Canning Co
Samuel Wesley Memorial M.
E. Church
Total
Princess Anne
Tull's Corner.
Parsonville ...
Crisfield
Kingston
Fairmount....
Dec. 15, 1902
Jan. 8, 1903
Mar. 31, 1903
Apr. 30, 1903
Aug. 6, 1903
Oct. 7, 1903
$2,100
None
None
500
1,500
None
$4,100
286
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
TALBOT COUNTY.
WASHINGTON COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
Hagerstown Book Binding and
Printing Co
The Domestic Engine Co
The Clear Spring Acetylene
Gas Co
Hagerstown ..
Hagerstown ..
Clear Spring..
Hancock
Hagerstown ..
Pinesb'rgSta.
Jan. 13, 1903
Feb. 26, 1903
Apr. 27, 1903
June 20, 1903
Aug. 20, 1903
Aug. 21, 1903
$15,000
10,000
Hancock Cement Co
250,000
10,000
30,000
The Maryland Shirt Co
Potomac Valley Stone and
Ivime Co
Total
1317,000
WICOMICO COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
L. W. Gunby & Co
Salisbury
Feb. '3, 1903
1150,000
WORCESTER COUNTY.
Name.
Location.
Date of In-
corporation.
Capital
Stock.
The Snow HillButter Dish and
Basket Co
Snow Hill
Berlin
Mar. 5, 1903
Sept. 24, 1903
$8,000
The David J. Adkins Co
10,000
Total
fi8,ooo
.STATISTICS AND INI''ORMATION. 287
NEW INCORPORATIONS IN BALTIMORR CITY.
From January r , rgoj, to January /, irjo4.
During the year there have been 354 new incorporations in
Baltimore of all kinds, including increases and decreases of
capital stock, building and land associations and corporations
without capital stock. This is 3 less than in 1903, but there
were only 173 of these with capital stock as against 190 last
year. Of the balance, 129 had no capital stock, 24 were old
corporations increasing their capital stock, 3 were decreases
of capital stock, while 25 were building associations and land
companies.
Name.
Electrical Material Co
The John K. Hough Co
N. Hess' Sons, Incorporated
Daily Produce Report Pub. Co
Crown Oil and Wax Co
The Barry-Dost Soap Co
The Seaboard Dumber Co
limp Cigarette Co
The Russell-Shaw Coal Co
The Artoisinal Water Co
The Crystal Spring Mineral Water and
Land Improvement Co
The Maryland Tribune Publishing Co
Mirth and Melody Club
Kirwan-Schall Co
The E. O. Street Mineral Water Co
The Italian Fruit and Imp. Co
The Madrigal Club
The Homer- Menger Co
Aumen Machinery and Supply Co
Morrison & Turlington Co
The Justin Chemical andToiletCo
The Automatic Motor and Mfg. Co
The White Herb Medicine Co
Feuss & Prather Co
The City Cab Co
Phoenix Bag Co
Keystone Paint Works
Minks Badge and Novelty Co
The Superior Baking Co ..
Miller Mirror Plate Works
Factory Building Co
Bath Silver Plating Co
Date of
Capital
Incorporation
Stock.
January
2
130,000
January
7
15,000
January
8
50,000
January
8
5,000
January
8
15,000
January
8
25,000
January 10
10,000
Jfinuar}' 10.. ..
2,000
January 12
5,000
January 1
5
1,000
January i
5
2,000
January i
7
5.000
January i
7
600
Januar}- i
7
20,000
January 21
25,000
January 23..
100,000
January 28
100
January 30
10,000
February
4
25,000
February
7
7, coo
February
5
5,000
Februarj-
7
10,000
February
ir
25,000
Februarj^
II
50,000
February
12 . ...
10.000
February
13
10,000
February
14.. ..
8,000
February
14..
25,000
February
14
45,000
Februai-y
18....
70,000
February
18....
500,000
February
20 ....
4,000
288
REPORT O'P THE BUREAU OE
NEW INCORPORATIONS IN BALTIMORE OTtY— Continued.
Name.
E. Cox, Son & Co
James T. Bradford Co
The Goldman Furniture Co
The Cushing Co
Gardiner Dairy Co
United States Electrical and Development
Co
Avalon Distilling Co
Reinle-Salmon Co
The Margin Construction Co
The Citizens and Merchants' Parcel De-
livery Co
The Fruit Distilling Co
The Crown Chemical Co
Baltimore Baseball Co
Fear Improvement Co
Severn Company
South Baltimore Building Supply Co
The Domo Chemical Co
Imperial Wax Co
The Maryland Apartment House Co
Alberton Quarry Co
The Monumental Umbrella Co
The Gillingham Mill and Lumber Co
Torsch Packing Co
The B Rehni Co
Collington Improvement Co
Monarch Packing Co
The Murbach & Leush Co
Welsh & Brother Co
United Supply Co
Maryland Lumber and Supplies Co
The North Baltimore Novelty Co
The Eareck Homoepathic Medicine Co......
Manhattan Club
Eagle Industrial Exposition Co
S. Salomon Co
Rex Manufacturing Co
Ideal Laundry Co
The Patterson Damper Regulator Co
Eastern Star Joint Stock Association
The Maryland Belting and Packing Co
The B. F. Pope Stone Co
The PentzCo
The Pimbas Society
E. Stabler, Jr., Coal Co
The W. Head Wall Paper Co
The W. H. Elliott Co
Baltimore Stamping Co
The Eichelberger Book Co
The Baltimore Co
The Crescent Candy Co
Date of Capital
Incorporation. Stock.
February 24
February 24
February 25
February 27
February 27
March
March
March
March
March 10
March 11 ..
March 12 ..
March 16 ..
March 16 ..
March 17 ..
March 17 .
March 18 ..
March 19 ..
March 19 ..
March 20 ..
March 21 ..
March 23 ..
March 24 ..
March 24 ..
March 24 ..
March 25 ..
March 26 ..
March 27 ..
March 27 ..
March 27 ..
March 27 ..
March 28 ..
March 28 ..
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
Apri
April 21
2..
3--
3"
3-
6..
6..
7"
II..
14..
15-
17..
17.
18..,
20..,
21...
$50,000
2,000
3,000
100,000
15,000
50,000
150,000
50,000
«9
25,000
5,000
5,000
20,000
100,000
25,000
2,5CO
7.500
10,000
100,000
20,000
2,500
10,000
60,000
5,000
1,000
20,000
3,000
100,000
1,000
1,000
1,200
10,000
1,000
5,000
25,000
5,000
10,000
6,000
30,000
25,000
25,000
1,500
10,000
30,000
1,000
25,000
20,000
35,000
1,000
25,000
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
289
NEW INCORPORATIONvS IN BAI^TIMORE QVTY— Continued.
Name.
The Helpful Thought Publishing Co
Francis Albert Co
Baltimore vStevetloring Co
Robins Paper Co
Bernard Dietz Co
Southern Co
Robertson Drug and Supply Co
The Modern Dwelling Real Estate Co
Crescent Manufacturing Co
The Colliseum Amusement Co
Convention Electric Co
Maryland Swimming Club
Royal Real Estate Co
Moore & Brady Co
Italian Co-operative and Beneficial Society.
River View Bowling and Bathing Club
The Mardela Springs Mineral Water Co
St. James Hansom and Coupe Co
Imperial Cigar Co
The Apartment Co
Mount Zion Cemetery Co
Muuder Bros. Co
Baltimore Varnish and Oil Works
The Beane Lumber Co
C. A. Euler & Son Co
Hynes & Krebs Co
Roche Sl Co., Incorporated
The H. F. Ivupton Co
George's Creek and Cumberland Coal Min-
ing Co
Poole Engineering and Machine Co
The C. Y. Davidson Co
Nickel Savings Bank
The Lorwaine Foundry Co
The Spar Mining and Manufacturing Co...
Acme Neckwear Manufacturing Co
The G. W. Evans Dairy Co..^
The Polonia Publishing Co
The Concord Business Association
The National Furniture Manufacturing Co.
Holmes Electric Co
E. Scott Payne Co
Montford Investment Co
Hargrave Biscuit Co
Baltimore Lighting Co
Marine Railway Machine and Boiler Works
Clifton Pants Manufacturing Co
The Carroll Lumber Co
C. E. Spalding Co
D. Levy & Sons Co
American Fruit Co
Date of Incor-
poration.
April 25
April 27
May I
May 4
May 7
May 9
May 12
May 12
May 12.
May 16
May 19
May 20
May 20
May 21
May 21
May 21
May 22
May 25
May 25
June 2
June 6
June 13
June 16
June 18
June 18
June 25
June 26
June 27
June 29
July 7
July 14
July 14
July 14
July 16 ,
July 21
July 24
July 30
July 30
August 3
August 4
August 7
August 8
August 19
August 22
August 27
September i.
September i.
September 3.
September 10.
September 10.
Capital
vStock.
$5,000
IO,OfX)
10,000
25,fXX)
10,000
10,000
5,000
20,000
3,000
2,500
1,000
2,000
1,000
100,000
5,000
500
75,000
5,000
10,000
5,000
15,000
10,000
50,000
25,000
25,000
50,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
350,000
35.000
25,000
35.000
40,000
3,000
10,000
4,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
30,000
100
50,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
20,000
5,000
?90
REPORT OF Tlir: BUREAU OE
NEW INCORPORATIONS IN BALTIMORE CVi'\—Co7itinned.
Name.
Unique Umbrella Co
Leach Insecticide Co
Baltimore Motor Car Co
The Standard Hardware and Electric Co...
The Fishel- Wright Rye Whiskey Co
The Adams Co
Liberty Brass Works
The Munder & Macneal Co
Chesapeake Chemical Co
The Star Real Estate Co
Progressive Club, Branch No. 9, of the
Workmen's Circle
The Gottlieb-Knabe Co
Imperial Laundry Co
Union Ice Co
Chesapeake Realty Co
The Roland Park Water Co
People's Co-Operative Coal Co
Fidelit}' Coal and Iron Co
Carey Realty Co
The Greenwald Real Estate Co
The Patapsco Flint and Spar Co
J. Summerfiehl Smith Co
TheW. J. Yerby Co
The Patapsco Machine and Supply Co.,
The Fairall Co
Yingling Chemical Co
The Baltimore Paint and Glass Co
The Capital Mirror Co
Baltimore Belting Co
The Maryland Odd Fellows' Mutual Joint
Stock Association
The Baltimore Milk Co
The Baltimore Towage and Lighterage Co..
The Westcott Shirt Co
Keystone Milling Co
Baltimore Antiseptic Steam Laundry Co ...-
The Maryland Transportation Co
Maryland Book Co
Rinehart, Childs & Briggs Co
Bolton Real Estate Co
Potomac Dredging Co
F. W. McAllister Co
Hebrew-American Real Estate Co
Total ,
Date of Incor-
poration.
September 14
September 15
September 18
September 23
September 25
September 29
September 30
October i.
October 7.
October 12.
October 12..
October 15,.
October 19..
October 20..
October 23..
November
November
November
November
November
November
November 10
November 11
November 12
November 13
November 18
November 19
November 20
November 24
December 4
December 5
December 7
December 8
December 9
December 10
December 11
December 11
December 12
December 15
December 21
December 23
December 29
Capital
Stock.
1-50,000
15,000
500
lO.QOO
50,000
5,000
12,000
5,000
12,500
2,000
T,000
2,000
6,000
10,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
10,000
10,000
27,000
150,000
2,000
25,000
25,000
25,oro
1,000
50,000
1,250
50,000
2,000
10,000
1,000
10,000
5,000
10,000
25,000
15,000
1,000
21 000
50,000
25,000
2,000
.369-339
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION.
291
INCREASES AND DECREASES OF CAPITAL STOCK OF
CORPORATIONS IN BALTIMORE CITY.
From Januaiy i, rgoj, to January /, T(jo4.
Name.
Date of In-
corporation.
Original
Capital
vStock.
Amount of
Caj)ital
Increased or
Decreased.
The Baltimore Fidelity Ware-
house Co
Excelsior Laundry Co
The Baltimore Sash and Door
Co
George Schneider Mfg. Co
The Hardware Supply Co
Citizen's Trust and Deposit Co
Strasbauch-Steckel-Hewit Co
Medical and Standard Book Co
The Feick Furnittire Co
John A. Sheridan Co
Enterprise Coffee Co
The Dancet Publishing Co
The Maryland Apartment
House Co
Tribune Hardware Spec'lty Co
Security Fire Insurance Co....
Bond & Mentzel Paper Co
The Falconer Co
Gaither's City and Suburban
Express Co
Diamond Paint Co
Ferrell-Kellam Drug Co
The Carriage and Toy Co
Jones Hollowware Co
Munder Bros. Co
Fusselbaugh-Balke Co
James Robertson Mfg. Co
The Risley Dredging Co
The Nation'l Furniture Manu-
facturing Co
January 5
February 3..
February 9..
February 9..
February 2&..
March 4
March 6
March 16
March 19
March 23
March 23
March 23
April I .
April I.
iMay 13.
May 16.
May 21.
$5,000 $95,000
10,000 15,000
June 26
July I
July 2
July 30
August 19 ...
September 2.
November 20
December 22
December 24
December 28
75.000
25,000
10,000
200,000
20,000
1,600
10,000
200,000
50,000
1,000
75,000
25,000
15,000
100,000 Dec.
80,000
13,400
10,000
50,000
50,000
2,000
100,000 100,000
5,000 , 5,000
100,000 I 100,000
10,000 I 10,000
12,000 iB,ooo
50,000
10,000
15,000
12,500
5o,oco
10,000
10,000
250,000
20,000
10,000
50,000
20,000
10,000
17.500
25,0'0
15,000
5,000
61,100 Dec.
19,000 Dec.
15,000
Total Increases..
Total Decreases.
!;720,900
180,100
Grand Total $901,000
292
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
NEW BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS AND LAND
COMPANIES OF BALTIMORE CITY.
From January i, igoj, to January /, 1^04.
Name.
The Northwestern Real Estate and Loan
Co
Responsible Building Association
The Fred. Bauernschmidt Building Asso-
ciation
Harford Permanent Building and Loan
Association
The East Lafayette Savings and Loan
Association
The Chase Permanent Building Ass'n
Canton Pulaski Polish Building Ass'n
Philanthropy Permanent Building and
Loan Association
American Savings, Loan and Real Estate
Co
Union Loan Co
The Bradford Loan and Savings Ass'n
Thirty-second German-American Building
Association
The Druid Park Heights Land and Im-
provement Co
The Waldorf Savings and Loan Ass'n
Hollins Market Building and Loan Ass'n..
Reliance Loan and Savings Association....
Millington Building and Loan Association
Mt. Royal Building and Loan Association..
The North Montford Building and Loan
Association
Howard Park Land Co ,
The Sherwood Land Improvement Co
The Baltimore County Land and Improve-
ment Co
Oak Building and Savings Association
The Exeter Building and Loan Ass'n
Forest Park Land and Improvement Co ...
Total
Date of Incor-
poration.
January 8.
January 14.
January 21.
January 22.
January 27....
February 19 ,
February 19 ,
February 26 .
February 27 ,
March 18 ....
March 31 ...
April 2 ,
April 14 ,
April 15 ,
April 17 ,
April 18
May 18 ..
May 23 .,
June 2
July 23 ....
August 14
October 2
November 9 ,
November 10
December 15
Capital
Stock.
390,000
250,000
390,000
312,000
104,000
75,000
1, 000,00a
25,000
1,000
100,000
520,000
100,000-
520,000
200,000
300,000-
200,000
520,000
100,000
1,000
20,000>
200,000
300,000
5,000
10,000
$5,644,500.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 293
NEW INCORPORATIONS, WITHOUT CAPITAL STOCK,
AND AMENDMENTS TO CHARTERS IN
BALTIMORE CITY.
„ • I Date of
^^^^- i Incorporation.
Young Men's Democratic Club of Howard January 2
Belvedere Lunch Co., payment of capital stock January g
The Glyndon Park Chautauqua January 12
Tifereth Israel Lodge No. 50, L O. A. I., amend- 1
ment changing name to Tifereth Israel Lodge of ]
Baltimore City ! January 15
Consolidated Realty Co., amendment to charter, 1
increase of directors from five to seven January 19
Royal Arcanum Hospital Bed Fund Association j January 22
Third German Reformed Congregation, amend- 1
ment to charter I January 28
The Baltimore Equitable Life Insurance Co.,
amendment to charter I February 4
The Maryland Cement Co., amendment to charter,
increase of directors from five to seven February 5
East Baltimore Pleasure Club February 5
The S. H. Calkins Co. of Baltimore City, amend-
ment to charter, managed by seven directors February 6
Right Worthy Grand Conclave Heptasophs or
Seven Wise Men of the State of Maryland of
Baltimore City ' February il
H. Sieukiewicz Polish Dramatic Society of Balti- !
more City February 1 1
Joyce Manufacturing Co., certificate of paid up
stock February 13
Diggs, Curren & Co., of Baltimore, agreement with
James Getty and others as to preferred, stock February 25
The Association for the Erection of Polish National
Hall of Baltimore City Februar}^ 28
Christian Union of Baltimore City I March 7
The Baltimore Limited Club of Baltimore Cit}' ! March 10
Strasbaugh-vSteckel-Hewitt Co. of Baltimore City,
amendment, five to nine directors j March 11
Republican Association No. i of the Eleventh !
Ward of Baltimore City j March 12
United Republican Association of the Twelfth
Ward of Baltimore City I March 13
Women's Twentieth Century Club of Baltimore
City _...._ March 18
National Building Association of Baltimore City,
amendment, nine to five directors March 21
Mozart Msennerchor of Baltimore Llarch 23
John A. Sheridan Co. of Baltimore City, agreement '
as to preferred stock March 23
Baltimore Baseball Co. of Baltimore City, payment I
of capital stock INIarch 24
Maryland Athletic Club of Baltimore City, amend- '
ment to charter, increase in Board of Directors |
from 9 to 12 ;.. ; March 28
294 REPORT O^ THE BUREAU OE
NEW INCORPORATIONS AND AMENDMENTS— ro«ifi««^rf.
Name.
The Eureka Athletic and Social Club of Baltimore
City
Elora Pleasure Club of Baltimore City
vSchwiiul Quarry Co. of Baltimore City, payuieut of
capital slock
Miller's Mirror Plate Works of Baltimore City,
agreement as to preferred stock
Eta Chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa
The Maryland Fencing Club of Baltimore City
Second Spiritual Church of Baltimore City
The Friday Social Club of Baltimore City
The City Spring Independent Association of Balti-
more City
The Royal Pleasure Social of Baltimore City
The Mutual Benefit Society of Baltimore City
The Jewish Library Association of Baltimore City ..
Nicoll Enamel Paint Co., paid up stock ._
Northeast Baltimore Business Men's Association ...
Gibbs Preserving Co., payment of capital stock
Gibbs Preserving Co., payment of capital stock —
amendment to charter in reference to business...
Dietrick & Harvey Machine Co., amendment to
charter, increase Board of Directors from 4 to 5 .
Holy Temple of Peirce street
Henry D. Mentzel Co., amendment changing name
to Bond & Mentzel Paper Co
The Hebrew Colonial Association of Maryland
The Aged People's Outing Association of Maryland
Rosalet Pleasure Socials of East Baltimore
Baltimore Medical College, amendment to charter..
The Murbach & Leusch Co., amendment, chang-
ing name to The Murbach Co
People's Republican Protective Association
The Twenty-first Ward Democratic Club
Maryland Development Co., amendment to charter
Relief Fund Spring Garden Conclave No. 345, Im-
proved Order Heptasophs
Mardela Springs Mineral Water Co., agreement as
to preferred stock
Operative Stone Mason's Union
Wm. Knabe Manufacturing Co., amendment, in-
crease of directors from 4 to 5
The Fifth Ward Democratic Association
Shiloh Free Baptist Church
Hubbard Furnace and Steam Heating Co., amend-
ment changing name to Alva Hubbard Heat-
ing Co
Schivaben Dadies' Society of Baltimore City No. i..
Kloister Social Club
Dr. Winco Kudiokos Society of Baltimore City
Security Fire InsuranceCo., payment of capital stock
Date of
Incorporation.
April
April
April 6
April 6
April 6
April 13
April 13
April 15
April 27
April 30
May I
May 6
May 7
May II
May 13
May 14
May 14
May 14
May 16
May 20
ISlay 20
May 22
May 23
May 28
June 8
June 8
June II
June 13
June 13
June 16
June 16
June 17
June 19
June 23
June 24
June 26
June 27
June 29
STATISTICS AND INI-'OKM ATION.
295
NEW INCORPORAT.ONS AND AMHNnUHNrS—ConHnued
Name
Date of
Incorporation.
Ferrell-Kellain Drug Co., payment of capital stock
Roselet Pleasure Club
Toussaint ^'Overture Association
Universal Spiritualists' Church
The Camden Club
Lord-Mott Co., payment of capital stock
Poole Engineering and Machine Co., payment of
capital stock
The Keystone Lodge No. 30, Grand United Order
of Seven Wise Men
Dental Department of the Baltimore Medical Col-
lege, amendment to charter, increase of directors
from 5 to 12
Wabash Council No. 73, Junior Order United
American Mechanics
Supreme Lodge of the Ladies' Auxiliar}' to the
Shield of Honor
The Pussviller Friendly Society
Galilee Baptist Chnrch
The Fifteenth W^ard Democratic Precinct Organi-
zation
The Fayette Social and Literary Club
Munder Bros. Co., amendment changing name to
Munder-Thomsen Co
The Young Men's Beneficial Association
Bethlehem Evangelical Lutheran Church
Maryland Bakers' Union
B'nai Abraham Lodge No. 52, I. O. A
The Alumnee Association of the Union Protestant
Infirmary Training School for Nurses
Twentieth Ward Democratic Association
The Colored Charity Organization
The Ringgold-Rheinhardt Co., Cumberland, Md.,
amendment to charter, increase of directors from
5 to 12
Marine Railway Machine and Boiler Works, paid
up stock
The Women's Home and Foreign Missionary So-
ciety of the Maryland Synod, General Synod
Lutheran Church
The Daughters of America Funeral Benefit Asso-
ciation of the United States of North America,
amendment changing name to The America
Funeral Benefit Association of Baltimore
The Bokel-McKenny Co., amendment changing
name to J. A. Bokel Co
Knights of Pythias Permanent Improvement Ass'u.
Martha Washington Lodge No. i. Ladies of the
Shield of Honor
The Cushing Co., amendment to charter, increase
of directors from 5 to 7
July 2
July 7
July 7
July II
July U
July 14
July 24
July 30
August 4
August 7
August 15
August 20
August 31
September i
September 2
September 2
September 4
September 8
September 9
September 14
September 18
September 19
September 21
September 21
September 25
September 25
September 30
October i
October 2
October 12
October 15
296
REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
NEW INCORPORATIONS AND AMENDMENTS— a>«//««.?fl'.
Name.
D. Levy & Sons Co., paid up stock
Twentieth Century Athletic and Literary Club
The Hebrew Colonial Association of Maryland,
amendment to charter in reference to business ...
The Robert Padgett, Jr., Democratic Association of
the Seventh Ward
The National Grand Tabernacle of Galileans of
Baltimore, amendment changing name to the
National Grand Tabernacle of Grand United
Order of Galilean Fishermen of the United States
Iroquois Club
The Great Southern Band
Independent Musicial Union No. 3
Hiawatha Pleasure Club
The Premier Social Club
Royal Democratic Club
The Independent Paperhangers' Union
The Hebrew Immigration Protective Association...
Consumers' Brewing Co., surrender of charter
Kamentz Podolsp Relief Association
First Spiritual Church, amendment to charter
Baltimore and Ohio Concert Band
The Torsch & Minks Badge Co., amendment
changing name to Torsch & Franz Badge Co
Road Drivers' Association
The Miltou Democratic Association of the Sixth
Ward
Bohemian Democratic Club of the Eighth Ward
The Wabash Club
The Companv A Club of the Fifth Regiment,
I. M. N. G '
The South Baltimore Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat
Charit}' Hospital
The Supreme Lodge of the Brotherhood of Sig-
nalmen
The Nurses Alumnae Association of the University
of ."Maryland
The Second Presbyterian Church, amendment to
charter
The Baltimore Athletic Club, amendment to char-
ter, increasing directors from 9 to 12
Liberty Brass Works, agreement of preferred stock
Risley Dredging Co., payment of capital stock
Kodinoh Hazionith
St. Mark's Methodist Episcopal Church of Forest
Park
The Iner-Seal Athletic Co
Date of
Incorporation.
October 16
October 20
October 20
October 21
October 22
October 23
October 24
October 24
October 28
October 30
November 2
November 2
November 2
November 10
November 12
November 13
November 14
November 16
November 23
November 23
November 24
November 30
December i
December 3
December 10
December 14
December 15
December 17
December 24
December 24
December 24
December 29
December 31
STATIS'liCS AM; I NI-'ORM A'I'IO.N. 297
RECAPITULATION.
Total number of all Incorporation Recorrls in the State... 527
Total number of Incorporation Records in the Counties ... 167
Total number of Records in Baltimore City with capital
stock 173
Old Companies in Baltimore Increasing Capital 24
Old Companies in Baltimore Decreasing Capital 3
Building and Loan Associations and Land Companies in
Baltimore 25
New Corporations in Baltimore without Capital Stock 129
Capital Stock of New Incorporations in the Counties $ 9,434,250
Capital Stock of New Incorporations in Baltimore City 4,343,839
Total Increase of Capital Stock of Corporations in Balti-
more City 720,900
Total Decrease of Capital Stock of Corporations
in Baltimore City $180,100
Capital Stock of Building Associations and Land Com-
panies of Baltimore City 5,644,500
Total 120,143,489
ANNUAL CONVr:NTION
OK Tlllv
Association of Officials of Biireaos of Labor Statistics.
The Nineteenth Annual Convention of the officials of the
various State Bureaus of Labor was held in Washington,
April 28 to May 2, and was fully attended not only by the offi-
cials of the States, but by representatives of the National
Census Bureau, now a branch of the Department of Commerce
and Labor.
The session was opened by Hon. Carroll D. Wright, the
President, and an excellent address was made by Hon. S.
N. D. North, Chief of the Census Bureau, as well as many
others.
Plans were formulated and practically agreed on for the
co-operation of the various State Bureaus with the Census
Bureau for future work, particularly with reference to the
census of manufactures to be taken in the coming year. As
very few of the States have enacted laws enabling the State
Bureaus to secure full information from the manufacturers,
and the National laws providing that the Census Bureau can
enforce answers, the co-operation of the two forces will
undoubtedly result in more accurate and fuller detail than
could otherwise be obtained.
Reports were made from each State, and the session of the
Convention was both instructive and entertaining.
The visitors were entertained liberally in Washington, and
with the consent and assistance of Governor John Walter
Smith, the officials from all over the country were invited bj'
the chief of the Maryland Bureau to spend the day in Baltimore
and see the great advancement this city was making in its
manufactures and shipping industry.
300 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
A special car was kindly tendered by the Pennsylvania Rail-
road to convey the party from Washington to Baltimore, and
through the courtesy of the United Railways and Electric
Company, the visitors were taken over the city. Governor
John Walter Smith tendered the use of the State Steamer
"McLane," and a trip down the bay to inspect the harbor and
the Maryland Steel Works was made.
The program of the day was fully enjoyed, and the adver-
tisement of Baltimore, thus secured, was ample.
Hon. Thos. A. Smith, Chief of the Bureau, prepared an
excellent program for the day, upon which was inscribed the
following incidents :
1776 — General Washington invested with dictatorial powers.
1784 — First balloon ascension in the United States.
1784 — First Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States organ-
ized in Baltimore.
1784 — Baltimore was the first city to print calico, weave silk and refine
sugar in the United States.
1790 — Rev. John Carroll consecrated first Catholic Bishop of the
United States.
1810 — First metallic writing pens manufactured in the United States.
1814 — "Star Spangled Banner" written by Francis Scott Key in Bal-
timore.
1815 — Cornerstone of the first monument erected to the memory of
George Washington.
1816 — First gaslight company in the United States organized.
1819 — First lodge of Odd Fellows in the United States organized by
Thomas Wildey.
1827 — Baltimore & Ohio Railroad organized, the first railroad company
in the United States.
1828 — Ross Winans invented the "outside bearings" for railroad car-
riages.
1828 — First American patent for locomotive granted to William
Howard, of Baltimore.
1829 — ^The first silk ribbon made from American silk made in Baltimore.
1830 — Peter Cooper made first trip in steam car from Baltimore to
Ellicott City — 13 miles in 57 minutes.
1838 — First regular steam vessel to cross the Atlantic direct from
United States steamed from Baltimore — Packet "City of
Kingston," Captain Crame.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 30I
1837-1838 — First wholly iron steamboats built in Baltimore.
1844 — First recording telegraph line established by Professor Morse
between Washington and Baltimore. First experiment
made April 9.
1846 — First Presidential message transmitted by telegraph to the Bal-
timore Sun.
1851 — First iron building in the country erected — the Baltimore Sun
building.
1853 — First Hoe revolving cylinder press in the United States intro-
duced in the Sun office.
1861 — First blood of Civil War shed in Baltimore.
1862 — Armor plate for the first monitor rolled in Baltimore.
1867 — Order of Knights of Pythias e.stablished in Baltimore.
1880 — Baltimore was the first city to use electricity on street cars.
1895 — The first electric locomotive put in use on the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad.
1897 — Steel dry dock for United States Government built at Sparrows
Point by the Maryland Steel Company.
1903 — Largest dry dock in the world contracted for with the Maryland
Steel Company.
RECENT LABOR LAWS.
We have heretofore published what are generally known as
the Labor Laws of the State; therefore, see no good reason
for republishing- the same until they have been properly
collated and inserted in the Code; but we herewith submit the
three laws which are most pertinent, if properly enforced, to
the welfare of the masses engaged in industrial pursuits.
These three are the Compulsory School Attendance Law,
what is known as the Child Labor Law and the Sweat Shop
Law.
It is possible that the present Legislature may be asked to
amend these in some way, and it is well to have them easily
accessible to the members and the public generally:
CHAPTER 269.
AN ACT to amend Article 77 of the Code of Public General Laws,
title "Public Education," by adding fifteen sections, under the
new sub-title "School Attendance," to follow Section 123, and to
be numbered as Sections 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,129, 130, 131, 132,
133. 134, 135. 136, 137 and 138, respectively.
Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland,
That the following sections be and they are hereby added to Article 77
of the Code of Public General Laws, title "Public Education," under
the new sub-title "School Attendance," to follow Section 123, and to
t)e numbered and designated as 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137 and 138, respectively.
124. Every child between eight and twelve years of age shall attend
some day school regularly as defined in Section 131 of this sub-title
during the entire period of each year the public day schools in the city
or county in which such child resides are in session, unless it can be
shown that the child is elsewhere receiving regularly thorough in-
struction during said period in the studies usually taught in the said
public schools to children of the same age; provided, that the super-
intendent or principal of any school, or person or persons duly
authorized by such superintendent or principal, may excuse cases o^
necessary absence among its enrolled pupils; and provided, further'
that the provisions of the section shall not apply to a child whose
304 REPORT 01? THE BUREAU OE
meutal or physical condition is snch as to render its instruction, as
above described, inexpedient or impracticable. Every person having
under his control a child between eight and twelve years of age shall
cause such child to attend school or receive instructions as required by
this section. Children over twelve years of age and under the age of
sixteen years, and every person having under his control such a child,
shall be subject to the requirements of this section, unless such chil-
dren are regularly and lawfully employed to labor at home or else-
where.
125. Any person who has a child under his control and who fails to
comply with any of tlie provisions of the preceding section, shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not exceeding five
dollars for each offense.
126. Any person who induces or attempts to induce any child to ab-
sent himself unlawfully from school, or employs or harbors while
school is in session any child absent unlawfully from school, shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not more than fifty
dollars.
127. The Board of School Commissioners of Baltimore City and the
several Boards of County School Commissioners shall appoint, and may
remove at pleasure, persons to be known as "Attendance Officers."
The number to be appointed for the City of Baltimore shall not exceed
twelve, and the number for any county shall not exceed three.
Their compensation shall be fixed and paid by the County Commis-
sioners of the respective counties, or the Mayor and City Council of
Baltimore City, as the case mny be.
128. It shall be the duty of each attendance ofiicer, and he shall
have full power, within the city or county for which he may be ap-
pointed, to arrest without warrant any child between eight and six-
teen years of age found away from his home and who is a truant from
school, or who fails to attend school in accordance with the provisions
of this sub-title. He shall forthwith deliver a child so arrested either to
the custody of a person in parental relation to the child or of the
teacher from whose school such child is then, a truant, but if the child
be a habitual or incorrigible truant, he shall bring him before a justice
of the peace for commitment by him to a parental school, as pro-
vided for in the next section, or to some other institution to which
disorderly children may be committed. The attendance officer shall
promptly report every such arrest, and the disposition made by him
of the child so arrested, to the School Commissioners of the said city
or county, respectively, or to such person or persons as they may
direct.
129. The Mayor and City Council of Baltimore and the several Boards
of County Commissioners may establish schools to be known as parental
schools, for children between eight and sixteen years of age, who are
STATISTICS AND INl'ORMATION. 305
habitually truants from school or from instruction. They may also
provide for the confinement, maintenance ami instruction of such
children in such schools for such period and under such rules an<l
regulations as they may prescribe, not excee<ling the remainder of the
school year. Justices of the peace may commit such children to such
parental schools, but no person convicted of any crime, or of any
offense other than truancy, shall be committed thereto.
130. It shall be the duty of the Police Commissioners of IJaltimore
city, at the same time that the census of legal voters in said city is
taken under their direction, as provided by vSection 17 of Article 33 of
the Code of Public General Laws, also to cause to be made by the
members of the force under their control, annually, a separate
record of the full name, age, color and sex of every child between six
and sixteen years of age in each precinct of the said city, and the
place where and the year and month when such children last attended
school, together with the name and address of the parents, guardians
or persons in parental relation, and of employers of such children,
which record shall be furnished by said Police Commissioners to the
Board of School Commissioners of Baltimore City; whosoever has
under his control a child between said ages and withholds information
in his possession from any oflficer demanding it, relating to the items
aforesaid, or makes any false statement in regard to the same, shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not more than twenty
dollars.
131. It shall be the duty of the principal or head teacher of every
public or private school in this State to report immediately to the
School Commissioners of the county where such school is located, or
of Baltimore City, if located therein, or to an attendance officer or
other official designated by such commissioners, the name of all chil-
dren enrolled in his or her school, who have been absent or irregular
in attendance three days, or their equivalent, without lawful excuse,
within a period of eight consecutive weeks.
132. No proprietor or owner of an}' mill or factory in this State,
other than establishments for manufacturing canned goods, or man-
ager, agent, foreman or other person in charge thereof, shall employ
or retain in employment, in any such mill or factory, any person
or persons under sixteen years of age, unless he procures at the time
of such employment or retention in emploj'uient, and keeps on file
and accessible to the attendance officers of the city or county where
such minor is employed, a certificate of the principal or head teacher
of the school which such child last attended, stating that such child
is more than twelve years of age, and a like certificate of the parent
or guardian, or other person having control of such child; but the
first named certificate need not be procured if such child has not
attended school in this State. He shall require such certificates, shall
3o6 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
keep them in liis place of business during the time the child is in his
employment, and shall show the same, during business hours, to any
attendance oflficer who may demand to see them, or either of them;
and for each failure to comply with any of the provisions of this sec-
tion he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not
exceeding one hundred dollars. Whoever continues to employ any
such child under sixteen years of age in violation of this section,
after being notified of such violation by an attendance ofiicer, shall,
for every day thereafter that such unlawful employment continues,
be fined not less than five or more than twenty dollars, in addition to
other penalties prescribed by this section for such offenses. A failure
to produce, on demand, to an attendance oflBcer any certificate required
in this section, shall be prima facie evidence that the child, who is
or should have been mentioned in the said certificate, is thus unlaw-
fully employed.
133. It shall be the duty of every parent, guardian or other person
having control of a child under sixteen years of age, and of every prin-
cipal and head teacher of said school where such child last attended,
to furnish every employer of such child the certificates required by
the preceding section. Such certificates, if insubstantial conformity
with the requirements of that section, shall be prima facie evidence
of the facts required to be certified to as therein provided.
134 Any parent or guardian or other person having control of a
child, or principal or head teacher, who shall make any wilfully false
statement respecting any of the facts required to be certified to as
provided in Sections 132 and 133 of this sub-title, shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not more than I50, or to
be imprisoned not more than thirty days, or suffer both fine and
Imprisonment, in the discretion of the Court.
135. No person shall employ any minor over twelve and less than
sixteen years of age, and no parent, guardian or other person having
control of a child, shall permit to be employed or retained in employ-
ment any such minor under his control, if the said minor cannot read
at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language,
while a public evening school is maintained in the city or election
district or precinct in which such minor resides, unless
such a minor is a regular attendant at an evening or
other school; provided, that upon presentation by such minor
of a certificate signed by a regular practicing physician, and
satisfactory to such officer or officers as the School Commissioners
for the county or city may designate, showing that the physical
condition of such minor would render such attendance, in addition to
daily labor, prejudicial to health, said oflScer or officers so designated
may issue a permit authorizing the employment of such minor for
such period and upon such conditions as said ofl&cer or officers so desig-
nated as aforesaid may determine. Any person who employs or
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 307
retains in employment a minor in violation of the provisions of this
section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be fined for
each offence not more than $ino, which fines shall be paid to the
vSchool Commissioners for use in supporting evening schools in such
city or county. Any parent, guardian or other person having control
of a child, who permits to be employed any minor under his control
in violation of the provisions of this section, shall be deemed guilty
of a misdemeanor and be fined not more than |2o, which fines shall
be also paid to the School Commissioners for use in supporting even-
ing schools in such city and county.
136. In any city or county where attendance officers may have been
appointed it shall be the duty of the School Commissioners to desig-
nate an attendance officer, who shall once or more frequently in every
year examine into the situation of the children employed in such
mills and factories in said city or county, and to ascertain whether all
the provisions of this sub-title are duly observed and report all viola-
tions thereof to the grand jury of the said city or county.
137. Attendance officers may visit all establishments where minors
are employed in their several cities and counties and ascertain whether
any minors are employed therein contrary to the provisions of this
sub-title. Attendance officers may require that the certificates pro-
vided for in this sub-title of minors employed in such establishments
shall be produced for their inspection.
138. Any person violating any provision of this sub-title where no
special provision as to the penalty for such violation is made shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not exceeding fifty dol-
lars for each offense; provided, however, that the provisions of this
Act shall be restricted to the City of Baltimore and Allegany County.
Sec, 2. And be it further enacted. That this Act shall take effect on
September i, 1902.
Approved April 8, iqo2.
ACT PASSED JANUARY SESSION, 1902,
Chapter 566, Acts of 1902.
AN ACT to repeal and re-enact Section 4 of Article 100 of the Code of
Public General Laws as enacted by Chapter 317, Acts of 1894, title
"Work — Hours of, in Factories," regulating the emploj'ment of
children. *
Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland^
That Section 4 of Article 100 of the Code of Public General Laws, title
"Work — Hours of, in Factories," be and the same is hereby repealed
and re-enacted, to read as follows:
308 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
Sec. 4. Be it enacted. That no proprietor or owner of any mill or
factor)' in this State, other than establishments for manufacturing of
canned goods, or manager, or agent, or foreman, or other person in
charge thereof, shall after the first day of October in the year eighteen
hundred and ninety-four, employ or retain in employment in any such
mill or factory any person or persons under fourteen years of age,
unless said child is the only support of a widowed mother, invalid
father, or is solely dependent upon such employment for self-support;
and if aiiy such proprietor or owner of any such mill or factory, or
manager, or agent, foreman or other person in charge thereof, shall
wilfully violate the provisions of this section lie shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be fined not less than
one hundred dollars for each and every offense so committed, and pay
the cost of prosecution, one-half to go to the informer and the other
half to the school fund of the county or city in which the offense shall-
have been committed; provided that nothing in this section shall
apply to PVederick, Washington, Queen Anne's, Carroll, Wicomico,.
Caroline, Kent, Somerset, Cecil, Calvert, St. Mary's, Prince George's,
Howard, Baltimore, Worcester, Garrett, Talbot, Montgomery and Har-
ford Counties.
Approved April 11, 1902.
ARTICLE 27, CODE OF PUBLIC GENERAL LAWS, CHAPTER
265, 1884.
Section 148. All factories, mianufacturing establishments or
workshops in this State shall be kept in a cleanly condition and free
from effluvia arising from any drain, privy or other nuisance; and no
factory, manufacturing establishment or workshop shall be so over-
crowded while work is carried on therein as to be injurious to the
health of the persons employed therein; and every such factory, man-
ufacturing establishment or workshop shall be well and sufficiently
lighted and ventilated in such a manner as to render harmless, as far
practicable, all the gases, vapors, dust or other impurities generated
in the course of the manufacturing process or handicraft carried on
therein, which may be injurious to health.
Sec. 149. Any person, firm or corporation, managing or conducting
any factory, manufacturing establishment or workshop in this State,
who shall neglect any of the requirements of the preceding section, or
do or permit to be done in the factory, manufacturing establishment
or workshop conducted or managed by him, her, them or it, any act
contrary to the provisions of said section, shall be guilty of a misde-
meanor, and shall, upon conviction thereof, in a court of competent
jurisdiction, be fined one hundred and fifty dollars for each offense so
committed.
STATISTICS AND INI'ORM ATION, 309
Skc. 149A. (Added by CliHpler 467, Acts of 1H96.) If any individual
-or body corporate eiij^aged in the manufacture or sale of clotbiii;(or
any other article, whereby disease may be transmitted, shall, with
reasonable means of knowledge, by purchase, contract or otherwise,
directly or indirectly, cause or permit any garments, or such articles as
.aforesaid, to !)e manufactured or made up, in whole or in part, or any
work to h<i done thereupon, within this State, and in place or under
circumstances involving danger to the puT)lic health, the said indi-
vidual or corporation, upon conviction in any court of competent
jurisdiction, shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than one
hundred dollars for each garment or other articles so as lastly afore-
said manufactured, made up or worked upon.
SBC. 149B. (Added by Chapter 302, Acts of 1S94.) If any individual
or the officer of any corporation shall so as aforesaid cause or permit
any garment or other articles in the next preceding section mentioned,
to be manufactured, made up or worked upon in a place or under cir-
cumstances involving danger to the public health, with the knowledge
that it will or may be thus dealt with, he shall, upon conviction in any
court of competent jurisdiction, be imprisoned not less than sixty days
nor more than one year, and may be further fined not exceeding one
thousand dollars, in the discretion of the court.
Se;c, 149C. (Added by Chapter 302, Acts of 1894.) Any room or
apartment which shall not contain at least fou'r hundred cubic feet of
clear space for each person habitually laboring in or occupying th a
same, or wherein the thermometer shall habitually stand, during the
hour of labor, at or above 80 degrees Fahrenheit, before the first day of
May or after the first day of October of any year, or wherein anj' per-
son suffering from a contagious, infectious or otherwise dangerous
disease or malady shall sleep, labor or remain, or wherein, if of less
•superficial area than five hundred square feet, any artificial light shalV
be habitually used between the hours of 8 A.M. and 4 P.M., or from
-which the debris of manufacture anl all other dirt or rubbish shall
not be removed at least once in ever}' twentj'-four hours, or which
shall be pronounced ill-ventilated or otherwise unhealthy by any
officer or board having legal authority so to do, shall be deemed a
place involving danger to the public health, as mentioned in the next
"two preceding sections of this Article.
Sec. 149D, (Added by Chapter 302, Acts of 1894.) If any association
or society, whether incorporated or unincorporated, shall furnish,
through its officers or agents, evidence sufficient to secure the convic-
tion of any person criminally prosecuted under the next three preced-
ing sections of this Article, the said association or society shall receive
one-half of any fine which may be imposed upon such person so con-
victed with its assistance, such fines to be paid to the treasurer or
other officer with corresponding powers of the said society or asso-
iciation.
3IO REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
ACT PASSED JANUARY SESSION, 1902.
CHAPTER lOI.
AN ACT to add four additional sections to Article 27 of the Code of
"Public General Laws, title "Crimes and Punishments," sub-title
"Health, Workshops and Factories — Sweating System," as the
same was amended by Chapter 302, Acts of 1894, and Chapter 467,
Acts of 1896, such four additional sections to be known respec-
tively as Sections 149EE, 149FF, 149GG and 149HH, and to come
in immediately after Section 149D of the Article.
Section i. Be it ettacted by the General Assembly of Maryland,
That Article 27 of the Code of Public General Laws, title "Crimes
and Punishments," sub-title "Health, Workshops and Factories,
Sweating System," as the same was amended by Chapter 302, Acts of
1894, and Chapter 467, Acts of 1896, be and .the same is hereby
amended by the addition of four new sections to be added thereto,
to be known, respectively, as Sections 149EE, 149FF, 149GG and
149HH, and to come in immediately after 149D of said Article, to read
as follows:
Sec. 149EE. No room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling
house shall be used except by the immediate members of the family
living therein, which shall be limited to a husband and wife, their
children or the children of either, for the manufacture of coats, vests,
trousers, knee-pants, overalls, cloaks, hats, caps, capes, suspenders,
jerseys, blouses, waists, waistbands, underwear, neckwear, furs, fur
trimmings, fur garments, shirts, purses, feathers, artificial flowers,
cigarettes or cigars. No room or apartment in any tenement or dwell-
ing house shall be used by any family or part of family until a permit
.shall first have been obtained from the Chief of the Bureau of Indus-
trial Statistics, stating the maximum number of persons allowed to
be employed therein. Such permit shall not be granted until an
inspection of such premises has been made by the inspector or his
assistant named by the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics,
and such permit may be revoked by said Chief of the Bureau of In_
dustrial Statistics at any time the health of the community or those
employed or living therein may require it. No person, firm or corpo-
ration shall work in or hire or employ any person to work in any room
or apartment in any building, rear building or building in the rear of a
tenement or dwelling house at making in whole or in part any of the
articles mentioned in this section without first obtaining a written
permit from the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, stating
the maximum number of persons allowed to be employed therein.
Such permit shall not be granted until an inspection of such
premises has been made by the factory inspector or his assistant^
named by the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, and such.
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 3I I
permit may be revoked by the said Chief of t]ie Bureau of Industrial
Statistics at any time the health of the comniunity or of those so
employed may require it. All families, persons, firms or corporations
now engaged in snch manufacture in such tenement or dwelling house
or other building shall apply for said permit on or before July f, 1902,
and annually thereafter at the same date. The said permit shall be
posted in a conspicuous place in the room, or one of the rooms to
which it relates. Every person, firm or corporation contracting for the
manufacture of any of the articles mentioned in this section or giving
out the incomplete materials from which they, or any of them, are to
be made, or to be wholly or partially finished, or employing personsin
any tenement or dwelling house or other building to make wholly, or
partly finish, the articles mentioned in this section, shall keep a written
register of the names and addresses of all persons to whom such work
js given to be made, or with whom they may have contracted to do the
same. Such register shall be produced for inspection, and a copy
thereof shall be furnished on demand made by the Chief of the
Bureau of Industrial Statistics or one of his deputies.
Sec. 149FF. That the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics
or his assistant, or any inspector, shall have authority to enter any
room in any tenement or dwelling house, workshop, manufacturing
establishment, mill, factory, or place where any goods are manufac-
tured, for the purpose of inspection. The person, firm or corporation
owning or controlling or managing such places shall furnish access
to and information in regard to such places to the said Chief of the
Bureau of Industrial Statistics, or his deputies, at any and all reason-
able times, while work is being carried on.
Sec. 149GG. That the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics
shall appoint two deputies, or assistants, whose duty it shall be to
make such inspections of the tenements, dwelling houses, factories,
workshops, mills and such other places as he may designate, and to
do such other work as the said Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Sta-
tistics shall designate.
Sec. 149HH. Any person, firm or corporation who shall in any
manner violate the provisions of the preceding sections numbered,
respectively, 149EE, 149FF, 149GG, or who shall refuse to give such
information and access to the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Sta-
tistics, or his deputies, or secure such permit as provided, shall upon
conviction in any court of competent jurisdiction be fined not less
than five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, "or imprisoned
not less than ten days nor more than one year, or both, in the discre.
tion of the court, such fines to be collected as all fines are collected
by law.
Sec. 2. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland
That this Act shall take effect from the date of its passage.
Approved March 27, 1902.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
APPROPRIATION, RUCEIPTvS AND RXPHNDITURP^S OF THE
BUREAU OF STATIvSTICvS AND INFORMATION.
Appropriation and receipts availaljle from March i, 1903, to April 7,
1904, viz.:
Amount available from March i, 1903, to April
7, 1903 $ 802 22
Appropriation, April 7, 1903 10,000 00
Balance collected for desk rent 30 00
$10,832 22
Expenditures from March i, 1903, to February
29, 1904, viz.:
To Chief's salary
other salaries
postage, expressage and telegrams
paid for gathering statistical information
paid for stationery, furniture and ofl&ce fix-
tures
paid for books, advertising and printing
paid office rent
paid annual dues to National Association
paid telephone service
paid ice and towel service
paid subscription to newspapers
incidentals
balance
2
.500
00
3
,906 96
209
14
500
00
120
90
I
,251
44
I
,500
00
5
00
136
60
30
65
II
26
17
75
642
52
510,832 22 110,832 22
CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE SWEAT-
SHOP LAW.
Since this report closed the Court of Appeals delivered its
opinion in the test case heretofore alluded to on page 79 by
the publication of the briefs. We take pleasure in adding
this to the report, as it fully sustains this Department in its
action, and establishes the constitutionality of the law. It is
as follows:
COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND.
January Term, .1904.
THE STATE OF MARYI.AND
vs.
LOUIS HYMAN.
Chief Judge McSherry Delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal by the State of Maryland from the Criminal Court
of Baltimore city. It is a case wherein Louis Hyman was indicted for
a violation of the Act of 1902, Chapter loi. The title of that Act is in
these words: "An act to add four additional sections to Article 27 of
the Code of Public General Laws, title 'Crimes and Punishments,' sub-
title 'Health, Workshops and Factories, Sweating System,' as the same
was amended by Chapter 302 of the Acts of 1894, and Chapter 467
of the Acts of 1896; said four additional sections to be known respec-
tively as Sections 149EE, 149FF, 149GG, 149HH, and to come in imme-
diately after Section 149D of this Article." The indictment contains
five counts. The first count charges that the appellee, Hyman, un-
lawfully did use and cause to be* used a certain room and apartment
in a certain tenement and dwelling house by other than the immedi-
ate members of the family then living therein for the manufacture of
31 6 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
coats, vests, trousers, etc., contrary to the provisions of the above
mentioned Act of Assembly. The second count charges that the ap-
pellee, Hyman, did unlawfully use a certain room and apartment in a
certain tenement and dwelling house for the manufacture of coats,
vests, trousers, etc., he, the said Hyman, not being then and there an
immediate member of the family then living in said room and apart-
ment contrary to the form of the aforesaid Act of Assembly, etc. The
third count alleges that the appellee, Hyman, being then and there a
part of the family unlawfully did use a certain room and apartment
tenement and dwelling house for the manufacture of coats, vests,
trousers, etc., not having first obtained a permit from the Chief of the
Bureau of Industrial Statistics, stating the number of persons allowed
to be employed therein, contrary to the said statute. The fourth
count charges that the appellee, Hyman, in a certain room and apart-
ment in a certain rear building in the rear of a tenement and dwell-
ing house unlawfully did work at and hire and employ divers persons
to work at making coats, vests, trousers, etc., without first obtaining a
written permit from the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics,
stating the maximum number of persons allowed to be employed
therein contrary to the provisions of the statute, etc. And the fifth
count charges that the appellee, Hyman, employing divers persons in
a certain tenement and dwelling house to make and wholly and
partially finish coats, vests, trousers, etc., failed to keep a register of
the names and addresses of all persons to whom such work was given to
be made, contrary to the form of the Act of Assembly, etc. To this in-
dictment, and to each count thereof, the appellee interposed a demur-
rer, and upon hearing the demurrer was sustained, the indictment
was on motion quashed and the traverser was discharged. Thereupon
the State took this appeal.
The question which is thus presented is one not only of im-
portance, but of considerable interest and when reduced to its final
analysis, it is whether the Act under which the indictment was
framed is a constitutional exercise of the legislative power of the Gen-
eral Assembly. To determine that question it will be necessary to
briefly summarize the provisions of that statute.
It will be observed at the outset that the Act is ostensibly one in-
tended for the preservation and the protection of the public health and
safety. It is incorporated in the Code under the sub-title "Health,"
and its provisions were designed to promote the public health and
welfare. By Section 149EE it is in substance provided that no room
or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house shall be used except
by the immediate members of the family living therein, which shall
be limited to husband and wife, their children, or the children of
either, for the manufacture of coats, veets, trousers, etc.; that no room
or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house shall be so used by
any family, or part of a family, until a permit shall first have been
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 317
obtained from the Chief of the Ihireau of Industrial .Statistics, statinij
the ttiaxinuini number of persons allowed to Ije employed therein.
Such permit shall not be granted until an inspection of the premises
has been made by the Inspector or his Assistant named by the Chief
of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, and such pertnit maybe revoked
by the said Chief of the Bureau of Industrial .Statistics at any time
the health of the community, or those employed or living therein may
require it. That no person, firm or corporation shall work or hire or
employ any person to work in a room or apartment in any building,
rear building, or building in the rear of a tenement or dwelling house,
at making in whole or in part any of the articles of wearing apparel
mentioned above without first obtaining a written permit from the
Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, stating a maximum num-
ber of persons allowed to be employed therein; that the said permit
shall be posted in a conspicuous place in the room, or one of the rooms
to which it relates. That every person, firm or corporation contract-
ing for the manufacture of any of the articles mentioned above, or
giving out the incomplete materials from which they or any of them
are to be made, or to be wholly or partly finished, or employing per-
sons in any tenement or dwelling house, or other building, to make
■wholly or partially finish the articles above mentioned shall keep a
written register of the names and addresses of all persons to whom
such work is given to be made, or with whom they may have con-
tracted to do the same. By Section 149FF it is provided that the Chief
of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, or his Assistant or any Inspec-
tor, shall have atithority to enter any room, factory or place where
any goods are manufactured into wearing apparel for the purpose of
inspection; and that the person, firm or corporation owning or con-
trolling or managing such places shall furnish access to, or informa-
tion in regard to, such places to the said Chief of the Bureau of
Industrial Statistics or his deputies at any and all reasonable times
while work is being carried on. By Section 149GG it is provided that
the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics shall appoint two
deputies and assistants whose duties it shall be to make such inspec-
tion of the tenements and dwelling houses, factories, workshops, mills
and such other places as he may designate. By Section 149HH it is
declared that every person, firm or corporation who shall in any man-
ner violate the provisions of the preceding sections, and who shall
refuse to give such information and access to the Chief of the Bureau
of Industrial Statistics or his deputies, or who shall fail to secure such
permit as provided, shall upon conviction in any Court of competent
jurisdiction be fined or imprisoned, or both, as in said section pre-
scribed.
It is insisted by the appellee, and we presume that it was held by the
Court below, that these provisions of the statute were unconstitutional,
and, therefore, void, because they were arbitrary' and unreasonable. It
3l8 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
is obvious that the statute was passed in furtherance of the protection
of the health of the community. Its enactment was an exercise by the
General Assembly of the police power of the State. What is and what
is not within the limits of the police power has been a source of
prolific discussion both in the Federal and in the State Courts.
One of the legitimate and most important functions of civil
government is acknowledged to be that of providing for
the welfare of the people by making and enforcing laws to pre-
serve and promote the public health, the public morals and the
public safety. Civil society cannot exist without such laws, and they
are therefore justified by necessity and sanctioned by the right of self-
preservation. The power to enact and enforce them is lodged by the
people with the government of the State, qualified only by such con-
ditions as to the manner of its exercise as are necessary to secure the
individual citizen from unjust and arbitrary interference. With re-
spect to its internal police, the authority of each of the vStates is
supreme and exclusive. Whilst by the Federal Constitution the sep-
arate and independent States surrendered or transferred to the gen-
eral government which they established such powers as were deemed
to be necessary to enable it to provide for the common defense and to
promote the general welfare of the people of the United States, the
States themselves reserved complete and sovereign control over their
own internal affairs. Accordingly the Supreme Court has stated, as
an "impregnable position," that the States of the Union have the same
undeniable and unlimited jurisdiction over all persons and things
within their respective territorial limits as any foreign nation has,
where that jurisdiction is not surrendered or restrained by the Federal
Constitution, and that by virtue of this, it is not only the right but the
bounden and solemn duty of the State to advance the safety, happi-
ness and prosperity of its people, to provide for their general welfare
by any and every act of legislation, which may be deemed to be con-
ducive to these ends; and that all these powers which relate to merely
municipal legislation, or what may properly be called internal police,
are not surrendered or restricted; and that, consequently, in relation
to these the authority of a State is complete, unqualified and exclu-
sive; and, finally, that amongst these powers are inspection laws,
quarantine laws, health laws of every description, as well as laws for
regulating internal commerce of the State and to prevent the intro-
duction or enforce the removal of prohibited articles of commerce.
City of New York vs. Miln, ii Peters 102. Every holder of property,
said Chief Justice Shaw in Cofnmonwealth vs. Alger, 7 Cusli. 84,
"however absolute and unqualified may be his title, holds it under the
implied liability that his use of it may be so regulated that it shall not
be injurious to the equal enjoyment of othe^rs having an equal right
to the enjoyment of their property nor injurious to the rights of the
community. Rights of property, like all other social and conven-
STATISTICS AND INI-ORMATION. 319
tional rights, are subject to such reasonable limitations in their en-
joyuiont as will prevent them from being injurious, and to such rea-
sonable restraints and regulations established by law as tlie Legisla-
ture under the governing and controlling power vested in tlietu Ijy the
Constitution may think necessary and expedient." This power, said
the Supreme Court in Holden vs. Hardy, i6g (J. S. j66, legitimately
exercised can neither be limited by contract nor bartered away by
legislation; or, as said by the same court in Stone vs. Miss., loi U. S.
816, no Legislature can bargain away the public health or the public
morals. The people themselves cannot do it, much less their ser-
vants. Government is organized with the view of their preservation
and cannot divest itself of the power to provide for them. And so
again in N. O. Gas Light Co. vs. La. Light Co., J15 U. S. 6^0, it was
said the constitutional prohibition upon vState laws impairing the obli-
gation of contracts does not restrict the power of the vState to protect
the public health and public morals nor the public safety as the one
or the other may be involved in the execution of such contract. The
exercise of the police power being for the promotion of the public good
is superior to all considerations of private right or interest, and by
virtue of it the State may lawhilly iiripose upon the exercise of private
rights such burdens and restraints as may be necessary and proper to
secure the general health and safety. P. & IV. on Public Health
and Safety, Sec. 12. The holder of property is bound to know that
through agencies other than his own his property may become an
occasion of injury to the public and that in such event it is subject to
reasonable regulation in the interest of the public. "Any other doc-
trine would strike at the root of all police regulations." Id. In the case
of the State vs. Broadbelt, 89 Md. 56^, this Court had occasion to go into
an examination of the police powei of the State in reference to regu-
lations respecting dairies, and we need not repeat what was there so
recently said with reference to the extent of the police power of the
Commonwealth. That the power is broad, comprehensive and far
reaching will not be questioned or gainsaid. In the very nature of the
case it must be so. It is, as said by Mr. Chief Justice Taney, in the
License Cases, 5 How. j8j, "the power of sovereignty, the power to
govern men and things within the limits of its dominion." It is a
power that necessarily belongs to the legislative department of the
State government. It is for that co-ordinate branch to determine
whether particular things or acts are or are not dangerous to the pub-
lic health, the public safety, and the public morals, and when that
branch of the government has spoken the subject must be considered
as closed, unless the Judicial Department has a revisory jurisdiction;
and that brings us to the question whether the Courts have such a
jurisdiction, and if they have what are its legitimate limits?
This inquiry presents the pivotal point of the case. It may be said
in the language of the Supreme Court in JMugler vs. Kansas, 12^ U. S.
320 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
6^j, "if a statiite purporting to have been enacted to protect the public
health, the public morals or the public safety, has no real or sub-
stantial relation to those objects or is a palpable invasiou of rights
secured by the fundamental law, it is the duty of the Court to so ad-
judge and thereby give effect to the Constitution." Running through
all the. cases, both Federal and State, is the doctrine that if the
measure designed for, or purporting to concern, the protection or
preservation of the public health, morals or safety, is one which has a
real and substantival relation to the police potver; then no matter how
unreasonable nor how unwise the measure it may be, it is not for
the judicial tribunals to avoid or vacate it upon those grounds. Numer-
ous illustrations of this principle are furnished in reported cases.
"For it must now be considered, as an established principle of law in
this country, that there are no limits whatever to the legislative
powers of the States, except such as are prescribed iu their own Con-
stitutions or in that of the United States; consequently, that the
Courts, in the performance of their duty to confine the legislative de-
partment within the constitutional limits of its power, cannot nullify
and avoid a law, simply because it conflicts with the judicial notions
of natural rights or morality or abstract jtistice."
Parker df IVorth Pub., H. & Saf., Sec. 8 and cases cited in note 2-
We may also refer to Dean vs. Baltimore, 80 Md. ijj, where au
ordinance provided that if milk failed, when inspected by one of the
local milk inspectors, to be of a certain quality it should be sum-
marily seized and forfeited; and this Court held that the ordinance was
a legitimate exercise of the police power, though it involved the de-
struction of property without judicial procedure. In Iloldeit vs. Hardy,
supra, a statute of the State of Utah limiting hours of labor in mines
was held valid as an exercise of the police power. In Railroad Co.
vs. Paul, IJ3 U. S. 404, a statute requiring immediate payment of
wages to discharged employees was held to be valid. In Detroit Rail-
way vs. Osborne, i8g U. S. j8j, it was held that restrictions placed
upon electrical cars and not upon other vehicles used on the public
streets was a legitimate exercise of the police power. A striking illus-
tration of what may be done, and validly done, under the police
power is furnished in the case of the Boston Beer Co. vs. Mass., gj
U. S. 25. The Boston Beer Company was incorporated by the Legis-
lature of Massachusetts in 1828 for the purpose of manufactur-
ing malt liquors in all their varieties. In 1869 the Prohibitory
Iviquor Law of Massachusetts was passed. Under the last
named Act a citation was issued requiring the Boston Beer
Company to appear in the Municipal Court of Boston
and show cause why the liquors in its possession should not be for-
feited. The Beer Company appeared, and the trial resulted in a judg-
ment of forfeiture. An appeal was taken to the Superior Court, where
judgment was again rendered for the Commonwealth, whereupon the
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 321
record was transinitled to the Sui)reiiie Judicial Court of the State,
which afFirnied the action of tlie vSuperior Court and remanded the case
to the latter Court, where final judgment was entered declaring the
liquors forfeited. To that judgment a writ of error was prosecuted,
and the proceedings thus reached the vSupreme Court of the United
States. In the last named ti'ibunal the judgment of the State Court
was affirmed. In the course of the opinion reported in gj U. S. it was
said: "The plaintiff in error was incorporated 'for the purpose of
manufacturing malt liquors in all their varieties,' it is true, and the
right to manufacture, undoubtedly, as the plaintiff's counsel contends,
included the incidental right to dispose of the liquors manufactured.
But, although this right or capacity was thus granted in the most un-
qualified form, it cannot be construed as conferring any greater or
more sacred right than any citizen had to manufacture malt liquor;
nor as exempting the Corporation from any control therein to which a
citizen would be subject, if the interests of the community should
require it. If the public safety or the public morals require the dis-
continuance of any manufacture or traffic, the hand of the Legislature
cannot be stayed from providing for its discontinuance by any inci-
dental inconvenience which individuals or corporations may suffer.
All rights are held subject to the police power of the vState." Follow-
ing the same current of decision is the case of Kidd vs. Pearson, 128
U. S. I. It was there said in dealing with a law of Iowa whicli au-
thorized the abating as a nuisance of a distillery used for the unlawful
manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors that "a State has the
right to prohibit or restrict the manufacture of intoxicating liquors
within her limits; to prohibit all sale and traffic in them in said State;
to inflict penalties for such manufacture and sale, and to provide regu-
lations for the abatement as a common nuisance of the properly used
for such forbidden purposes, and that such legislation by a State is a
clear exercise of her undisputed police power, which does not abridge
the liberties or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor de-
pjive any person of property without due process of laW; nor in any
way contravene any provision of the Fourteenth Amendment of the
Constitution of the United S+ates." See also Austin vs. Tenn., ijg U.
S., jV3. where a statute prohibiting the sale of cigarettes after they
had been taken from the original packages wis upheld as within the
police power. See also Vol. 9, loose's Notes to United States Re-
ports, 5^4-525-
There is a class of cases which must be distinguished from those
which hold that the unreasonableness of a police regulation adopted
by the Legislature furnished no ground for the Courts to strike it
down. The distinction is plain and simple. The Legislature being
the sole depository of the law-making power, it is not for Courts of
justice to say that a given enactment passed in virtue of the police
power, and having a direct relation to it, is void for unreasonableness.
322 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OE
because if Courts undertook to exercise such an authority they would
in effect exert a veto on legislation. But whenever power has been
delegated by the Legislature to a municipal corporation to adopt
and promulgate ordinances for the protection of the public health,
niorals or safety, the reasonableness of the measures enacted by
the municipality is a feature to which the Courts look to see
whether the measure is within the power granted, and they
do this upon the assumption that the Legislature did not intend
to empower the municipality to enact unreasonable or oppressive
ordinances. Thus in Radecke's case, 49 Md. 22g, where an ordinance
of Baltimore city, which permitted the Mayor to revoke any license
previously granted to erect a steam engine, was under review,
this Court said, after alluding to quite a number of cases: "While we
may not be willing to adopt and follow many of these cases, and while
we hold that this power of control by the courts is one to be most
cautiously exercised, we are yet of opinion there may be a case in
which an ordinance passed under grants of power like those we have
cited is so clearly unreasonable, so arbitrary, oppressive or partial, as
to raise the presumption that the Legislature never intended to confer
the power to pass it, and to justify the courts in interfering and set-
ting it aside as a plain abuse of authority. In applying the doctrine
of judicial control to this extent, we contravene no decisions in our
own State and impose no unnecessary restraints upon the action of
municipal bodies." The ordinance was set aside as a plain abuse of the
authority delegated by the Legislature tp the municipality. But
when dealing with an Act of Assembly on this subject we have no
such situation to confront us. If the Act has a real and substantial
relation to the police power no inquiry as to its unreasonableness can
arise, because it is the judgment of the law-makers and not of the
courts which must control; and if in the judgment of the former the
thing be reasonable, all inquiry on that ground by the latter is fore-
closed.
Tested by the principles hereinbefore announced we find nothing in
the Act of 1902 which indicates that its design, its purpose or its
details have not a real and substantial relation to the police power.
It may be conceded that some of these provisions, if harshly admin-
istered, may be or become oppresive, but it by no means follows that
the law itself is, therefore, not a legitimate exercise of the police power.
It is not to be assumed that the public functionary will act in an
oppressive or unlawful manner. Discretion must be reposed some-
where. If an official should transcend the legitimate limits of the
authority with which the statute clothes him, the injured party is not
without redress. Laws are to be upheld rather than stricken down.
Every intendment must be made by the courts in favor of the consti-
tutionality of a statute. County Commissioners vs. Meking, 50 Md.
jp; Cooley, Con. Lhn. 216. It is a cardinal rule that where one con-
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 323
«truction of the statute would make it valid and another would make
it unconstitutional, courts will follow the former rather than the latter
interpretation, for the reason that it will not be presumed the I/Cgis'
lature intended to pass an invalid act. Tettnnick vs. Ozvings, 70 Md.
251; Gordon vs. M. & C. C, s Gill 241.
Taking now in detail the five counts of the indictment, it is clear,
we think, that the first count contains an allegation that the appellee
was violating the health regulation prescribed by the statute. It
alleges that he was using a certain tenement and dwelling-house for
the manufacture of coats, vests and other garments by other than
immediate members of his family. We suppose that it is a matter of
which a court may take judicial notice that the manufacture of wear-
ing apparel in improperly ventilated, unsanitary and overcrowded
apartments will likely promote the spread of, if it does not engender,
disease, and it is obviously within the police power of the State to
regulate the number of persons who may be employed in any tene-
ment or other establishment where this manufacturing is carried on,
so that the public health may be conserved. What has just been said
is equally applicable to the second count and we need not further dis-
cuss it. The third count has relation to a provision of the Code exist-
ing prior to the adoption of the Act of 1902. By Section 149C of
Article 27 of the Code, of which the Act of 1902 is an amendment, it
was required that at least four hundred cubic feet of clear space should
be allowed in each room for each occupant in manufacturing estab-
lishments, and the Act of 1902 required that a permit should be secured
from the Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, setting forth
the number of persons allowed to be employed in each room. The
number thus employed was, of course, regulated by the amount of air
surface to which under Sec. 149C employes were entitled. The failure
to procure such a permit is the charge alleged in the third count. It
certainly requires no discussion to show that such a regulation is
strictly and essentially a health regulation. The overcrowding of
factories and the inhalation of impure air, where there is not sufficient
surface afforded to each employee, are obviously calculated to produce
or foster disease, and the manufacture of articles of wearing apparel
in overcrowded rooms or apartments, under these conditions, is un-
questionably liable to spread contamination. The fourth count of the
indictment need not to be further considered. What has been said in
reference to the third is sufficient to support the fourth. The fifth
count charges that the appellee did not keep a written register of the
names and addresses of all persons to whom work was given to be
made. If it is important, as we have said it was, that these over-
crowded and unhealthy and unsanitary tenement houses should be
subject to the inspection and control of some designated health officer,
it goes without saying that the provision would be of little avail if the
proprietor could give out the work to others without keeping a register
324 REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
of their uames and addresses, because the he?lth officer without the
aid of such register would be unable to trace the localities where the
■work was being done. The whole scheme of the Act appears to us to
be in furtherance of the protection and preservation of the public
health, and whatever criticism may be made upon the method of its
enforcement, no convicting reason has been suggested to show that
its terms have not a real and substantial relation to the subject of the
police power of the State.
The statute invades no private right of property, and does
not confer upon any official either arbitrary or unrestricted
power. It certainly does not in terms expressly do either.
It has no relation to homes ^vhere manufacturing of the enumerated
articles is not carried on. The whole tenor of the enact-
ment distinctly indicates that its provisions are aimed at and
are intended to apply to tenements and other buildings where
the garments specified are manufactured for sale, and that it has no
relation to homes or places where apparel not manufactured for sale
may be made. Nor does the statute clothe the officers its provisions
alluded to with arbitrary power. As well might it -be said that a police-
officer who is authorized to summarily seize property which could only
be put to an illegal or criminal use, acted arbitrarily in making such a
seizure before a judicial adjudication condemned the thing seized.
This Court has emphatically said in Police Coins, vs. Wagtier, gj Md.
79A, "that the State has power to pass such laws as are necessary to
protect the health, moral or peace of society; at^d where the summary
seizure, or even the destruction, of the offending thing is necessary
for the public safet}^ may authorize that to be done, and such laws
are not incompatible with those constitutional limitations which de-
clare that no person shall be deprived of his property without due
process of law." In the case just cited the alleged arbitrary seizure of
a slot-machine by the police authorities of Baltimore city was upheld
as being within the legitimate exercise of the police power of the
State. In the earlier case of Ford vs. the State, S^ Md. 465, the
traverser was indicted under the Act of 1894, Ch. 310, for having in his
possession lists or slips of lottery or policy drawings. That was a
thing which the statute prohibited, even though the accused party did
not know what the lists or slips were or that they were prohibited
articles. The statute was upheld as a legitimate exercise of the police
power in the face of the contention that its provisions arbitrarily
created an indictable offence where there was not only a total absence
of criminal intent, but a complete ignorance on the part of the
traverser as to what the lists or slips were.
An officer, who, under pretext of executing the sweat-shop statute ^
would assume to exert an arbitrary or unwarrantable power, would
be answerable for his misconduct, just as would be any other tres-
STATISTICS AND INFORMATION. 325
passer. Riglitly interpreted we fuul no imperfections in the statute
assailed in this case.
Entertaining the views we have expressed we must reverse the
judgment appealed from and award a new trial.
judgment reversed ivith costs and new trial awarded.
Filed February ig, 1904.
State of Maryi^and, Sct:
I, Thomas Parran, Clerk of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, do
hereby certify that the foregoing is truly taken from the Record of
Proceedings of the said Court of Appeals.
In testimony whereof, I« have hereunto set my
hand as Clerk, and affixed the seal of the said Court
of Appeals, this 24th day of February, A.D. 1904.
Thomas Barran,
Clerk Court of Appeals of Maryland.
index:.
A.
PAGE.
Accept Reduction of Wages, Boilermakers and Iron Ship-
builders 55
Agriculture 157-160
Acreage, Production and Value of Principal Products
in Maryland for 1903 161
Cost of Production on Farm 159-162
Prices of Wheat, Corn, Oats and Rye 162
Arbitration lo
Bill Proposed 11-12
B.
Bread — Production and Distribution 133
Character of Concerns 135-137
Character, Number and Pieces of 147-149
Distribution of 151-155
Prices of 143-146
Quantity of Flour Used, Wages, &c 139-141
Bricklayers Get Increase of Wages 56
C.
Children in Mercantile Establishments — Employment of 102-103
Consumers' League 113
Convention of the Association of Officials of Bureaus of
Labor Statistics 299-301
Cost of Living 13-15
D.
Demands of Baltimore & Ohio Trainmen. 58
F.
Financial Statement 313
Free Employment Bureau — First Annual Report of 95-101
Applications — Table of loo-ioi
Nationality of Applicants....*. 98
328 INDEX.
I. PAGE.
Immigrants — Arriving in Baltimore 274-275
By Months 275
By Ages 275
important Events that Occurred in Maryland 300-301
Incorporations — New — in Maryland for 1903 277
In all Counties 278
Allegany 279
Anne Arundel 280
Baltimore 281
Caroline 282
Carroll 282
Cecil 282
Dorchester 283
Frederick 283
Garrett 283
Harford '. 284
Kent 284
Montgomery 284
Prince George's 285
Queen Anne's 285
St. Mary's 285
Somerset 285
Talbot 286
Washington 286
Wicomico 286
Worcester 286
In Baltimore City 287-290
Increases and Decreases of Capital Stock in Balti-
more City 291
Without Capital Stock in Baltimore City 293-296
Recapitulation 297
L.
I/abor Lavps -Recent 303-311
Chapter 269 — Compulsory School Attendance 303-307
Chapter 566 — Regulating Employment of Children 307-308
Article 27 — Regulating Factories 308-309
Chapter loi — Regulating Factories and Workshops —
Sweatshops 310-311
Labor Organizations— Maryland 60-64
Laborers Demand Higher Wages 56
Legislation — New 16
INDICX. 329
M. PAGE.
Markets, Retail Prices in 15
Marine P'iremen — P^fforts of.... 57
Marine Engineers— Increase of Wages of 52-55
Maryland and Its Counties 164-168
The Counties 169
Allegany 170-174
Anne Arundel 174-176
Baltimore 177-182
Calvfert 182-184
Caroline 184-191
Carroll , 191-199
Charles 199-201
Cecil 201-206
Dorchester 206-211
Frederick , 211-219
Garrett 219-223
Harford 223-228
Howard 228-231
Kent „ 231-235
Montgomery 235-241
Prince George's 241-243
Queen Anne's 243-245
Somerset 245-249
St. Mary's 249-251
Talbot 251-254
Washington 254-259
Wicomico 259-268
Worcester 268-272
Miners — Increase of Wages of 58
P.
Prices — Retail— in Markets of Baltimore 15
S.
Strikes and Lockouts 26-58
At the Crown Cork and Seal Works 56
At Curtis Bay 44
Of Bakers 39-40
Boilermakers 28
Bricklayers 37
Canal Boatmen 51
Carpenters 29-35
Carriage iand Wagon Builders : 38-39
Cloakmakers 28
Cloth Hat and Cap Makers 29-51
330 INDEX.
Strikes and Lockouts — Contimied. PAGE.
Ironworkers 51
Laundry-Workers 28
Machinists 42-43
Marble- Workers 45-50
Meat Packers 51
Milk Drivers 29
Molders 36
On State House at Annapolis 57
Organ Builders 50
Printers 35
Shoe Workers , 43
Skirtmakers 41-42-45
Steam Fitters and Helpers 35-36
Structural Ironworkers 38
Tailors 28
Warehousemen 44
Sweatshop and Factory Inspection 65-94
Articles Made in 70
Character of Buildings Used as 69
Children Employed in, Who Cannot Read or Write 74
Under 16 Years of Age 73
Under 12 Years of Age 73
Condition of Workrooms Used as 75
Details Tables of Inspection 77
Floors on Which Workrooms Are Located... 72
Fuel Used in 76
Hours of Labor in 75
Location of Buildings 70
Location of Workrooms ,., 71
Number of Persons Employed in 73
Permits to Work Issued 68
Persons Not of Family Employed in 74
Rooms Used as, with Less than 400 Cubic Feet of
Space for Each Person 72
Test Cases in Court of Appeals 79-94
Decision of 315-325
T.
Telegraphers Want Increase of Wages 58
W.
Wages, The Trend of, in Recent Years 16-25
In the United States 17-18
California 19
INDEX. 331
"Wages — Continued. page.
Connecticut 20
Illinois 20
Iowa 20
Maryland 21
Massachusetts 22
New York 23-24
Pennsylvania 24
Rhode Island 24
Wisconsin 25
"Women and Children — Employment of 104-132
In Boys' and Children's Wear 126-127
Cigars, Cigarettes and Tobacco 132
Coat Pad Industry 115-122
Corset Making 124
Ladies' Skirts 123-124
Ladies' Waists 125
Ladies' Wrappers 123
Night and Dress Shirts 128-130
Overalls, Shirts and Drawers 127-128
Shoes 130
Umbrellas 131
Laws in Reference to 106-112
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